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Objectives. Recent research has begun to pay attention to the experiences of guilt and shame in different realms of human life. However, there is an urgent need to develop valid instruments for measuring these emotional experiences. The main aims of this study are to introduce a newly developed tool, the Guilt and Shame Experience Scale (GSES), and to psychometrically evaluate its properties. Sample and settings. An online sample of Czech respondents aged 15 and over (N=1101; 34.4 ± 13.0 years; 26.9% men) participated in the survey. Experiences of guilt and shame (GSES), together with basic socio-economic information, were measured. Results. The non-parametric comparison of different socio-demographic groups showed a higher disposition for experiencing guilt among women and religious respondents and a lower disposition for experiencing both vindication and shame among middle-aged respondents. For the purpose of factor analysis, the data set was divided into two groups. One group (N=551) was used for Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and the second (N=550) for Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). On the basis of the EFA performed on a matrix of polychoric correlations and the subsequent CFA, two items were excluded. The eight-item version of the scale has good internal consistency, with Cronbach's alpha 0.86 and McDonald's ωt 0.88. At the same time, the polychoric correlations between the items of the scale showed a low to moderate inter-item correlation, with values between 0.20 and 0.60. A two-factor model has the best fit with the data. The two-factor solution also corresponds to the theoretical assumptions and to the two expected subscales of the questionnaire: shame and guilt. Each subset contains four items. Study limitations. The main limitation of this study is that it did not reach a representative sample, allowing a more detailed exploration among socio-demographic groups, and therefore, it was not possible to determine the norms for the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The books on bloodletting attributed to John Berka of Choceň (Jan Choceňský, 1494-1545 or 1548) - a doctor, Prague politician, the rector of the Prague University and printer - belonged to the most known and widespread phlebotomic treatises printed in the 16th century. The article demonstrates that Choceňský's work was not original but based upon older treatises, especially those written by Křišťan of Prachatice. Then, it compares the three editions of Chocenský's book (1532, 1538 and 1597) and shows that their language was deliberately adapted to the changes which Czech language underwent during that time. Later editions attest to the fact that publishers tried to make the text as comprehensible and exact as possible. The vocabulary of bloodletting was not very abundant and was rooted in the Medieval Czech: e.g. bloodletting through veins / cupping glasses -púštěti žilou/baňkamv, strike / cut open a vein - zatítUotevřití, žílu; blood-letter (the person) - púštědlníh, bloodletter (the instrument) - pušťadlo; cupping glass - baňka. The comparison with the 16th century dictionaries, published e.g. by Tomáš Rešelius and especially by Daniel Adam of Veleslavín, demonstrates that the vocabulary formed a stable part of the Czech Humanist language. At the same time, in comparison with the terminology of other branches, this vocabulary appears to have been limited in its development, not following the tendency to specification. This was the consequence of the fact that the method of bloodletting had been pushed off to the periphery of medical therapies and went to the hands of non-doctors - barbers and tonsorial practicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is dedicated to the production of Aleš Knobloch of Pirnsdorf, a steward and writer from the first half of the 16th century. His two preserved works were published in 1561: the farm handbook Regiment zprávy ovčího dobytku [The regiment of the sheep management] and the moral Písnĕ dvĕ nové o tom hanebném a nekřesťanském trunkopolství [Two new songs on shameful and non-Christian drunkenness]. The lexical aspect of the songs is interesting - besides Knobloch's neologisms trunkopolství [drunkenness] and trunkopolec [drunkard], there also occur other names connected with the drunkard themes, e.g. the names of toasts and drinking vessels. The attractiveness of the songs for the reader is increased by folk sayings concerning the drunkard's conduct, e.g. zerval kantora [literally: he knocked down a school-master], i.e. he vomited, jazyk v trepkách chodí [literally: the tongue is walking in bedroom slippers], plete se mu jazyk [literally: his speech is beginning to slur], i.e. he articulates badly, or propaluje řešídko [literally: s/he is burning a hole in the sieve], i.e. s/he is disclosing a secret. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have several manuscripts and old prints coming down to us from the 15th-18th centuries concerning treatment of horse ailments. The Czech editions have their origins in a German treatise on horse medicine authored by the horse dealer and equerry Albrant (often named Albrecht in Czech texts). As the years went by, the text were transformed and enlarged. This article is supported by research into eight Czech editions of Albrant's medicine. Drawing upon the 19th-century scholarly literature and ample quotes on horse medicine, it describes specific horse diseases and their treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the manuscript called "Vodňany medicine" from the beginning of the 15th century. The text has specific language features, such as accumulation of lexical units relating to the same concept (especially in terms of plants, diseases, etc.). It examines whether these words are synonyms, and what words are used to connect them (the conjunctions točúš, tověz, nebo; the phrases to jest, druzí řiekají, slóve, etc.). It concludes by observing that the accumulation of synonymous words is significantly influenced by the fact that the text is based on the Latin original. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the lexical phrase spanilá jízda ("graceful ride") which refers to the Hussite conquering raids in the 15th century. This collocation was documented for the first time in the 15th century texts. It has since changed, both in lexical form and meaning. The collocation was (v)zpanilá jiezda in Old Czech and originally denoted 'conquering raids, bringing wealth and power'. Now these words in many cases denote 'well-organized, systematic, noble-looking activity' (i.e. sport activity). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present qualitative explorative study deals with cyberbullying from the perspective of adolescents. It focuses mainly on the impacts and consequences of cyberbullying, and on the coping strategies chosen by victims to deal with the situation. The data was obtained through semi-structured interviews with 15 adolescents aged 14-18 years, all of whom were cyberbullying victims. It was found that cyberbullying experiences led to changes in the victims' behaviour, and that these could be positive in the form of behavioural changes in cyberspace. Mainly this was due to victims creating a cognitive pattern of bullies, which consequently helped them to recognise aggressive people. Bullying also provoked feelings of caution, and brought about restriction in the use of risky online sources of threats as victims tried to prevent its recurrence. Critical impacts occurred in almost all of the respondents' cases in the form of lower self-esteem, loneliness and disillusionment and distrust of people: The more extreme impacts were self-harm and increased aggression towards friends and family. Based on their experience, the victims of cyberbullying developed coping strategies in order to cope with cyberbullying. These strategies took several forms: technical defence, activity directed at the aggressor, avoidance, defensive strategies, and social support. The activities of the victims when dealing with this stressful situation varied, which was probably influenced by different contexts, personal traits, and the development of the respondents. The findings further revealed that some coping strategies (i.e. technical coping or telling parents) are in many situations either non-functional or just cannot be used, a theme which is further discussed with respect to previous research in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on self harming as maladaptive coping strategy in adolescents. The role of real and virtual environment of adolescents, which is important for this phenomenon, is emphasized. The research is of explorative character, data has been collected through half-structured online interviews with 9 adolescent girls aged 15 through 18, who write about self harming on their blogs (online diaries), and analysed using the grounded theory method. It has been found that both real and virtual environment can have a huge impact on the emergence of self harming behavior in adolescents, its character and experiencing. Both environments might act as a medium for spreading knowledge of self harming and even as a source of self harming itself. Although the self harming online community is being looked at as supportive, it did not bring an end to self harming behavior in the case of our respondents, unlike the real social environment. On the contrary, the risk of normalisation of this behavior by sharing information on blogs occurred. The real social environment is then an important helper in ending the self harming behavior. The intersection of real and virtual environment of adolescents might be the Emo and Gothic subcultures. The connection of subcultures and self harming is being widely discussed by media in these days. In our research we did not prove such a connection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with self-injury as a phenomenon appearing on blogs (online diaries) of contemporary adolescents. The goal of the research was to understand the problems of self-injury, the motivation of writing about self-injury in the public space of blogs, and the problem of potential formation of the community of self-injuring persons in the virtual world. The motivation of adolescents with self-injury experience was studied; how they experience their self-injury and what role is played by internet and blog in their self-injury. The study has an explorative character - nine semi-structured interviews with girls ageing 15 to 18 years were analyzed using the method of grounded theory. The results showed that the blog community connected by the self-injury topic is perceived by adolescents as the supporting one, tends to close against the help from outside and to strengthen the negative attitudes against the professional help at the same time. Internet and blog are important factors in dissemination of information concerning selfinjury. This is important for the potential social self-injury infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the specific types of medicaments used in the Czech medieval medicine. In the Middle Ages the animal medicaments were frequently applied, for instance parts of animal body, animal excrements (including human body and human excrements). The paper is based above all on documentary resources that have not been published (with few exceptions) so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]