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The annual report summarizes the CNB's activities for the year 2021. It is focused on the activities of the CNB, the management and the organization of the CNB, and even on its relations with the public.

The annual report summarizes the CNB's activities for the year 2020. It is focused on the activities of the CNB, the management and the organization of the CNB, and even on its relations with the public.

The annual report summarizes the CNB's activities for the year 2019. It is focused on the activities of the CNB, the management and the organization of the CNB, and even on its relations with the public.

The annual report summarizes the CNB's activities for the year 2018. It is focused on the activities of CNB, the management and the organization of the CNB and even on its relations with the public.

The annual report summarizes the CNB's activities for the year 2017. It is focused on the activities of the CNB, the management and the organization of the CNB, and even on its relations with the public.

This year’s first issue of Global Economic Outlook presents the regular monthly overview of recent and expected developments in selected territories, focusing on key economic variables: inflation, GDP growth, leading indicators, interest rates, exchange rates and commodity prices. Starting with this issue, our regular monitoring will include the United Kingdom, due not least to one of the most keenly awaited events of this year: the actual start of Brexit. In this issue, our analysis focuses on one of the most discussed phenomena of the day –the decline in equilibrium real interest rates in the global economy. We present two theories –one that attributes the phenomenon of low interest rates to structural changes and speaks in favour of a permanent decline in rates, and another arguing that the fall is temporary and based on cyclical swings caused mainly by the financial cycle.

The February issue of Global Economic Outlook presents the regular monthly overview of recent and expected developments in selected territories, focusing on key economic variables: inflation, GDP growth, leading indicators, interest rates, exchange rates and commodity prices. In this issue, we tend to explore analytically the effect of (un)conventional monetary policy measures on shadow interest rates in the euro area and the USA. Based on our estimates, we show in this article that the effect of monetary policy measures on shadow rates differs depending on whether they were aimed at stabilising financial markets or further easing monetary conditions. We also indicate how the effects of measures taken by central banks can change depending on the current level of financial stress.

The annual report summarizes the CNB's activities for the year 2016. It is focused on the activities of the CNB, the management and the organization of the CNB, and even on its relations with the public.

Most of the central banks under review, including the ECB, are keeping their interest rates at low levels. The US Fed was alone in raising its key interest rate by 0.25 pp to 0.75%–1.00% as expected, and is addressing the issue of reducing its balance sheet. Although inflation is close to central banks’ inflation targets in all the economies under review except Switzerland, most of the banks are maintaining their unconventional monetary policy programmes. The Swedish Riks bank raised its target amount for government bond purchases. Spotlight focuses on the options and strategies for reducing the US Federal Reserve’s balance sheet. In our Selected Speech, SNB Governor Thomas J. Jordan talks about the effect of the increase in the SNB’s balance sheet on its investment policy.

The May issue of Global Economic Outlook presents the regular monthly overview of recent and expected developments in selected territories, focusing on key economic variables: inflation, GDP growth, leading indicators, interest rates, exchange rates and commodity prices. In this issue, we focus on the question of whether the oil market is approaching equilibrium. We consider in more detail, among other things, the behaviour of OPEC and US shale oil producers observed over the last three years. We also attempt to identify the causes of occasional sharp swings in oil prices.

The September issue of Global Economic Outlook presents the regular monthly overview of recent and expected developments in selected territories, focusing on key economic variables: inflation, GDP growth, leading indicators, interest rates, exchange rates and commodity prices. In this issue, we also look at the real exchange rate phenomenon from the perspective of what it tells us about EU countries. The real exchange rate reflects movements in both the nominal exchange rate and relative price levels. This means it can be used, for example, to assess a country’s convergence efforts (towards the core euro area countries), to discuss the central bank’s effect on the distribution of real appreciation (between the nominal exchange rate and the inflation differential channels) and to track the external competitiveness of an EU economy, and hence also the euro area. This is the line followed by our article, which examines the period from the establishment of the euro area in 1999 to the present.

The April issue of Global Economic Outlook presents the regular monthly overview of recent and expected developments in selected territories, focusing on key economic variables: inflation, GDP growth, leading indicators, interest rates, exchange rates and commodity prices. In this issue, we also discuss the risks to global economic growth in the medium term. Global growth is currently being threatened above all by non - economic factors (environmental risks, large - scale migration, terrorism). Economic risks may continue to hinder world growth, but they no longer dominate the global risks in the way they did immediately after the global crisis broke out.

Most of the central banks under review, including the ECB, are keeping their interest rates still at low levels. The US Fed was alone in raising its key interest rate by 0.25pp, in line with expectations. Inflation has now exceeded the 1% level in all the monitored economies except Switzerland and seems to be heading towards central banks’ inflation targets. However, most of the banks are still maintaining their unconventional monetary policy programmes. Spotlight focuses on modern forms of central bank communication. In our Selected Speech, the deputy governor of the Bank of England Sir Jon Cunliffe presents the results of a survey of the investment behaviour of firms, an essential element of the monetary policy transmission mechanism.

Most of the central banks under review, including the ECB, are keeping their interest rates at low levels and continuing their unconventional monetary policy programmes. The two exceptions which have already raised interest rates are to be found in North America. The first is the US Fed, which as expected raised its key rate for the second time this year and announced a more exact procedure for reducing its balance sheet. The second is the Bank of Canada, which has also increased its rates twice. With the exception of Switzerland, inflation is above 1% in all the monitored economies, but is still slightly below the inflation target in most cases. Spotlight focuses this time on the problems of the South African economy and the situation of its central bank. In our Selected speech, ECB Executive Board Member Yves Mersch analyses the challenges and opportunities to central banks arising from the current rapid technological development.

Latest monetary policy developments at selected central banks and news. Starting with this issue of CBM, our introductory survey of monetary policy developments at selected central banks includes the Bank of Canada. As a consequence, Spotlight discusses the monetary policy of the Canadian central bank. Our Selected Speech summarises the views of Stanley Fischer, Vice Chair of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, on the issue of low interest rates.

The June issue of Global Economic Outlook presents the regular monthly overview of recent and expected developments in selected territories, focusing on key economic variables: inflation, GDP growth, leading indicators, interest rates, exchange rates and commodity prices. In this issue, we also assess the accuracy of the forecasts for 2015 published in Global Economic Outlook in 2015 and 2014. The institutions under comparison forecasted GDP growth relatively accurately (except for an unexpectedly deep GDP contraction in Brazil and Russia) and overestimated their inflation forecasts and consequently also their interest rate forecasts (again with the exception of Brazil and Russia).

Global Economic Outlook presents the regular monthly overview of recent and expected developments in selected territories, focusing on key economic variables: inflation, GDP growth, leading indicators, interest rates, exchange rates and commodity prices. In this issue, we also focus on a major phenomenon of the day: the migration of people into Europe, and Germany in particular. In this context, we present an analysis of the effect of the increased number of refugees on the German labour market. We show, among other things, that the incoming migrants will be far from enough to cover the demand for labour in Germany and also that they will compete more with workers arriving in search of jobs in Germany from Central and Eastern European countries than with German citizens.

The October issue of Global Economic Outlook presents the regular monthly overview of recent and expected developments in selected territories, focusing on key economic variables: inflation, GDP growth, leading indicators, interest rates, exchange rates and commodity prices. In this issue, we focus in detail on the industrial producer price index (PPI), which, alongside the consumer price index (CPI), is a key indicator of inflation on the production side of the economy. We also explain the specifics of the PPI, especially in the EU, and present a model simulation indicating the sensitivity of the PPI to a change in oil prices.

The March issue of Global Economic Outlook presents the regular monthly overview of recent and expected developments in selected territories, focusing on key economic variables: inflation, GDP growth, leading indicators, interest rates, exchange rates and commodity prices. In this issue we also consider how and whether the Europe 2020 strategy will be fulfilled. Europe 2020 is the EU’s second economic strategy (after the Lisbon Strategy) aimed at stimulating the international competitiveness of the EU as a whole, primarily in relation to the United States.

The February issue of Global Economic Outlook presents the regular monthly overview of recent and expected developments in selected territories, focusing on key economic variables: inflation, GDP growth, leading indicators, interest rates, exchange rates and commodity prices. In this issue we also consider how global imbalances in the world economy have changed since the start of the millennium in the context of the abating crisis period. The crisis has been reflected not only in a considerable worsening of the largest economies’ external positions (current account balances), but also in a deterioration of their domestic fiscal positions (public finance balances). Thus, an intensification of the twin deficit phenomenon is significantly complicating the process of reducing global imbalances in the world economy.

The November issue of Global Economic Outlook presents the regular monthly overview of recent and expected developments in selected territories, focusing on key economic variables: inflation, GDP growth, leading indicators, interest rates, exchange rates and commodity prices. In this issue, we also focus on the relationship between the Brent crude oil price and the US dollar exchange rate over the last ten years. The results show that the inverse relationship between the Brent price and the nominal effective exchange rate of the dollar still applies, helping dampen fluctuations in the dollar price of oil in “non-dollar” economies.

The April issue of Global Economic Outlook presents the regular monthly overview of recent and expected developments in selected territories, focusing on key economic variables: inflation, GDP growth, leading indicators, interest rates, exchange r ates and commodity prices. In this issue we also look at how global inventory levels affect commodity prices, focusing, among other things, on fundamental factors (production, consumption and inventories), which should be the main drivers of both current a nd future commodity prices. Using simple statistics, we then deduce the effect of these fundamentals, as well as other possible factors, on the prices of individual commodities.

Výroční zpráva shrnuje činnosti ČNB za rok 2015. Věnuje se aktivitám ČNB, řízení a organizaci ČNB, hospodaření i jejími vztahy s veřejností.

Document contains latest monetary policy developments at selected central banks and news. The Spotlight article "Brazil's ways out of crisis" focuses on economic and monetary developments in Brazil, which hosted this year’s Summer Olympic Games but whose economy is going through a deep recession. In our Selected Speech, the President and CEO of the St. Louis Fed James Bullard provides a new characterisation of the US economic outlook.

Most of the central banks under review are maintaining their interest rates at the current low level or considering a further monetary policy easing. For example, Norges Bank is considering lowering its key rate and the Riksbank increasing the volume of purchased bonds. The Reserve Bank of New Zealand has lowered the key rate further. The ECB left interest rates unchanged in the previous period but extended its bond purchase programme and adjusted its parameters. On the other hand, the global economy is watching anxiously whether the Fed’s interest rates increase as expected at the close of this year. Spotlight addresses the effect of climate change on the financial sector, including central bank policies. In our Selected speech, member of the Executive Board of the Deutsche Bundesbank Andreas Dombret focuses on the perspectives of business models of commercial banks.

Výroční zpráva shrnuje činnosti ČNB za rok 2014. Věnuje se aktivitám ČNB, řízení a organizaci ČNB, hospodaření i jejími vztahy s veřejností.

The November issue of Global Economic Outlook presents its regular overview of recent and expected developments in selected territories, focusing on key economic variables: inflation, GDP growth, leading indicators, interest rates, exchange rates and commodity prices. Analysis Assessment of the effects of quantitative easing in the USA".

The November issue of Global Economic Outlook presents its regular overview of recent and expected developments in selected territories, focusing on key economic variables: inflation, GDP growth, leading indicators, interest rates, exchange rates and commodity prices. Analysis "The effect of oil prices on inflation from a GVAR model perspective" deals with the effect of oil prices on inflation from a GVAR (global vector autoregression) model perspective. This model framework shows that a fall in oil prices leads to an increase in anti-inflationary pressures, especially in the short run. If a country reaches the zero lower bound on monetary policy interest rates, a fall in oil prices can be expected to have a much greater impact on inflation according to this model.

This issue of Global Economic Outlook presents its regular overview of recent and expected developments in selected territories, focusing on key economic variables: inflation, GDP growth, leading indicators, interest rates, exchange rates and commodity prices. It contains analysis "The economic reforms of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi".

This issue of Global Economic Outlook presents its regular overview of recent and expected developments in selected territories, focusing on key economic variables: inflation, GDP growth, leading indicators, interest rates, exchange rates and commodity prices. It contains analysis "Shadow policy rates – alternative quantification of unconventional monetary policy", it applies the concept of shadow rates to quantify the effect of the unconventional monetary policy instruments of the ECB and the Fed and thereby indicate the degree of monetary policy easing achieved in terms of interest rates.

Latest monetary policy developments at selected central banks and news. Spotlight article "Coordination of monetary and macroprudential policy, norwegian style" examines the coordination of monetary and macroprudential policy in different phases of the business and financial cycle using the example of the Norwegian economy. Selected speech: "Integrating financial stability into monetary policy" by Stephen S. Poloz, Governor of the Bank of Canada

This issue of Global Economic Outlook presents its regular overview of recent and expected developments in selected territories, focusing on key economic variables: inflation, GDP growth, leading indicators, interest rates, exchange rates and commodity prices. It contains analysis "The Chinese renminbi in the SDR basket: A realistic prospect?"

This issue of Global Economic Outlook presents its regular overview of recent and expected developments in selected territories, focusing on key economic variables: inflation, GDP growth, leading indicators, interest rates, exchange rates and commodity prices. It contains analysis Central banks’ gold reserves. This article sets out to summarise the facts about the role of gold in central banks’ reserves. Despite having lost its unique status in the international monetary system, gold maintains a strong position not only with central banks, but also with private investors thanks to its ability to reduce systemic risk and preserve value. The following paragraphs therefore outline the role of gold in the reserves of central banks and the IMF. Some countries – e.g. China, Russia and India – are currently seeking to change the role of gold in their economies and in the financial system as a whole. This phenomenon is therefore also dealt with in this article.

Latest monetary policy developments at selected central banks and news. Spotlight: Central bank communication - inflation reports, describe communication by central banks with the public. Although the explanatory and informational role of Inflation reports is essentially the same across inflation-targeting central banks, each central bank has its own take on what such reports should contain and how they should be structured. Selected speech: "The ECB's current unconventional monetary policy" by Vítor Constâncio, Vice-President of the ECB.

The November issue of Global Economic Outlook presents its regular overview of recent and expected developments in selected territories, focusing on key economic variables: inflation, GDP growth, leading indicators, interest rates, exchange rates and commodity prices. Analysis "The crisis and post-crisis experience with Swiss franc loans outside Switzerland" summarise the ideas presented at a Swiss National Bank seminar on foreign currency lending.

Latest monetary policy developments at selected central banks and news. Spotlight: Central banks' response to the oil price decline. Selected speech: „Between independence and interdependece“ by Thomas Jordan, Chairman of the Governing Board of the Swiss National Bank.

This issue of Global Economic Outlook presents its regular overview of recent and expected developments in selected territories, focusing on key economic variables: inflation, GDP growth, leading indicators, interest rates, exchange rates and commodity prices. It contains an article "The role of China in the slowdown in international trade". This article investigates the causes of the sizeable fall in imports into China observed for almost a year now and analyses its impacts on international trade.

Latest monetary policy developments at selected central banks and news. Spotlight: India's path to inflation targeting. Selected speech: „The inflation target - a benchmark for price-setting and wage formation" by Henry Ohlsson, Deputy Governor of the Sveriges Riksbank.

Latest monetary policy developments at selected central banks and news. Spotlight: „The monerary policy of Turkey“. Selected speech: „Shocks, gaps and monetary policy“ by Charlie I. Plosser (President and CEO of Federal Reserve Bank of Philadephia).

The November issue of Global Economic Outlook presents its regular overview of recent and expected developments in selected territories, focusing on key economic variables: inflation, GDP growth, leading indicators, interest rates, exchange rates and commodity prices. In this issue, we also focus our attention on the “normalisation” of monetary policy by the US Fed, i.e. the exit from its monetary stimulus and the switch to standard monetary policy.

Latest monetary policy developments at selected central banks and news. Spotlight: Monetary policy and inequality. Selected speech: „Patience is a virtue when normalizing monetary policy“ by Charles L. Evans (president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago).

Zpráva popisuje novou čtvrtletní makroekonomickou prognózu ČNB a zhodnocení uplynulého hospodářského a makroekonomického vývoje.

Latest monetary policy developments at selected central banks and news. Spotlight: „Exit from unconventional instruments, back to normal?“. Selected speech: „Labour market dynamics and monetary policy“ by Fed chair Janett L. Yellen.

The October issue of Global Economic Outlook presents its regular overview of recent and expected developments in selected territories, focusing on key economic variables: inflation, GDP growth, leading indicators, interest rates, exchange rates and commodity prices. In this issue, we also analyse the changes in FDI inflows and FDI returns in the Czech Republic and Central European countries. FDI returns have been much higher (especially since 2008) in the Czech Republic than in the other Central European countries. This is due to the structure of FDI, the absence of additional tax measures reducing FDI earnings and to differences in the scale and sectoral effects of the economic and financial crisis.

The November issue of Global Economic Outlook presents its regular overview of recent and expected developments in selected territories, focusing on key economic variables: inflation, GDP growth, leading indicators, interest rates, exchange rates and commodity prices. Analysis "Applicability of Okun’s law to OECD countries and other economies" examines the validity of Okun's law, which empirically assesses the strength of the relationship between growth in unemployment and GDP. Using a sample of 59 countries, our analysis shows a significant asymmetry in the evolution of Okun's coefficient since the end of the 1990s.

Výroční zpráva obsahuje úvodní slovo guvernéra ČNB, kapitoly o řízení a oraganizaci ČNB, cílech a úkolech ČNB a jejich plnění, dále kapitoly ČNB a veřejnost, ČNB a její lidé, hospodaření ČNB a poskytování informací podle zákona 106/1999 Sb., o svobodném přístupu k informacím.

Global Economic Outlook presents its regular overview of recent and expected developments in selected territories, focusing on key economic variables: inflation, GDP growth, leading indicators, interest rates, exch ange rates and commodity prices. In this issue, we also focus on the evolution and structure of part - time employment. We present a European comparison of the use of part - time employment. It reveals, among other things, that in the crisis period of 2008 – 201 3, part - time employment was most frequently used in countries with high unemployment growth and in demographic groups most at risk of redundancy. This helped to lessen – at least partly – the impacts of the economic crisis on the labour market.

Latest monetary policy developments at selected central banks and news. Spotlight: „The Baltic states and the euro during the economic crisis“. Selected speech: „The future of monetary policy“ by Charlie Bean (Deputy Governor of the BoE).

The September issue of Global Economic Outlook presents its regular overview of recent and expected developments in selected territories, focusing on key economic variables: inflation, GDP growth, leading indicators, interest rates, exchange rates and commodity prices. In this issue, we also analyse the competitiveness and dynamics of goods exports from Central European EU member states. We find, among other things, that the current dependence of Central and South-Eastern European countries on global demand is higher than in the final pre-crisis years.

Výhledy HDP, inflace, předstihových ukazatelů, úrokových sazeb, měnových kurzů a cen komodit. V rámci rubriky „Zaostřeno na…“ obsahuje zpráva analýzu "Budoucnost zemního plynu", a to v souvislosti s rostoucí těžbou břidlicového plynu v USA a jejími dopady do cen plynu a uhlí v jednotlivých regionech světa.