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The impact of climate change is felt by people all over the world, but this change is more pronounced in Europe. In Slovakia, which is in Central Europe, we feel these changes in all areas of the economy, but most significantly in agriculture. We experience extremely high temperatures more and more often, and frequent periods of drought alternate with extreme intensity of precipitation. The aim of this paper is to compare these changes in temperature and precipitation with a reference period - the sixty-year climate normal (1961-2020). Based on data from 81 meteorological stations, maps of temperature and precipitation deviations from the climatic norm were created by interpolation for selected decades (1961-1970, 1991-2000 and 2011-2020) in the growing season (April - October). By overlaying the map outputs of temperature and precipitation, new attributes were created that comprehensively evaluate locations in Slovakia. The results show that in the 1960s the summer months were normal in terms of precipitation and subnormal in temperature, in the 1990s the areas were mostly normal in temperature and in April especially above normal in terms of precipitation. On the contrary, the last decade is characterized by above-normal temperatures throughout the entire period and belownormal precipitation at the beginning of the growing season and above-normal precipitation in the autumn months. With this contribution, we can help farmers visualize the development of temperatures and precipitation, and thus they will be able to better adapt to the development of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, humanity must deal with the consequences of ongoing climate change. The most observed manifestations of climate change include increasing temperatures, as well as increasing monthly and annual average temperatures. In the present work, the change in the number of days with temperatures between 30 and 35 degrees Celsius and above 35 degrees Celsius was compared. Meteorological data from 21 climatic stations on the territory of the Kosice and Presov self-governing regions (Slovakia) were provided by the Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute in Bratislava. The data covered the period 1961 - 2020. Based on these data, we determined the forecast of the development for the period 2031-2040 and 2051-2060. The results show that in the last 20 years there has been a huge increase in the number of tropical days in the warmest regions of Slovakia. In the Somotor area, this increase is at the level of about 200 days compared to the cold period of 1971 - 1980. In terms of super tropical days (above 35 degrees Celsius), the number of super tropical days increased approximately fourfold during 1961 - 2010. The largest increase is in the last decade 2011-2020. Some places now experience 50 or more super tropical days per year. Looking at the 2031 - 2040 and 2051 - 2060 projections, the numbers of tropical and super tropical days can be expected to increase in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The threat of climate change and its negative consequences is currently a very serious and immediate problem. The most observable manifestation of climate change is undoubtedly global warming. The higher air temperature has already affected the length of the growing season in a large part of Europe. Flowering and ripening of cereals begin a few days earlier than was usual. These changes are expected to continue in many regions. The extension of the growing season and the frost-free period can generally lead to an increase in the productivity of agricultural production in Northern Europe. Higher temperatures and longer growing seasons allow new crops to be grown. On the other hand, extreme heat and a decrease in rainfall and water availability are expected to reduce crop productivity. Higher fluctuations in annual crop yields are expected due to the influence of extreme heat. This extreme heat is also associated with an increased incidence of pests and diseases. In the presented work, we focus on the changes in the areas of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) cultivation in the years 1961-2020 with predictions for the horizons of 2050, 2075, 2100. The analysis itself was based on the length of the growing season. It is clear from the results how the areas of the possibility of growing the analyzed crop are changing, and what will be the assumption of changes in areas in the future. The change of individual bands changes in connection with the change of average temperatures. The results show how the possibilities of growing the analyzed crop are shifting to higher altitudes precisely in connection with climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented work provides a detailed view of climate change and its impact on the temperature conditions in Slovakia. It analyses the occurrence of tropical and supertropical days from the past to the present in the most fertile part of Slovakia. The results show that there has been an overall increase in the number of tropical and supertropical days in the Danubian Lowland and the Danubian Hills between 1961 and 2020, which is partly due to an increase in average temperatures and weather extremes. The locality of Ziharec recorded the largest number of tropical days in the last decade (369 days). If we compare it in this locality with the coldest decade 1971-80, when it was 117 days, then it represents a percentage increase of 135%. For comparison, the increase of tropical days in the locality Banska Stiavnica is from 14 days to 105 days (650 %) in a decade and the locality is not in the warmest areas of Slovakia. For agriculture in the Danubian Lowland and the Danubian Hills, the overall increase in tropical and supertopic days, together with the uneven distribution of precipitation, has a negative effect on the drying up of the country. Rising temperatures and an increase in the number of tropical and supertropical days could be partly positive, especially in the growth of phytomass and higher biomass yields, provided if there is a sufficient supply of water in the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agro climatic analyses for last three decades indicate climate change to be the most crucial factor that exacerbates agricultural production. In the long run, it will create a global crisis in future if it magnifies without any control. Basically, climate change occurs due to rise in anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases (CO2, N2O, CH4, freons) [1]. This causes various hazardous phenomena to initiate significant changes not only in energy and water dynamics of the atmosphere but also in agricultural and ecological system. For instance, agricultural production from Danube Lowland located in southern parts of Slovakia, has been greatly affected due to rise in atmospheric temperature and decrease in precipitation. These changes in various atmospheric parameters may induce multifaceted positive effect in some way. However, these changes always bring about highly negative effects on agriculture, which need to be identified and analysed critically. Based on these analyses, the negative effects can be reduced to increase the positive effects [2]. In this present study, agroclimatic data such as the numbers of tropical and supertropical days experienced in Slovakia have been analysed extensively. Results indicate an increasing trend in number of tropical days during vegetation period in each of three decades spanning from 1989 to 2018. A similar increasing trend was also found in the number of supertropical days in the last three decades. The results also prove that the most fertile part of Slovakia experienced an extreme increase in tropical and supertropical days during the previous decade ranging from 2009 to 2018. Consequently, the significant increase in number of tropical and supertropical days, indicates the climate extremity in Slovak in the Danube Lowland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological and, of course, economic yield is the result of interaction of internal plant characteristics, namely its genetical and biological potential, and external environmental factors. The efficient plant species, where grapevine is clearly integrated, is a basic limiting factor in the creation of organic material air temperature, which influences vital functions such as nutrients receiving, transpiration, photosynthesis, respiration, and others. In this context, the most often used thermal characteristics are the thermic vegetation constants, i.e. the sum of active air temperatures for main growing period. Others, so called “factor of life” is water regime, which is most often characterized with total amount of precipitation [1, 2]. There are several reasons that affect the decrease in quantity and deteriorating the quality of the grapes. Extremes of non-living nature are some of the reasons that the vine-grower find difficult to cope. The non-living components of the natural environment such as climate, geological, geomorphological, hydrological and soil elements are known as abiotic factors [3, 4]. They create life conditions. The aim of this article was to investigate the effects of solar radiation on different grape types, and how solar radiation and drought may lead to considerations for moving of planting location, selection of co-cultivated varieties, or the cultivation of new varieties or costly investment inputs such as irrigation or shading. Either way, the vine-grower should focus on monitoring the behavior of the grapevine in relation to the weather and the use of instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autotrophic plants are characterized by a unique capability - in the process of photosynthesis, they can create bio production, i.e. biological but also economical harvest. However, the amount of harvest is a resultant interaction of genetic potential of plants and external environmental factors, especially agro meteorological factors i.e. agroclimatical. Relationship between phytomass yield, as well as economic yield (grain of spring barley) and characteristics of energy (temperature T in °C) and water balance (precipitation P in mm) was analyzed according to nonlinear correlation and linear regression. There was designed simple agrometeorological, mathematical - statistical model of phytomass production (UF in kg.m-2) according to analysis, which can be used for making yields prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]