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Outer green of almond I has been used to extract natural dye for dyeing of wool, using different mordants such as iron (II) sulfate, copper (II) sulfate and potassium dichromate. Exhaust dyeing method has been applied using premordanting and simultaneous mordanting of fibres. It is observed that wool fibres can be dyed in different colours and depth of shades with almond shell dye. Control sample dyed without mordant shows light fastness of 2-3 and good wash fastness of 4-5 (bleeding) and 3 (colour change). Various colours have been obtained without mordant or by using quite lower amount of metallic mordant such as 0.8 % owf (0.16 g/L) and 2 % owf (0.4 g/L). All the samples exhibit satisfactory bleeding and colour change values. Iron (II) sulfate ensures the best light fastness. Improved light fastness is obtained using above-mentioned lower amounts of iron (II) sulfate and copper (II) sulfate. Potassium dichromate is found to be less effective than iron (II) sulfate and copper (II) sulfate on the light fastness. Burgundy-reddish shades which are rare in natural dyes have been obtained using this mordant. As a novel alternative and potential natural dye, almond shell extract can be used to get various colours and shades with satisfactory fastness properties.

In this study, the effect of various auxiliaries on the variation of water absorbency of cotton depending on the drying temperature and the possibility of providing homogenous and stable absorbency values were investigated as well. Alkaline pectinase scouring, conventional alkaline scouring and bleaching and different drying temperatures were applied and the best absorbency values were obtained under the drying conditions at room temperatures. Absorbency decrease was detected after high temperature dryings in some cases depending on the process conditions, wetting and complexing agent kind. Use of wetting, complexing and washing agents were found to be effective to obtain satisfying, homogenous and consistent absorbency through better cleaning effect in fibers. Nonionic wetting agent, acrylate and polycarboxylic acid based complexing agent ensured the most satisfying results. Washing agent also supported absorbency due to its wetting and emulsifying effect. Better emulsification in a proper way improved the absorbency values and prevented from absorbency decrease through heat treatment.

In this paper, water, materials, and energy consumption and costs for various cotton fabric pretreatment processes were examined based on mill and production conditions. Enzymatic processes save water, energy, and time over conventional pretreatments. Enzymatic scouring combined with activator-agent-assisted hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) did not generate electricity and time savings, but did save on water and steam consumption/cost. Steam, followed by water and electricity, was the most costly. Process temperature and water consumption were more important than process time for cost control. Activator agent use also increased recipe cost. Enzymes used in enzymatic processes are often relatively expensive, with total costs higher than conventional processes, although enzymatic processes offer significant water and energy savings. However, low-concentration pectinase processes resulted in less total cost than alkaline scouring.

In this paper the effects of pretreatment and post treatments on the properties of viscose fabric were investigated. Effect of causticizing, continuous (open-width) and discontinuous (rope) washings, contact and convection dryings were assessed in terms of dimensional stability, whiteness, crease resistance and breaking strength properties, The crease resist finish was applied to enhance crease resistance and washing shrinkage properties. Results were evaluated by statistical analysis and it was tried to determine the tendency of relations among fabric properties. The crease resist finish enhanced dramatically crease recovery angles and washing shrinkage values. However dimensional stability especially in warp direction was not satisfactory and it needs to be supported by causticizing process. Causticizing has an improving effect on both crease resistance and also dimensional stability. It resulted in breaking strength loss that was not statistically significant. Discontinuous washing in rope form and convection drying were beneficiary on crease resistance. However this affected breaking strength negatively, It was identified statistically significant negative correlation between crease resistance, washing shrinkage and breaking strength. Although a positive and relatively lower correlation was detected between washing shrinkage and breaking strength it could not be established a statistically significant relation. It is possible to improve the dimensional stability and the crease resistance properties of viscose fabric through causticizing process without a significant breaking strength loss.

In this study, the effects of wax, pectin removal, and weight loss on cotton absorbency were investigated. Various enzymatic scourings and alkaline scouring were conducted and various heat treatments were applied after room temperature drying. Absorbency values were assessed and differences were observed in terms of enzyme types. Considerable differences were found and absorbency reduction occurred after heat treatments,A positive correlation between wax and pectin content was also found. Neither of them had an influence on absorbency alone, Samples having relatively high pectin or wax content were satisfactorily absorbent. Wax content had the most significant effect on absorbency, followed by pectin content and weight loss, respectively. There was a close correlation between wax and pectin content. Wax content had a greater effect than pectin content on weight loss.

The effect of different biopreparation treatments on the dyeing properties of cotton fabric was investigated. Bioscouring with alkaline pectinase; combinations of alkaline pectinase, oxidative agent, and activator agent in one bath; conventional alkaline scouring; and hydrogen peroxide bleaching were applied to 100% cotton knitted fabric by the exhaust method. Pretreated fabrics were dyed with vinylsulfone and monochlorotriazine reactive dyes. Washfastness, crockfastness, and lightfastness properties were evaluated, with no significant differences found between samples pretreated in different ways. K/S values using conventional methods were easily reached by the enzymatically-pretreated fabrics. However, Delta E and Delta L values showed significant differences depending on dye concentration, lightness, and pretreatment conditions. An alternative to conventional alkaline scouring and bleaching, depending on the concentration and lightness of dyeing required, is recommended.

Enzymatic scouring is an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional scouring that has many advantages. Enhanced water absorbency values were obtained by this method, while the whiteness was relatively lower. Alkaline pectinase scouring and the combinations of alkaline pectinase with oxidative and activator agent were compared to conventional alkaline scouring and bleaching. A combined method resulted in water and energy savings, higher whiteness, cost effectiveness due to mild working conditions (pH 9-9.5 at 65C), and less washing.