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The aim of the present study was to investigate effects of low dose capsaicin (CAP) on substance P (SP) expression and histomorphometric properties of duodenum. In this study, 21-day-old rats were divided into three groups as control, CAP-treated and vehicle. The control group remained without any treatment. 0.5 mg/kg CAP prepared in a solvent and injected subcutaneously to CAP-treated group and vehicle group was injected with only solvent for 20 days. All rats were weighed daily. At the end of the experiment, tissue samples were collected and Crossman’s triple staining was used for histomorphometric examinations and labelled streptavidin-biotin immunohistochemical technique was used for SP expression. The body weight gain was lower in the CAP treated group but no significant differences between the groups. Low dose CAP did not alter the depth of crypt in the duodenum but the height of the villus was higher than the other group (p, Sunulan çalışmanın amacı, düşük doz kapsaisinin (CAP) duodenumun histomorfometrik yapısı ve substans P (SP) ekspresyonu üzerine etkisini incelemektir. Çalışmada kullanılan ratlar (21 günlük), kontrol grubu, CAP enjekte edilen grup ve çözücü solüsyon enjekte edilen olmak üzere üç gruba ayrıldı. Kontrol grubuna enjeksiyon yapılmadı. 20 gün boyunca CAP grubuna çözücü solüsyon içerisinde hazırlanan 0.5 mg/kg kapsaisin, taşıyıcı grubuna ise sadece çözücü solüsyon subkutan enjekte edildi. Ratlar her gün tartıldı. Deney sonrası dokular alınarak, doku kesitlerine histomorfometrik incemeler için Crossman’ın üçlü boyaması, SP ekspresyonunu belirlemek için ise işaretlenmiş streptavidin-biotin immunohistokimyasal tekniği uygulandı. CAP uygulanan grupta canlı ağırlık kazancı kontrol gruplarına göre düşüktü, fakat gruplar arasında istatiksel farklılık gözlenmedi. Düşük doz CAP duodenumun kript derinliğini etkilemezken, villus uzunluğu CAP uygulanan grupta diğer gruplara göre daha yüksek belirlendi (p

Çağrışımsal bir yaratıcı düşünme teorisinin ana hatları çizilmiştir. Yüksek yaratıcılık ve düşük yaratıcılık arasındaki farklar tanımlanan boyutlar arasında tahmin edilmiştir. Bazı deneysel olarak maniple edilebilir değişkenlerin yaratıcı süreç üzerindeki etkisini dikkate alarak tahminler yapılmıştır.Yaratıcı sürecin çağrışımsal tanımı bir testin işletimsel formunu almıştır. Bu testle beraber bazı ön—araştırmalar tanımlanmıştır.

Ghrelin is an acylated polypeptide hormone secreted predominantly by endocrine X (A) cells of the stomach. It acts as a regulator for GH release, energy balance, food intake and body weight. Ghrelin is a 28- amino acid peptide with an essential fatty acid modification at 3aa. And according to this modification it termed as ‘acyl ghrelin’ or ‘des-acyl ghrelin’. The biological active one is ‘acyl ghrelin’. Ghrelin shows it’s effects by binding to it’s special receptor, GH secretagoque receptor (GHS-R). Although primarily expressed in stomach, ghrelin also determined in different tissues such as intestine, heart, kidney, liver, lung, pancreas and placenta. Ghrelin which stimulates the secretion of growth hormone, has an effective role nearly on whole tissues that has a growth ability like bone, cartilage and muscle., Ghrelin, öncelikli olarak midedeki endokrin X(A) hücreleri tarafından salgılanan polipeptid yapıda bir hormondur. Ghrelin, büyüme hormonunun salınımı, enerji dengesi, besin alımı ve vücut ağırlığının ayarlanmasında görev alır. 28 aminoasitten oluşan moleküler yapısında, 3. aminoasite bir yağ asidinin bağlanıp bağlanmamasına göre açillenmiş ya da des-açil ghrelin olarak adlandırılan 2 formu bulunur. Aktif olan, yağ asidi bağlanmış, açillenmiş formudur. Bu formdaki ghrelin etkisini özellikle kendisine özgü olan büyüme hormonu salgılatı- cı reseptöre bağlanarak gösterir. Ghrelinin, büyük oranda sentezi midede gerçekleşmesine rağmen bağırsak, kalp, böbrek, karaciğer, akciğer, pankreas, plasenta gibi birçok organda varlığı tespit edilmiştir. Büyüme hormonu salgılatıcı hormonun salınımını uyaran ghrelin başta kemik, kıkırdak, kas olmak üzere vücudun büyüme yetene- ğinde olan hemen bütün dokuları üzerinde etkin bir role sahiptir.

Acı kırmızı biber, botanik biliminde Solanacea familyasına ait bir bitki olup, Capsicum annuum olarak bilinmektedir. Capsaicin, acı kırmızı biberin etken maddesidir. Ghrelin, öncelikli olarak midedeki endokrin X/A hücreleri tarafından üretilen polipeptid yapıda bir hormondur. Görelin, büyüme hormonunun salınımı, enerji dengesi, besin alımı ve vücut ağırlığının ayarlanmasında görev alır.Çalışma materyalini 21 günlük 40 adet Swiss albino soyu erkek fareler oluşturdu. Fareler anneden ayrıldıkları 21'nci günden itibaren deney grubu (n: 20) % 0,02 oranında capsaicin içeren yem ile, kontrol grubu (n: 20) ise standart fare yemi ile beslendi. Gruplardaki tüm farelere dietileter anestezisi altında puberte (40 günlük) ve erişkin (75 günlük) dönemlerinde, servikal dislokasyon uygulandı. Testisleri çıkartılarak rutin doku takibine alındı. Capsaicin ilavesi yapılmış yemle beslenen farelerin testisleri puberte ve erişkin dönemlerde ghrelin peptidinin lokalizasyonu histolojik ve immunohistokimyasal analizler ile değerlendirildi.Araştırmanın, puberte ve erişkin dönemlerinde özellikle deney grubunda seminifer kanal duvarında spermatogenik hücre serisinde artış saptandı. Ghrelin antikoru ile yapılan immunohistokimyasal boyama sonucunda fare testisinde çalışmamızda tüm gruplardaki Leydig ve Sertoli hücrelerinde immunpozitif reaksiyon ilk olarak gösterilerek literatür bilgisine katkı sağlandı. Spermatogenik seriyi oluşturan hücrelerde reaksiyon görülmedi. Ghrelin reaksiyonu hem puberte hem de erişkin dönem deney grubu Leydig hücrelerinde, kontrol gruplarına oranla daha az boyanma yoğunluğunda saptandı.Gerçekleştirilen bu çalışma, yeme düşük doz capsaicin ilavesinin, farelerin testis dokusu gelişimini olumlu yönde uyardığını, gonadlar ve gelişimi üzerinde ghrelinin de etkin rol oynadığını göstermektedir. Red hot pepper, known as Capsicum annuum, belongs to Solanacea family in botany. Capsaicin is the pungent extract of red hot pepper. Ghrelin is an acylated polypeptide hormone secreted predominantly by endocrine X/A cells of the stomach. Ghrelin acts as a regulator for GH release, energy balance, food intake and body weight.Swiss albino male mice (n: 40), at the age of 21 days old, were used. After weaning at day 21, treatment group (n: 20) fed with diet containing 0.02 % capsaicin and control group (n: 20) fed with standard diet. In pubertal (day 40) and adult (day 75) periods, mice sacrificed by cervical dislocation under diethyl ether inhalation anesthesia. Testes from both groups removed and applied routine histological process.Ghrelin peptid evaluated in testes of mice fed with capsaicin containing diet by histological and immunohistochemical methods in pubertal and adult periods. In this research, we determined that there was an increasing on the number of spermatogenic cells in tubules, in both pubertal and adult periods, specially for treatment group. At the end of the immunohistochemical staining, we confirmed that there was a positive reaction on Leydig and Sertoli cells of mouse testes but no reaction on spermatogenic cells. Immunohistochemical expression of ghrelin for mouse testes was first on lectures. Intensity of ghrelin reaction was less for treatment group compared to control group in both pubertal and adult periods. These results show that low dose capsaicin has a positive effect with ghrelin on testicular development.This project shows that, low dose capsaicin containing diet stimulates the development of testes of mouse and ghrelin has an effective role on gonads. 58

Meat is an important source of protein with high biological value. Due to this importance, the production and consumption of meat and meat products such as minced meat, salami, sausage, meatballs and roasted meat has been increasing rapidly in recent years. In order to earn more money, some companies sell animal meats that are not consumed by the society by mixing them into meat products without considering the health, habits, ethical and cultural values of people. In this study, it is aimed to examine whether there are undesirable tissues and muscle tissue belonging to different species in meat products by making histological and molecular evaluations in raw meatball products offered for sale. Evaluations were made by taking samples of raw meatball products offered for sale by 6 different well known supermarkets. In the results we obtained, it was observed that the integrity of the muscle tissue was not impaired in sample 1, but the presence of cartilage fragments in places. In sample 2, different sizes of tendon fragments and nerve fiber bundles were detected, with less muscle tissue. In sample number 3, it was observed that the integrity of the muscle tissue was not impaired and the spice pieces were excessive. In sample number 4, it was observed that the integrity of the muscle tissue was partially damaged. In sample 5, large tendon fragments and abundant connective tissue were detected. In sample 6, an image was detected, suggesting that it was caused by too much use of the additive. In the RT-PCR results, no tissue belonging to different species was found in any of the 6 samples we received. These results, in addition to being inappropriate in terms of public health and consumer rights, also appear as attempts to gain unfair financial gain.

Capsaicin, acı kırmızıbiberin etken maddesidir. Capsaicin alınımının hem lipolizi stimule ederek hem de lipogenezi engelleyerek yağ dokusunu azaltabileceği düşünülmektedir. Adipokinler hücreden hücreye sinyal taşıyıcı proteinlerdir ve yağ dokusundan salınırlar. Santral ve periferde görev almakla birlikte bu görevler santralde iştah ve enerji tüketimini düzenlemek iken periferde insülin duyarlılığı, oksidatif kapasite ve lipid alımını etkilemektir.Çalışmamızda, Capsaicinin sıçanlarda yağ dokusundaki bazı adipokinlerin ekspresyonu üzerine olabilecek etkilerinin immunohistokimyasal boyama yöntemi ile belirlenmesi amaçlandı. Deney grubu (n:10) % 0,04 oranında capsaicin içeren yem ile, kontrol grubu (n:10) ise standart sıçan yemi ile beslendi. Sıçanlar, 60 gün sonunda, canlı ağırlıkları tartılıp sırasıyla; deri altı, testiküler, visseral yağ dokusu ve kahverengi yağ dokusu örnekleri alındı. Tüm gruplara ait dokularda immunohistokimya yöntemi ile leptin, adiponektin, TNFα ve visfatin ekspresyonu yapıldı.Leptin için bakıldığında deney grubunda özellikle testiküler yağ doku (TY) ve visseral yağ dokuda (VY) kontrol grubuna oranla daha az boyanma görüldü. TNFα için, deney grubunda SY ve KY dokularında deney grubunun kontrol grubuna oranla daha yoğun boyandığı tespit edilirken, TY ve VY dokularında daha az boyanma görüldü. Adiponektin için, kontrol ve deney grupları arasında dikkate değer bir farklılık gözlenmemesine karşın sadece SY dokusunda deney grubunun daha fazla boyandığı tespit edildi. Visfatin için, KY dokusunda 2 grup arasında dikkate değer bir farklılık görünmezken, TY, VY ve SY dokularında deney grubunun kontrole oranla daha yoğun boyandığı görüldü.Sonuç olarak; Capsaicin, hem beyaz hem de kahverengi yağ dokusunu ve bu dokularda sentezlenen bazı adipokinleri (adiponektin, leptin, TNF- α ve visfatin) uyararak, ekspresyonlarında değişikliğe sebep olmuştur.Anahtar Kelimeler: Capsaisin, Adipokin, Beyaz yağ dokusu, Kahverengi yağ dokusu Capsaicin is the pungent extract of red hot pepper. It is considered that Capsaicin uptake might reduce adipose tissue by stimulating lipolysis and also inhibiting lipogenesis. Adipokines are signal carrier proteins from cell to cell and are released from adipose tissue. Besides being involved in the central and periphery tasks, while those tasks are to regulate appetite and energy consumption in the central, its task is to regulate insulin sensitivity, oxidative capacity and lipid uptake in the periphery.In our study, the goal was to identify the potential effects of capsaicin on the expression of some adipokines on the adipose tissue of rats via immunohistochemical staining method. The experiment group (n: 10) was fed with a diet containing 0.04% capsaicin and control group (n: 10) was fed with a standart rat diet. At the end of 60 days, rats were weighed alive and their subcutan, testicular, visceral and brown adipose tissue samples were taken. To all tissues belong to the all groups, leptin, adiponectine, TNFα and visfatin expression were applied via immunohistochemistry method.When examined for Leptin, lesser stain was observed on testicular adipose tissue and visceral adipose tissue in the experimental group compared to the control group. When examined for TNFα, while it was observed that the experiment group was stained more intensely on subcutan and brown adipose tissues compared to the control group, less stain was observed for testicular and visceral adipose tissues. When examined for Adiponectine, while there was no significant difference between control and experiment groups, it was observed that experiment group was stained more intensely on subcutan adipose tissue. When examined for Visfatin, while there was no significant difference on brown adipose tissue between 2 groups, it was observed that testicular, visceral and subcutan adipose tissues were stained more intensely compared to the control.Consequently, Capsaicin caused difference on the expressions of white and brown adipose tissues and some adipokines released from them (adiponektine, leptin, TNF-α and visfatin) by stimulating all those.Keywords: Capsaicin, Adipokines, White adipose tissue, Brown adipose tissue. 65

Çalışmamızın amacı farelere, farklı dozlarda Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin (PMSG) ve takiben Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) uygulamalarının, ovaryumda gelişmekte olan folikül ve korpus luteum sayılarına olan etkilerinin istatistiksel yöntemler ile belirlenmesidir. Çalışma materyali olarak 7 haftalık 40 adet BALC/c soyu dişi fare kullanıldı. Fareler, rastgele dört gruba ayrılarak, kontrol grubuna, 0,2 ml serum fizyolojik enjekte edildi. Diğer üç gruba subkutan yolla sırasıyla 2,5; 5 ve 7,5 I. U. PMSG hormonu verildi. PMSG enjeksiyonunun izleyen 48’inci saatte, deney gruplarına, PMSG’nin artan dozuna paralel olarak, gruplara sırasıyla 2,5; 5 ve 7,5 I. U. hCG, kontrol grubuna ise 0,2 ml serum fizyolojik subkutan yolla enjekte edildi. Anestezi altında alınan ve tespit edilen ovaryumlara rutin histolojik metodlar uygulanarak; ovaryum foliküllerinin ve korpus luteumların sayılması için Crossmon’ın üçlü boyama tekniği uygulandı. Çalışmamızda 3 farklı dozda yapmış olduğumuz uygulamalarda tüm deney gruplarında foliküler gelişimin kontrole oranla daha fazla olduğu görüldü. Gelişen folikül sayısının I. deney grubunda en çok olduğu sırasıyla III. ve II. deney grubu ile en az kontrol grubunda olduğu saptandı. Ovulasyon açısından korpus luteumlar değerlendirildiğinde en çok III. deney grubu sırasıyla II. ve I. deney grupları bulunurken en az kontrol grubunda olduğu görüldü. Uygulanan protokollerin hepsinde kullanılan gonadotropin dozuna bağlı olarak foliküler gelişimin ve ovulasyonun arttığı saptandı. Sonuç olarak; çalışmada en çok korpus luteum oluşumunun saptandığı III. deney grubunun (7,5 I.U. PMSG ve ardından 7,5 I.U. hCG’nin s.c.enjeksiyonunun) histolojik değerlendirmeler sonucunda, BALC/c soyu dişi fareler için en uygun süperovulasyon protokolü olduğuna karar verildi. The aim of our study is to determine the effect of PMSG and following hCG administration to seven-week-old mice follicle development and corpus luteum formation by statistically methods. Seven-week-old, fourty BALB/c breed female mice were used in this study. Mice were divided in to four groups randomly, and 0,2 ml buffer saline was injected to control group. PMSG hormone was administrated at doses of 2,5; 5 and 7,5 I.U. respectively to other three groups. hCG was injected 2,5; 5 and 7,5 I.U. subcutaneous doses respectively to the experiment groups after 48 hours later than PMSG administration and 0,2 ml buffer saline was injected subcutaneously to control group. Ovaries were collected and fixed for histological examination and Crossmon’s triple staining method was applied for examination of follicle and corpus luteum developments in all experiment groups were more than control group. First experiment group had the most developing follicle number, followed by third and second experiment group respectively and at least control group. When corpus luteums were evaluated in terms of ovulation, it was seen that the third, second and first experiment groups were the most respectively and the control was the least. In all procedures, follicular development and ovulation were increased depending on the applied dose of gonadotropin. As a result of this study; it was decided, third experimental group had the most number of corpus luteum formation (7,5 I.U. PMSG and following 7,5 I.U. hCG subcutanous administration) was the most appropriate superovulation procedure for BALB/c breed female mice.

Glucosinolates are important bioactive molecules and widely found in Brassicaceae species (cress, brussels sprouts, mustard, broccoli, kale etc.). Depending on the amount of these vegetables consumed, both positive and negative metabolic effects from glucosinolate metabolites may occur. The aims of this study were to; investigate inexpensive animal food sources that both increases weight gain and provides enhanced performance parameters without adversely affecting the animal’s health and metabolism; to evaluate dose adjustment of food containing glucosinolates in animals; and to evaluate changes in the biochemical and performance status of chickens on these glucosinolate containing diets. A total of 624 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler line chicks were divided into one control and three treatment groups. Cress seed (Lepidium sativum) was added 0.05% for the first treatment groups (Group 1, 10 g/kg), 0.10% for the second treatment groups (Group 2, 20 g/kg) and 0.15% for the last treatment groups (Group 3, 30 g/kg) to the diet. Serum samples were evaluated for serum glucose, adiponectin, leptin, growth hormone, estradiol and cortisol levels. Performance parameters investigated included feed intake, live body weight and feed conversion ratio. . The villus length, number of goblet cells, crypt depth were determined for histological analyses. According to histological results, villus length was significant at p < 0.05 level between control and group 1 and at p < 0.001 level with groups 2 and 3 at 21 days. The depth of the crypts belonging to the control and experimental groups was not significant between the control group and the group 1 when the statistic was evaluated on the 21st day, whereas between the control group and the group 2, p < 0.05 and p < 0.01; statistical significance was found at p < 0.001 level between group 3 and control group. The results showed that dietary glucosinolate supplementation as feed additive (10, 20 and 30 g/kg) did not significantly improve the dietary performance, or carcass parameters of broiler chickens. Feed intake was the highest in group 2 (20 g/kg), female live weight was the highest in group 2 (20 g/kg) and 3 (30 g/kg). In conclusion, the rates of the cress seed (0.05, 0.10 and 0.15%) that contain glucotropaeolin were not affected for feed additive on performance (especially live weight and live weight gain) and carcass parameters.

The aim of present study was to investigate the effects of systemic administration of amylin in laying hens and also to examine the localisation of amylin in the pancreas of laying hens at three different ages. It involved a variety of histological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical techniques. Thirty Super Nick laying hens of 10 weeks of age were used. The control group had no treatment. On alternate days the experimental group was injected subcutaneously in the loose skin at the nape of neck with recombinant rat amylin prepared in water at a dose of 75 μg kg−1. The morphology of pancreas was studied at 14, 16, and 18 weeks of age. Our immunohistochemical results conclusively showed that amylin was expressed in beta cells and yet to our knowledge, this is the first study to report the expression of amylin in serous acini of 14 and 16 weeks of age. It can be concluded that systemically administered amylin increased the stimulation of amylin synthesis from pancreas and also increased plasma amylin levels especially at 16 weeks of age.

The purpose of the current study is to investigate the functional connections between the central histaminergic and cholinergic systems at NTS level in hypotensive condition. Experiments were carried out in male Wistar Albino rats. The hypotension was achieved by withdrawing a total volume of 1.5 ml blood/100 g bodyweight over a period of 10 min. A microdialysis study was performed in NTS area to measure extracellular ACh and Ch levels. The hemorrhage produced a severe and long-lasting decrease in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and increase in extracellular ACh and Ch levels in NTS. Administration of histamine intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) or into the NTS reversed the hemorrhagic hypotension by increasing MAP and heart rate. I.c.v. injection of histamine also caused the additional increase in extracellular ACh and Ch levels. Moreover, central histamine injection augmented intracytoplasmic AChE immunoreactivity in NTS. These changes were completely blocked by histaminergic H1 receptor antagonist chlorpheniramine, but histaminergic H2 receptor blocker ranitidine and histaminergic H3/H4 receptor antagonist thioperamide failed to produce these effects. In conclusion, these findings are interpreted that brain histaminergic H1 receptor activation by central histamine injection may promote cholinergic stimulation in the NTS and subsequently reverses the hypotension.

The aim of this study was to explain the involvement of the central histaminergic system in arachidonic acid (AA)-induced cardiovascular effects in normotensive rats using hemodynamic, immunohistochemistry, and microdialysis studies. Intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) administered AA (0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 μmol) induced dose- and time-dependent increases in mean arterial pressure and decreased heart rate in conscious normotensive Sprague–Dawley rats. Central injection of AA (0.5 μmol) also increased posterior hypothalamic extracellular histamine levels and produced strong COX-1 but not COX-2 immunoreactivity in the posterior hypothalamus of rats. Moreover, the cardiovascular effects and COX-1 immunoreactivity in the posterior hypothalamus induced by AA (0.5 μmol; i.c.v.) were almost completely blocked by the H2 receptor antagonist ranitidine (50 and 100 nmol; i.c.v.) and partially blocked by the H1 receptor blocker chlorpheniramine (100 nmol; i.c.v.) and the H3–H4 receptor antagonist thioperamide (50 and 100 nmol; i.c.v.). In conclusion, these results indicate that centrally administered AA induces pressor and bradycardic responses in conscious rats. Moreover, we suggest that AA may activate histaminergic neurons and increase extracellular histamine levels, particularly in the posterior hypothalamus. Acting as a neurotransmitter, histamine is potentially involved in AA-induced cardiovascular effects under normotensive conditions.

Capsaicin (CAP), the active substance of red hot peppers, has been reported to stimulate development of the gonad. Ghrelin is an acylated polypeptide hormone that is secreted predominantly by endocrine cells of the stomach. There is evidence that ghrelin is involved in reproductive function. Ghrelin significantly inhibits testosterone secretion in a dose-dependent manner. We investigated the effect of CAP on ghrelin expression in testes of mice and on testosterone levels during pubertal and adult periods. We used a variety of morphometric, immunohistochemical and biochemical methods, and western blot analysis. The animals were divided into two age groups: puberty and adult. Control groups for both age groups were fed with standard diet and experimental groups were fed with a diet containing 0.02% CAP. Testes were collected quickly after sacrifice. After dehydration, the specimens were embedded in paraffin and 5 mu m sections were cut, and Crossman's triple staining and immunohistochemical staining for ghrelin were applied. Immunohistochemical staining with ghrelin antibody for both age groups demonstrated immunoreaction especially in Leydig and Sertoli cells, but no reaction was observed in spermatogenic cells. Ghrelin immunoreaction was less intense in the experimental groups. Serum testosterone levels were increased in both experimental groups, especially in adults. More spermatocytes were observed in the experimental group compared to the control group. In both pubertal and adult experimental groups, the seminiferous epithelium was thick. CAP appears to enhance testicular cell proliferation and can affect the release of ghrelin and testosterone directly or indirectly.

Ghrelin, a polypeptide hormone, is known to be secreted by endocrine cells from stomach and hypothalamus and to act via growth hormone secretagogue receptors (GHS-R1a) to alter food intake and energy homeostasis. Because of growing evidence of its involvement in reproductive function, the present study aims to investigate the ghrelin expression pattern in mouse testes during postnatal developmental (pubertal and adult) periods. For that, food intake, weight growth, serum ghrelin and testosterone concentrations were determined in pubertal (40 days old) and adult (75 days old) mice (10 animals in each group) and ghrelin expression in testes was analysed by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Strong ghrelin immunoreactivity, restricted to cytoplasm as a granular pattern, was strictly evidenced in Leydig and Sertoli cells and the testicular hormone secretion appeared similar in pubertal and adult rodents. It was also observed a gradual increase in food intake and weight growth during development coupled to a slight decrease in serum ghrelin and testosterone concentrations. These results suggest a clear association between local and constitutive ghrelin synthesis and gonad development.

Nesfatin-1, product of the precursor NEFA/nucleobindin2 (NUCB2), was initially identified as anorectic hypothalamic neuropeptide, acting in a leptin-independent manner. In addition to its central role in the control of energy homeostasis, evidence has mounted recently that nesfatin-1 is also produced in peripheral metabolic tissues, such as pancreas, adipose, and gut. Moreover, nesfatin-1 has been shown to participate in the control of body functions gated by whole-body energy homeostasis, including puberty onset. Yet, whether, as is the case for other metabolic neuropeptides, NUCB2/nesfatin-1 participates in the direct control of gonadal function remains unexplored. Wedocument here for the first time the expression ofNUCB2mRNAin rat, mouse, and human testes, where NUCB2/nesfatin-1 protein was identified in interstitial mature Leydig cells. Yet in rats, NUCB2/nesfatin-1becameexpressed in Sertoli cellsuponLeydig cell eliminationandwas also detected in Leydig cell progenitors. Although NUCB2 mRNA levels did not overtly change in rat testis during pubertal maturation and after short-term fasting, NUCB2/nesfatin-1 content significantly increased along the puberty-to-adult transition and was markedly suppressed after fasting. In addition, testicular NUCB2/nesfatin-1 expression was up-regulated by pituitary LH, because hypophysectomy decreased, whereas human choriogonadotropin (super-agonist of LH receptors) replacement enhanced, NUCB2/nesfatin-1 mRNA and peptide levels. Finally, nesfatin-1 increased human choriogonadotropin-stimulated testosterone secretion by rat testicular explants ex vivo. Our data are the first to disclose the presence and functional role of NUCB2/nesfatin-1 in the testis, where its expression is regulated by developmental, metabolic, and hormonal cues as well as by Leydig cell-derived factors. Our observations expand the reproductive dimension of nesfatin-1, which may operate directly at the testicular level to link energy homeostasis, puberty onset, and gonadal function. Spanish Government - BFU 2008-00984 / BFU 2011-25021 / PI042082 European Commission - DEER FP7-ENV-2007-1 Junta de Andalucia European Commission - P08-CVI-03788

This study was carried out to investigate effects of low-dose capsaicin (CAP) treatment on follicular development in prepubertal rat ovaries. Eighty female Sprague-Dawley rats (21 days old) were randomly divided into 3 groups according to treatment: whereas the first group received no treatment (control A. n = 5 x 4), rodents of the second group (group CAP, n = 10 x 4) were subcutaneously injected with CAP diluted with solvent (10% ethanol, 10% Tween 80, and 80% distilled water) at 0.5 mg/kg/d and those of the third group were treated with vehicle only (control B. n = 5 x 4). After euthanasia of 10 controls (5 from the group A and 5 from the group B) and 10 CAP-treated rats by ether inhalation at 6, 9, 12 or 15 days, apoptosis was investigated in ovarian follicles by the TUNEL method and by evidence of active 3 caspase expression throughout immunohistochemistry and western blot while cell proliferation was assessed by Ki67 immunohistochemistry. Follicular atresia was observed in the antral follicles (types D and E) of all ovary sections but, in the CAP-treated group, the apoptotic indexes coupled to atresia were significantly lower compared to controls particularly on Days 9 and 15 and the active caspase 3 accumulation in cytoplasm was also significantly depressed. By contrast, follicle proliferation indexes were exacerbated in treated rodents compared to controls on days 12 and 15. The results indicate that the administration of low dose CAP interferes in the ovarian follicular development by partially inhibiting atresia-coupled apoptosis and promoting cell proliferation, probably throughout the release of some neuro-peptides present in the capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons.

Ghrelin, öncelikli olarak midedeki endokrin X(A) hücreleri tarafından salgılanan polipeptid yapıda bir hormondur. Ghrelin, büyüme hormonunun salınımı, enerji dengesi, besin alımı ve vücut ağırlığının ayarlanmasında görev alır. 28 aminoasitten oluşan moleküler yapısında, 3. aminoasite bir yağ asidinin bağlanıp bağlanmamasına göre açillenmiş ya da des-açil ghrelin olarak adlandırılan 2 formu bulunur. Aktif olan, yağ asidi bağlanmış, açillenmiş formudur. Bu formdaki ghrelin etkisini özellikle kendisine özgü olan büyüme hormonu salgılatıcı reseptöre bağlanarak gösterir. Ghrelinin, büyük oranda sentezi midede gerçekleşmesine rağmen bağırsak, kalp, böbrek, karaciğer, akciğer, pankreas, plasenta gibi birçok organda varlığı tespit edilmiştir. Büyüme hormonu salgılatıcı hormonun salınımını uyaran ghrelin başta kemik, kıkırdak, kas olmak üzere vücudun büyüme yeteneğinde olan hemen bütün dokuları üzerinde etkin bir role sahiptir. Ghrelin is an acylated polypeptide hormone secreted predominantly by endocrine X (A) cells of the stomach. It acts as a regulator for GH release, energy balance, food intake and body weight. Ghrelin is a 28- amino acid peptide with an essential fatty acid modification at 3aa. And according to this modification it termed as ‘acyl ghrelin’ or ‘des-acyl ghrelin’. The biological active one is ‘acyl ghrelin’. Ghrelin shows it’s effects by binding to it’s special receptor, GH secretagoque receptor (GHS-R). Although primarily expressed in stomach, ghrelin also determined in different tissues such as intestine, heart, kidney, liver, lung, pancreas and placenta. Ghrelin which stimulates the secretion of growth hormone, has an effective role nearly on whole tissues that has a growth ability like bone, cartilage and muscle.

In the present study we examined the effects of capsaicin, a pungent principle of red hot pepper, on mice testes. Capsaicin was injected subcutaneously at a dose of 1 mg/kg body means everyday for a week each time On 21, 35 and 50-day-olds respectively. The body and testes means of all mice comprising the experiment groups were higher than the control groups. The intertubular compartment of the testes in both group mice showed ++ positive reaction with Oil Red O staining. Spermatogenic cell serial formation took place earlier compared to the control group. Our study results indicate that capsaicin is relatively non toxic at this dose (1 mg/kg body means) tested in male mice, no mortality was observed during the study, the experiment groups were hyperactive and spermatogenic series develop earlier.

The effects of capsaicin, as a pungent principle element of red hot pepper on the testes of mice. Capsaicin was injected subcutaneously at a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight every day for a week to 21, 35, and 50-d-old mice. At the end of the 35(th) 50(th), and 75(th) d of age, the animals were sacrificed using ether anaesthesia. The mean weight of the body and testes of all mice treated with capsaicin was less than that of the untreated ones. Capsaicin receptor (VR1) immunoreactivity decreased significantly in the testes of 50- and 75-d-old mice in the experimental group in comparison with the untreated mice. The decrease in blood testosterone levels was statistically significant in the 50-d-old experimental mice compared with the control group. There were no significant differences between the blood LH levels of both groups. The results obtained indicated that VR1 immunoreactivity was observed in the cytoplasm of the Leydig cells. Capsaicin treatment caused a remarkable reduction in the VR1 immunoreactivity in the testes of the experiment group of mice.