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Copyright of Kocatepe Veterinary Journal / Kocatepe Veteriner Dergisi is the property of Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Animal Science & Economics is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: Repeat breeder, which is one of the reproductive system disorders seen in cattle, is defined as the inability to conceive with three or more matings with true heat, is seen to be a breeding problem that causes serious economic losses all over the world with a decrease in reproductive efficiency and therefore a decrease in milk production. The aim of this study is to identify the aerobic microflora and antibiotic resistance profiles of dominant bacterial groups in the genital tract of repeat breeder cows that do not exhibit clinical signs of any genital system infections using conventional cultural methods. Methods: The study material comprised 32 repeat breeder cows of Holstein breed aged between four and nine years (with three or more inseminations). Specimens were collected by sterile swab. The collected swab samples were taken into tubes with Fluid Thioglycollate Medium and delivered to the laboratory under cold chain conditions. Specimens for bacteriological examination were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. After the end of incubation, isolation and identification of colonies growing on EMB agar and blood agar medium were performed. Results: Bacteriological isolation and identification of genital canal samples revealed the isolation of 14 bacterial species mainly from the phylum Protobacteria, along with Firmicutes and Actinobacteria filaments. Among the isolated bacterial species, Escherichia coli (21.4%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (14.3%), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (11.9%), Staphylococcus sciuri (7.1%), Corynebacterium psuedodiphteriticum (7.1%), and Corynebacterium bovis (4.8%) were identified. In repeat breeder cows. Some of the isolated bacteria were associateted with subclinical endometritis leading to infertility in repeat breeder cows. Susceptibility of eight antibiotics against dominant bacterial groups and infertility-related bacteria were examined by antibiogram. Conclusion: It was determined that bacterial isolations such as C. bovis and C. psuedodiphteriticum from the Actinobacteria phylum and S. sciuri and S. haemolyticus from the Firmicutes phylum in samples taken from cows identified as repeat breeders are as significant as E. coli from the Protobacteria phylum. Ceftiofur demonstrated 100% effectiveness against the predominant pathogen E. coli in the vaginal microbiome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kocatepe Veterinary Journal / Kocatepe Veteriner Dergisi is the property of Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, it was aimed to evaluate a new colostrum feeding protocol in terms of passive transfer success. In the study, 70 calves each from two different farms with similar characteristics except colostrum feeding protocols were used. According to the modified method, new-born calves were given as much colostrum as the calf could drink, once every 3 hours, a total of 5 times in the first 12 hours. After 12 hours, as in the classical method, 2.5 liters of colostrum was given to the calves in the morning and evening, and then the calves were fed with milk. The amount of colostrum consumed by the calves fed with the modified method at each meal was recorded, and the blood IgG levels were measured using the ELISA method. In the first 5 feedings made in the modified method, the calves drank an average of 5.51 L colostrum in the first 12-hour period, 2.52 L in the first feeding, 0.86 L in the second feeding, 0.52 L in the third feeding, 0.98 L in the fourth feeding, and 0.63 L in the fifth feeding, respectively. While the mean blood IgG level of the calves in the modified colostral feeding group was 37.33 mg/ml, it was measured as 31.04 mg/ml in the classical colostral feeding group. As a result, with this difference made in the colostrum feeding method, the blood IgG levels of the calves reached a significantly higher level compared to the classical method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Animal Health, Production & Hygiene is the property of Animal Health, Production & Hygiene and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences is the property of Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Firat Universitesi Saglik Bilimleri Veteriner Dergisi is the property of Firat Universitesiu, Saglik Bilimleri Enstitusu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study was performed to investigate the relationship between endocrinological and metabolic profiles and the pregnancy rate at the first insemination in peripartum dairy cows housed under cold conditions. Temperature inside the barn was recorded hourly during the periparturient period. Blood samples were collected before (last 14 day), on the day (0 day), and after parturition (3, 4, 6, 8, 15, 22, and 29 days) from 26 peripartum Simmental cows and analyzed for anti-Müllerian hormone, β-hydroxybutyric acid, insulin-like growth factor 1, insulin, cortisol, malondialdehyde, progesterone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, tri-iodothyronine, and thyroxine concentrations. The cows were divided into 2 groups: pregnant and non-pregnant based on results at the first insemination. The average ambient temperature ranged from -7°C to +11°C in the tent barn. Serum anti-Müllerian hormone (2.00 ± 0.04 vs. 1.89 ± 0.04 mU/L; P < .006), insulin (2.10 ± 0.03 vs. 2.51 ± 0.05 ng/mL; P < .0001), malondialdehyde (49.0 ± 1.30 vs. 44.0 ± 1.2 ng/mL; P < .001), and progesterone (44.1 ± 2.2 vs. 41.7 ± 2.1 pg/mL; P < .002) concentrations were different between pregnant and non-pregnant cows. In conclusion, anti-Müllerian hormone and insulin have a determinative role on pregnancy rate in peripartum cows housed under cold condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences is the property of Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Kocatepe Veterinary Journal / Kocatepe Veteriner Dergisi is the property of Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, it was aimed to reveal the structural properties and the effects of husbandry practices on milk yield in dairy farms of Ondokuz Mayıs district of Samsun. While the data were obtained by face-to-face surveys and observations in a total of 59 farms those had ≥10 head cattle between January and June 2018, environmental factors affecting daily milk yield (DMY) were separately evaluated. Important negativeneses were determined on the barn type, bedding material using, calving pens, weaning period of calves, claw care and udder cleaning in the farms. It was informed that local bazaars and cooperatives were commonly used for raw milk marketing, and high feed price was the most important problem. DMY was significantly affected by the experience of farm owner, number of the milking cows, amount of concentrate feed that given and milking type. It was concluded that farm properties and herd management methods have to be restored to elevate milk production in the investigated farms.

Copyright of Firat Universitesi Saglik Bilimleri Veteriner Dergisi is the property of Firat Universitesiu, Saglik Bilimleri Enstitusu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Animal Production / Hayvansal Üretim is the property of Hayvansal Uretim (Journal of Animal Production) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Harran University Journal of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine / Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Harran University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Manas Journal of Agriculture Veterinary & Life Sciences is the property of Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi is the property of Veteriner Kontrol Merkez Arastirma Enstitusu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study was to compare haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, some macro mineral levels and hematological parameters in cow with adhesive and non-adhesive traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP). For this purpose, 20 cow with adhesive TRP constituted group 1 (G1), 20 cow with non-adhesive TRP constituted group 2 (G2), and 20 healthy cow formed the control group (C). Blood samples were taken from cow with clinical suspicion of TRP, and the inflammation status was examined by performing the glutaraldehyde test. As a result of radiographic inspection, it was decided to perform rumenotomy for the cows determined that the foreign body had penetrated the reticulum. The cows were divided into groups according to the presence or absence of adhesion during the rumenotomy. Total leukocyte count was found to be significantly higher in G1 compared to G2 and C. Calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and albumin were found to be significantly lower in G1 and G2 compared to the C (P<0.05). Haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin were determined to be at the highest level in G1 compared to the other groups (P<0.05). In this study, detection of positive acute phase proteins with higher levels of G1 and lower levels of albumin was found to be important. In conclusion, we think that these parameters will provide important information in determining the presence of adhesion in cows with TRP. In addition, according to the information obtained from the cow owners after rumenotomy, it was learned that the general health status of the cows in G1 was distressed. In the light of these data, the relevant parameters before rumenotomy can give an idea for prognostic evaluation in TRP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytokeratins are intermediate filament proteins found in epithelial cells. Specific cytokeratin expression has been suggested to mark different epithelial cell line and also to associate with mammary stem/progenitor cells. However, a comparative analysis of the expression of cytokaratins in the mammary gland during the late lactation and involution periods was limited. Here, the aim of the present study is to evaluate CK8, CK18 and CK19 expressions of the mammary gland in cows during late lactation and involution periods, immunohistochemically. The lobe and lobule structure were prominent in the mammary tissue in the late lactation period, but the amount of connective tissue started to increase, and epithelial cells found on the walls of the alveoli had different appearances based on their secretion status. The walls of the ducts were covered by simple columnar epithelial cells during late lactation. CK8 and CK18 showed strong expressions in the epithelial cells of several alveoli and ducts inside the lobes and lobules in the late lactation and involution periods. In both late lactation and involution periods, there was no CK19 expression in the mammary gland tissue. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that CK8 and CK18 were expressed in the alveolar and ductal epithelial cells of the mammary gland in cows in the late lactation and involution periods, but CK19 was not expressed. Thus, our study findings revealed the role of CK8 and CK18 in mammary epithelial differentiation and maintenance of the normal mammary epithelial layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Firat Universitesi Saglik Bilimleri Veteriner Dergisi is the property of Firat Universitesiu, Saglik Bilimleri Enstitusu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study was conducted to determine the pregnancy rate in response to two sexual synchronization protocols in 70 healthy multiparous Fleckvieh dairy cows during the cold and warm seasons. After pairing by the actual parturition date [cold seasons (-38 to 0 ºC) (Nov - Feb) vs. warm seasons (0 to 32 ºC) (Mar-Oct)], cows were randomly subjected to either Co-Synch (CoS) or double PGF2α injection (dPG) on d 35 postpartum. Data were subjected to Chi-Square (-2) analysis to determine the pregnancy rate at the first service. Overall pregnancy rates (%) at the first service were 57.1 and 40.0 for Groups CoS and dPG, respectively (-2 = 2.03, P = 0.15) and 35.0 and 66.7% during cold and warm seasons, respectively (-2 = 6.78, P = 0.009). The protocol effect on the pregnancy rate at the first service was insignificant during cold (-2 = 1.17, P = 0.28) and warm (-2 = 1.62, P = 0.20) season. In summary, the cold conditions negatively affected the pregnancy rate at the first service. The synchronization protocol methods did not differ to improve the pregnancy rate at the first service when cows were exposed to cold conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Harran University Journal of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine / Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Harran University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study investigated the relationship between treated follicular and luteal cysts and repeat breeder rate in dairy cows. In addition, it was aimed to determine the difference between the groups by measuring biochemical parameters and the effect of this on fertility success. The study was comprised of three groups; follicular cyst (Group 1; n = 30), luteal cyst (Group 2; n = 20), and control (Group 3; n = 20) groups. The E2 and AST levels increased in Group 3 compared to other groups (P<0.05; P<0.01). Cholesterol level was highest in Group 2 (P<0.01), and it is also increased in Group 1 compared to Group 3 (P<0.01). Glucose level decreased in Group 2 compared to Group 1 (P<0.05). ALP and GGT levels increased in Group 2 compared to other groups (P<0.01). ALT level increased in Group 3 compared to Group 2 (P<0.01). Compared to other groups, the artificial insemination rate per pregnancy decreased in Group 3 (P<0.01), and repeat breeder status significantly increased in Group 2 (P<0.01). In conclusion, both luteal and follicular cysts have devastating effects on fertility, but repeat breeder status increased in only cows with luteal cysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences is the property of Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi is the property of Veteriner Kontrol Merkez Arastirma Enstitusu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to investigate the effects of three single nucleotide (SNPs) polymorphisms of the MBL1 gene on subclinical mastitis for Holstein cows. For this study, a total of 151 Holstein cows were selected in their third lactation. The subclinical mastitis conditions were determined using the California Mastitis Test (CMT). Genotyping was carried out with the PCR-RFLP method. The results revealed that the wild-type allele frequencies were 0.72 (G allele), 0.40 (G allele), and 0.37 (T allele) for 1252 G>A, 2534 G>A, and 2569 T>C SNPs, respectively. Among the investigated SNPs, only the 1252 G>A SNP was not found in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The effects of SNPs on subclinical mastitis were modeled using Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis. The established model can identify cows with subclinical mastitis with a separation efficiency of 62.3%. It was thought that 1252 G>A and 2534 G>A SNPs may affect subclinical mastitis rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in energy requirement as a result of the start of milk synthesis and decrease in feed consumption causes negative energy balance (NEB) in cows in periparturient period. Inability to adapt to the NEB results in metabolic diseases such as fatty liver and ketosis. Ketosis, abomasum displacement, metritis, immune system suppression and decrease in reproductive performance are seen as a result of fatty liver. The metabolic stress experienced by dairy cows during this period causes dysfunction in many ways on both natural and acquired immunity. The metabolic stress of dairy cows during this period cause many negative effects on both natural and acquired immunity. Cytokines, a molecule necessary for the functioning of both the innate and acquired immune system, have roles in many important physiological and pathological events in the organism. Cytokines can be classified as pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory according to their functions. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (Interleukine-1 Beta (IL-1ß), Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-a), IL-6, IL-15, IL-8) play a role in the defence of the organism against pathogenic microorganisms and tumours, in particular by activating leukocytes. Anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13) limit the inflammatory responses. In this review, it was aimed to give information about cytokine concentrations, which is one of the important indicators of immune system functions in dairy cattle periparturient period, its relationship with metabolic changes and diseases observed during this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this study were to evaluate the antibiotic resistance profiles and virulence genes of bacteria (Escherichia coli, Trueperella pyogenes, Prevotella melaninogenica, and Fusobacterium necrophorum) isolated from lochia during early postpartum and their effects on days open. The study was conducted on isolates, which were obtained from uterine discharges in the first 10 days of postpartum period, from 36 multiparous Simmental cows. The virulence genes of the isolates were investigated by polymerase chain reaction. The antimicrobial susceptibilities of the isolates were examined by the disc diffusion method. T. pyogenes (n = 97) and E. coli (n = 47) were revealed to carry the virulence gene (name of the gene), but not F. necrophorum (n = 16) and P. melaninogenica (n = 15). All isolates tested in this study were significantly sensitive to beta-lactam and tetracycline. E. coli and T. pyogenes were susceptible to aminoglycoside antibiotics, while F. necrophorum and P. melaninogenica were resistant to them. E. coli and F. necrophorum were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole while T. pyogenes and P. melaninogenica were resistant. Those bacteria were predominant in cows with a prolonged days open (P<0.05). The uterine bacteria are responsible for prolonged days open and beta-lactam-derived antibiotics could be used as the first choice in the treatment of fresh cow uterine infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study on claw disorders' influence on milk production was performed during one year on 226 Simmental loose-reared cows. The first trial group included 42, the second 37, and the third 34 cows, with claw changes observed in the first hundred days of lactation, between days 101 and 200, between days 201 and 305, respectively. The control group included 113 cows with no observed changes. Lameness intensity was assessed once a week. Milk yield data were collected three weeks before, in the week of treatment of claws and three weeks afterwards. There were significantly more cows with lameness in the third group than in the other two groups, as well as the most cows with one affected limb in the first hundred days of the lactation (P<0.05). Significantly fewer cows with two affected limbs were present in the first group. In the second group, more cows were observed with two affected limbs than in the first group (P<0.05). In the third group, more cows with three or four affected limbs were noticed than in the other groups. The most common claw disorders were: solar ulcer, laminitis, dermatitis digitalis and overgrown claws. Cows whose claws were affected between days 101 and 200 of lactation period produced 231 kg less milk than those of the control group; cows whose claws were affected in the last third of lactation produced 26 kg less milk. Nevertheless, no significant differences were found between milk yields of the control and trial groups (P>0.05). Cows affected in the first third of lactation produced less milk (324 kg) than both healthy and cows with claw changes manifested in later stages of lactation. Obtained data confirm that claw disorders may affect dairy production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study is to examine possible changes that may occur in the uterus by using the echotexture parameters obtained on different days of the oestrus cycle in cows. In the study, 42 cows in the first lactation, with no clinical or subclinical endometritis symptoms, in a private farm in Erzurum were used. Ultrasonographic images were taken on the oestrus day (0thday) and on different days of the cycle (4, 12, 16, 18, 21) in cows with oestrus. The mean gray value (MGL), homogeneity (HOM), and contrast (CON) parameters in the images taken from the uterine endometrium were examined with a computer-assisted image analysis program. Average echotexture parameters on the different days of the estrus cycle in cows were detected as 68.43±0.55 for MGL, 0.080±0.001 for HOM, and 54.23±0.37 for CON. There was a negative relationship between the mean gray value and HOM, and a positive relationship with the CON values, while a negative relationship was observed between the HOM and CON values. As a result, no statistical difference was found between MGL, HOM and CON values in the images taken from the endometrium of cows in different periods of the cycle. When the cycle is evaluated as follicular and luteal period; It was observed that MGL values were high in the follicular phase of the cycle and low in the luteal phase, while homogeneity values were low in the follicular phase and high in the luteal phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pregnancy, which includes many different mechanisms and is a physiological process, may cause an increase or decrease in the levels of acute phase proteins (APP) due to the acute phase response occurring in the organism, since it affects many mechanisms in animals. Acute phase proteins can be used not only to determine the diagnosis and prognosis of the inflammatory process, but also to identify non-inflammatory conditions such as pregnancy, childbirth, metabolic diseases, and stress. The aim of this study was to determine some APP and oxidative stress levels in normal parturition and in cows with dystocia. For this purpose, 15 normal parturition and 15 cows with dystocia (Simental breed) were used in the study. Some of the blood collected from animals' Vena jugularis after birth (between 3-48 hours) was placed in tubes with anticoagulant, and the remainder in tubes without anticoagulation. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that haptoglobin, ceruloplasmine and malondialdehyde increased in cows with dystocia while albumin and reduced glutathione concentrations decreased. In conclusion, it was observed that the acute phase response and oxidative stress were increased in cows that were under intensive stress and obstetric intervention during dystocia. It was concluded that antioxidant applications against oxidative stress may be beneficial in addition to the applications to prevent infection in cows, especially in dystocia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the places of harvesting coniferous trees and industrial nuts processing remains, a devastating amount of wastes litters large areas of land, poisons the air and the hydro-environment by the combustion products and toxic compounds released during decomposition. Therefore, the search for solution for the effective use of waste is an actual task. The aim of this research is to investigate the influence of fodder additive made of forest waste resources and the enzymes on milk productivity of cows. The experiment has been held on black-and-white breed in Krasnoyarsk region. The experimental group received, in addition to the main diet, some fodder additives consisted of coniferous flower, crushed pine nut shells, arabinogalactane and amilosubtiline HCl enzyme. The analysis of coniferous flower demonstrated that it contains more copper by 41.6%, zinc-55.6%, magnesium-183.3%, chromium-66.7% than in pine nut shell thus, on the contrary, the content of lignin, cellulose and moisture, was more in the shell of pine nuts-24.2%, 9.7% and 5.0%, respectively. Under the effect of the test additives in cows of the experimental group milk yield was higher than the control group, 9.9% (P<0.05), fat mass fraction - 0.3% (P<0.05), the amount of milk basis of fat content 19.0%, in the blood was higher total protein content 2.7%, glucose - 4.0; albumin - 3.0; - creatinine 6.0; triglycerides by 11.1%; calcium 1.5%; phosphorous - 10.2; iron - on 3.6%, magnesium - 2.6%. Thus, the tested additives had a positive synergistic effect on the body of cows, which affected the increase in the quantity and quality of milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Academic Journal of Agriculture / Akademik Ziraat Dergisi is the property of University of Ordu, Faculty of Agriculture, Academic Journal of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between ultrasonographic (USG) measurements of teat canal and mastitis in cows. For this purpose, the length and diameter of teat canal were USG measured at fifty teats belonging to fifteen cows aged three and five, between two and sixth months of lactation. According to the results of California Mastitis Test (CMT), the teats were divided into two groups as positive and negative. Somatic cell count (SCC) was determined in milk samples taken from teat. Consequently, statistical analysis of all data obtained, length and diameter of teat canal were compared in CMT negative and CMT positive animals. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups for both parameters. Additively, there was a positive correlation (0.60) between the length and diameter of teat canal in the CMT positive group, and there were negative correlations between the teat canal length, milk density and mineral level (respectively, -0.46, and -0.45). Again, there was a negative correlation between the diameter of the teat canal and SCC (-0.48). In the comparison of milk components and some chemical properties between the CMT negative and CMT positive groups, statistically significant differences were found for other properties except fat (%) and mineral (%) values. In conclusion; It was concluded that there was no significant correlation between the length, diameter of teat canal and mastitis in cows, but it could be related with the parameters of milk composition and some chemical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it was aimed to determine effect of postpartum routine intrauterin dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), DMSO + oxytetracycline and intramuscular PGF2a administration on fertility in cows. For this purpose, 150 cows were randomly divided into 3 groups for this study. Vaginal discharge and uterine size were scored with varying degrees from 1 to 3. DMSO group (n = 47) first in the postpartum interval of 25 to 35 days, secondly in the postpartum interval of 40 to 55 days, were twice administered 120 ml from 25% DMSO as intrauterine. In addition, PGF2a was administered at a luteolytic dose. For the DO group (n=46), first in the postpartum interval of 25 to 35 days in postpartum, secondly in the postpartum interval of 40 to 55 days, were twice 25% DMSO and 4 g oxytetracycline, all diluted with serum physiologic were administered 120 ml as intrauterine. Furthermore, PGF2a was also given at the luteolytic dose. To the prostaglandin group (n=42) PGF2a was given twice intramuscular luteolytic dose, firstly in 25-35 days and secondly in postpartum 40-55 days. Number of artificial insemination for one pregnancy, in cows with a vaginal discharge score of 1, was accepted significantly lower than a vaginal discharge score of 2-3 (p<0.05). In antibiotic group, pregnancy rates did not differ according to PGF2a and DMSO usage. In early postpartum period, the use of intrauterine antibiotics was concluded that the effect on fertility parameters was not different from PGF2a and DMSO. It was concluded that intrauterine routine use of DMSO improves fertility proportionally but more cows should be studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subclinical endometritis (SE) is one cause of repeat breeder syndrome (RBS). When endometrial cells come into contact with antigens during inflammatory events like endometritis, they act like innate immune system cells. Ovsynch-based therapies stimulate the innate immune system, which is how they may be able to cure SE and then RBS. This study aimed to assess the effects of presynch-10 and ovsynch applications on mRNA expressions of some endometrial Toll- and Nod-like receptors (TLRs and NLRs) in cows with RBS. A total of 40 repeat breeder cows were used in the study. The presynch-10 and ovsynch protocols were used in group 1 (G1, n=20), and no protocol was used in group 2 (G2, n=20). Endometrial samples were collected before and after the synchronization protocols in G1. In G2, samples were collected, and after waiting time up to the duration of synchronization protocol in G1, samples were taken again. The expression profiles of the genes being investigated were examined using RT-qPCR. NLRC4, NALP3 and TLR4 were basically expressed in all of the samples while NOD2 expression was completely undetectable. There was a statistical difference when NOD1 and TLR2 expressions in the second samples were compared between G1 and G2 (P<0.05). It was concluded that presynch-10 and ovsynch administration in cows may have a positively effect on the innate immune response and so be effective in the treatment of SE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, milking process in a dairy farm is carried out with the "animal, human and machine" trio closely related to each other. Expected success in milking process is ensured by the animal's accustomedness to the milking machine, the skill and experience of the milkman, and the functional conformity of the milking machine. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of milkman on milk productivity and revenue. As study material, average milk yields obtained from 387 milking of 35 Holstein cows raised in the farm was used. The cows were milked by 6 different milkmen. Linear Mixed Models were used to determine the effect of different milkman and milkman experience on the average milk yields. In addition, the difference in milk yields due to milkman was analyzed in terms of economy. In the study, it was determined that the individual milkman and milkman experience were significant for the average milk yields. Thus, a difference of 2.3 kg was determined between 1st milkman (the highest average milk yield; 22.6±0.46 kg), and 5th milkman (the lowest average milk yield; 20.3±0.76 kg), and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.011). This difference in the average milk yield was reflected in 80 liters of additional milk yield per day and 184 ᵵ (31.9 $) additional revenue increase achieved in the farm where 35 cows were milked. This difference in income corresponds to the cost of an insured worker. Milkman experience has been split in three categories, the difference between the average milk yield obtained by the least experienced milkman and the average milk yield of the most experienced milkman was found to be statistically significant (P=0.04). This case shows that the experienced milkman income about 156 ᵵ (27.03 $) more per day. In conclusion, it was determined that the milkman factor was important for the profitability of the farm in dairy cow. The experienced milkman may earn his own salary with the income increase provided for the farm, and, therefore, economically does not cost extra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences is the property of Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Efficiency is essential for the continuity of livestock enterprises. Ensuring productivity in the enterprises depends on the realization of ideal fertility parameters. Infertility can cause significant economic losses in enterprises because of inefficiency of fry in the desired time, decrease in milk production, unnecessary feeding of ineffective animals, removal from the herd, labor, extra expenses such as semen and medicine. Therefore, it is a primary objective to try to keep the fertility of animals at an optimum level in all livestock enterprises. Anoestrus problem is one of the factors that make it difficult to reach this target in large cattle breeding companies. Anoestrus is a reproductive problem, which is continuously ignored and causes serious economic losses in livestock enterprises. In addition to prolonging the postpartum period, anoestrus causes a decrease in the number of calves born during the year and a decrease in the income obtained from the sale of meat and milk. Anoestrus, one of the main causes of infertility in cows; malnutrition, environmental factors, ovarian and uterine pathologies and managerial deficiencies or errors. Accurate identification of anestrus and finding solutions to its causes is vital for productivity in cattle holdings. In this review, the factors that cause anoestrus in cows and the classification of physiological and pathological anoestrus are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The material of this study consisted of 400 mammary lobe belonging to 100 cows from different breeds (Holstein and Holstein Crossbred) aged between 2-8 years in family dairy cattle enterprises in Ceyhan district of Adana province. In this study, the relationship between cows breed, age, number of lactation, lactation periods, daily average milk yield and CMT score were examined. No significant difference was found between CMT positivity rates in Holstein (49.6%) and Holstein Crossbred (46.4%) cows. As the age (=4 and 5=) and the number of lactations increased (2 and =3), there was a corresponding increase in CMT positive percentage and CMT score was found to be higher in the late lactation period (7-9 months). No statistically significant difference was found between the udder quarters and CMT positivity rates of the cows. In the study, it was determined that the daily milk yield of the cows was 18 kg and it was found that the milk yield loss showed significant differences according to the CMT test scores of the cows. The mean loss of milk yield in cows with CMT (+) was 3.37 kg, 5.35 kg in CMT (++) and 6.87 kg in CMT (+++). In the analysis, the correlation between CMT test score and milk yield was linear and inverse (P <0.001); It was estimated that milk yield loss caused by 1 unit increase in CMT was 1.92 kg/cow/day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Repeat breeder (RB) is one of the crucial causes of economic loss in dairy cows. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of intrauterine carvacrol administration after timed artificial insemination (TAI) on the conception rate (CR) in RB cows. The study involved 155 RB cows returned to service for more than three times and without any significant pathologic defects in genital tract. All cows were subjected to following estrus synchronization method: An intra-vaginal apparatus (IVA) containing 1.55 g progesteron were inserted for 9 days and administered one dose of PGF2a one day before removing IVA, then injected one dose of GnRH 6 h before TAI. All the cows were inseminated in 56th h after removing IVA. All RB cows were randomly divided to three groups. Group I (GI; n=52) and Group II (GII; n=51), treatments groups were infused with 0.1% diluted Carvacrol and 0.1% Lugol's (GII) solution. Group III (GIII; n=51) the control group, was received normal saline only. All infusions were administered one dose of 30-50 mL (according to uterine size) into uterus half hour after insemination. In the observations performed in 21 to 30 days after insemination, non-return rates (NRR) were 71.15%, 69.23% and 68.62% in groups of GI, GII and GIII, respectively. CR detected by rectal palpation at 60 days following artificial insemination were 67.30%, 63.46% and 46.15% in GI, GII and GIII, respectively. However, the differences between groups were not statistically significant. As a result: In the treatment of RB cows, it may be suggested that carvacrol infusion to the uterus may be preferred as it has improved pregnancy rates to some extent. Nevertheless, further investigations are needed to confirm these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences is the property of Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Veterinary Sciences is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University / Ankara Üniversitesi Eczacilik Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ankara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences is the property of Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bu çalışmada, saha şartlarında, laktasyondaki akut mastitisli ineklere 12 saat arayla 3 doz meme içi uygulanan Sefapirin-Tripsin-Kemotripsin kombinasyonunun tedavideki klinik etkinliği araştırıldı. Çalışmada, farklı ırklarda 86 adet akut mastitisli ineklere ait 193 meme lobu Sefapirin-Tripsin-Kemotripsin kombinasyonuyla meme içi olarak tedavi edildi. Akut mastitis teşhisi klinik bulgular ve CMT testi uygulanarak konuldu. Mikrobiyolojik olarak, akut mastitisli meme loblarından tedavi öncesi aseptik olarak alınan süt örneklerinden Staph. auerus, E. coli, Corynebacterium spp. ve saprofitler izole edildi. İkinci uygulamadan sonra belirgin bir klinik iyileşmenin oluştuğu ve süt kıvamının normale döndüğü gözlendi. Üçüncü uygulamadan 24 saat sonra loblarda klinik iyileşme oranı %98,5 olarak tespit edildi. Sonuç olarak, laktasyondaki ineklerdeki akut mastitis tedavisinde Sefapirin-Tripsin-Kemotripsin kombinasyonunun uygun bir seçenek olabileceği kanaatine varıldı.

Mastitis, one of the most costly problems of dairy farms, is defined as inflammation of mammary gland. Incidence of mastitis varies according to management conditions. But, 50-75% of mastitis originates from dry and transition periods. The dry period is defined as non-lactation stage before parturition. The transition period is defined as the last three weeks before parturition to three weeks after parturition. Cows are very sensitive to mastitis during the first two and last two weeks of the dry period. This is due to anatomical, cellular and humoral changes in mammary at these stages, resulting in deficiencies in the immune system. Environmental pathogens create risk at the beginning and end of the dry period whereas contagious pathogens usually are problem at the beginning of the dry period. In presented review, it is aimed to emphasize importance of the dry period management in mastitis prevention. In this case, first goal should be to maintain general health, to improve environment and shelter conditions and to prevent any stress factor. Afterward, cows should be dry with appropriate protocols according to their health and yield status. In addition, body condition and energy metabolism should be kept at balance level. Also, vaccination, vitamin and trace element administrations should be performed and hygienic conditions must be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]