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The article discusses the issue of influencer marketing in the context of social, technological and individual changes that affect the effectiveness of marketing communications. Limitations resulting from consumer preferences, media fragmentation and information overload make it increasingly difficult for brands to build awareness and reach audiences. Influencer marketing is an area that is increasingly willing to be used in the communication mix, but also in this area, we observe a growing number of limitations, which are worth being aware of when planning activities in this area. The purpose of this paper is to identify the limitations arising from the use of algorithms by social media platforms that determine the layout and visibility of content in the feed. The author developed an overview of algorithm changes on the Instagram platform and reviewed the literature on this issue concerning the Instagram platform, which is indicated as the most frequently used by marketers for activities in the field of influencer marketing. Visibility restrictions due to algorithms affect not only brands but also influencers. However, influencers take a number of actions to recognise the rules imposed by algorithms, thus building greater visibility for their content. Additionally, they can support brands with their expert experience. Therefore, the choice of an influencer for cooperation should, in addition to essential parameters related to brand fit, consider the effectiveness of reaching new audiences through the skilful use of knowledge and experience in the changing rules of algorithms.

Research background: The study examines the degree of the utilization of the idea of co-creating value by companies, taking into account the forms of remuneration of consumers.

Park pathway characteristics can influence the movement of visitors and the functional usage of space. This article aims to assess the design of different types of public parks in Cairo, Egypt, through the lens of space syntax, which identifies spatial layout as a primary factor that determines pedestrian movement. We integrate space syntax metrics with field observations to examine the underlying spatial logic of small, medium and large public parks, and compare their three structures based on form and function. The results indicated that the degree of spatial accessibility and degree of control over accessing adjacent walkways were positively associated with movement flows on each walkway segment. However, many park facilities, such as wedding halls and theatres, tended to be randomly distributed due to the heavy commercialisation of the parks, which places facilities based on land availability. Our findings provide insights into the design and management of park environments. Overall, leisure facilities should be provided based on community needs. Noisy activities should be placed in isolated zones to attenuate noise. In addition, activities that serve various people groups should be located along highly accessible pathways to encourage their use.

The aim of this article is to determine why the prototypical form of high/epic fantasy cannot effectively address the present environmental, social and political problems gathered under the umbrella term of the Anthropocene. Drawing on Marek Oziewicz’s concept of planetarianist fantasy and scholarship on the Anthropocene, as well as on examples of selected fantasy series (J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings, Stephen R. Donaldson’s The Chronicles of Thomas Covenant, Guy Gavriel Kay’s The Fionavar Tapestry, and Robert Jordan’s The Wheel of Time), this article investigates the sub-genre’s most persistent components and juxtaposes them against issues related to ethnicity, species interconnectedness, non-human agency, sustained urban development and urban ethics which are raised by Anthropocene debates. This analysis will illustrate why the form of high/epic fantasy requires reconfiguration so that it can continue to evolve together with the needs of contemporary readers.

The persistence of high incidence and mortality rates associated with urologic cancers underscores the urgent need for effective and safe treatments. Conventional chemotherapy regimens are often limited by their high toxicity, the cancer’s drug resistance, and the challenge of managing independently evolving multifocal spread. In this context, a repurposing strategy is particularly enticing. It allows for the introduction of a drug with a known safety profile, thus significantly reducing the costs and time necessary to introduce a new treatment. Nitroxoline (NIT), a drug with a well-established pharmacokinetic profile known for over 50 years and utilised in treating uncomplicated urinary tract infections, has recently garnered attention for its potential oncologic applications. Given the pharmacokinetic properties of NIT, our focus was specifically on urologic cancers in which its excretion profile is most advantageous. We examined all available studies, demonstrating significant effectiveness of NIT in inhibiting angiogenesis, tissue invasion, metastasis formation, and counteracting multidrug resistance. The efficacy and mechanism of action of NIT were found to vary across different cell lines. The findings to date are promising, suggesting that NIT or its derivatives could play a role in oncology, although further research is necessary to fully understand its potential and applicability in cancer treatment.

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a rare but aggressive neoplasm. Currently, there are few reliable and widely used prognostic biomarkers of this disease. The purpose of this study was to assess the prognostic value of blood-, tissue- and urine-based biomarkers in patients with UTUC. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the PubMed, Cochrane and Embase databases. Case reports, editorials and non-peer-reviewed literature were excluded from the analysis. As a result, 94 articles were included in this review. We evaluated the impact of 22 blood-based, 13 tissue-based and 4 urine-based biomarkers and their influence on survival outcomes. The neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio, albumin, C-reactive protein, De Ritis ratio, renal function and fibrinogen, which are currently mentioned in the European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines, are well researched and most probably allow for a reliable prognosis estimate. However, our review highlights a number of other promising biomarkers that could potentially predict oncological outcomes in patients with UTUC. Nonetheless, the clinical value of some prognostic factors remains uncertain due to the lack of comprehensive studies.

Simple Summary: Robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) has been standardized for prostate cancer (PCa) over the last 20 years. Using the Sapienza residency program 3+2 trocar configuration with a second laparoscopic port replacing the fourth robotic arm, the bedside assistant is more involved during the surgical procedure and requires higher laparoscopic skills. In this study, we examine perioperative, functional, and oncological results of RARP using the Sapienza 3+2 trocar configuration in cases where the bedside assistant was either an attending surgeon or a urology resident. We identified that the level of expertise of the bedside assistant did not influence oncological and functional results. With this premise, the Sapienza 3+2 trocar configuration could be employed in residency programs to allow laparoscopic training of surgical residents without compromising the current request for robotic-assisted surgeries. Background/Objectives: Robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) for the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa) has been standardized over the last 20 years. At our institution, only n = 3 rob arms are used for RARP. In addition, n = 2, 12 mm lap trocars are placed for the bedside assistant symmetrically at the midclavicular lines, which allows for direct pelvic triangulation and greater involvement of the assisting surgeon. The aim of our study was to compare surgical and perioperative outcomes of RARP performed using our alternative trocar placement with no fourth robotic arm in the subgroups of experienced attending surgeons and post-graduate residents as bedside assistants. Residents' satisfaction was also explored. Methods: RARPs performed within the urology residency program between 2019 and 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. Only rob procedures performed using our 3+2 trocars configuration were included. Intra- and postoperative outcomes, as well as long-term functional outcomes including continence recovery and potency, were assessed, stratified by the level of expertise of the bedside assistant, i.e., an experienced attending or post-graduate Year I–III resident. Satisfaction of residents assigned to the two groups during their robotic rotation was evaluated considering three domains with a score from 1 to 10: insight into surgical procedure, confidence level, and gratification level. Results: Out of n = 281 RARP procedures, the bedside assistant was an attending in 104 cases and a resident in 177. Operative time was found to be slightly longer in cases where the second operator was a resident (attendings vs. residents: 134 ± 40 vs. 152 ± 24; p < 0.001). Postoperative hospitalization time was longer in patients in the resident group (attendings vs. residents: 3.9 ± 1.6 vs. 4.3 ± 1 days; p = 0.025). However, cases where the second operator was a resident had a lower rate of positive surgical margins, with rates of 19.7% in the resident and 43.3% in the attending surgeon cohorts (OR = 0.32; 95% CI 0.18–0.55). This difference remained significant in multivariate analysis. There was no significant difference in postoperative blood transfusion rates (attendings vs. residents: 1.9% vs. 1.2%; p = 0.6). Similarly, long-term functional outcomes in terms of erectile dysfunction and urinary incontinence rates mostly overlapped between groups. The mean score in all three domains evaluating residents' satisfaction was significantly higher when residents actively participated in the surgical procedure as bedside assistants (p = 0.02, p = 0.004, and p < 0.001, respectively, for insights into surgical procedure, confidence level, and gratification level). Conclusions: These findings provide insight into how an alternative port positioning during RARP could improve the involvement of the bedside assistant, particularly residents, without compromising perioperative outcomes or surgical safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green spaces provide multiple benefits to physical and mental health, especially for children. Meanwhile, children are not typically included in most participatory processes regarding green spaces and their needs, if at all, tend to be represented by adults. This study attempts to answer the following research questions: (1) Does the degree of children's participation differ depending on the spatial scale of green space planning processes? (2) How can children's participation be interpreted in the context of environmental justice? We used mixed methods to assess the legal condition, process flow and products of three participatory processes regarding green space planning in Lodz (Poland). Our findings demonstrate that even the seemingly well-intentioned processes may fail to adequately incorporate children because of procedural inconsistencies and other deficiencies. Even if a process allows children to express their opinions, it fails to translate these voices into reality. We highlight the need to increase awareness of the importance of children's inclusion in participatory processes to guarantee that their needs are considered, endow children with pro-environmental behaviours, and promote the idea of civil society. We contribute to the environmental justice debate by demonstrating the necessity of differentiating between procedural and participatory environmental justice dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyandry, a fundamental aspect of honeybee biology, influences genetic diversity within bee colonies. The Csd gene, responsible for sex determination, exhibits a high intraspecific polymorphism, making it a promising candidate for studying patrilines. This study investigates the potential of the complementary sex-determiner gene (Csd) as a marker for genetic studies of honeybee colonies, comparing its efficacy with standard microsatellite markers. A worker bee brood from five colonies was genotyped using both Csd and microsatellite markers. The results showed that Csd alleles offer higher variability than microsatellite markers, providing a superior resolution in genotyping. The number of distinct Csd alleles in each colony surpassed microsatellite markers, demonstrating the potential of Csd for detailed genetic analyses. Despite challenges in Csd amplification efficiency, a two-step nested PCR protocol proved effective. Interestingly, Csd genotyping alone identified more patrilines than the set of five microsatellite markers, emphasizing its efficacy. Combining Csd and microsatellite genotyping enhances the resolution of genetic studies in honeybee colonies, offering valuable insights into genetic diversity, reproductive success, and social dynamics. The Csd gene emerges as a promising tool for advancing genetic studies in honeybee populations.

Background. In recent years, many alternatives to combustible cigarettes have appeared. Lately, disposable e-cigarettes (DECs) have been rapidly gaining popularity, especially among young people. Objectives. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of single-use e-cigarettes and the vaping habits of their users. Material and methods. An anonymous survey created by the authors was conducted among the Polish population (aged 18–30), recruited using social media platforms. Information on awareness of cigarette-like products, smoking history and habits were collected. Furthermore, the Modified Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) was used to assess the level of nicotine dependence. Results. Among 410 recruited participants, 134 (32.68%) were active users of DECs, which was the most common nicotine delivery system. The median age of the respondents was 21 (interquartile range (IQR) 19–24). 64.15% of the participants were female. Interestingly, women used DECs more often than men (37.88% vs 23.28%, p = 0.003). 43% of people who did not actively use DECs have tried this product in the past. Overall, the median age of first use of DECs was 19 (IQR 17–22). Among active consumers, the most common reason for using DECs for the first time was the variety of enjoyable flavors (76.12%). 60.45% showed low nicotine dependency, while 38.81% were moderately nicotine dependent. Conclusions. DECs were the most common nicotine delivery systems among young adults. Women were especially prone to use singleuse e-cigarettes. DECs are often associated with high nicotine consumption and a young initiation age. The results of this study are alarming and indicate the need to educate society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Partial nephrectomy (PN) is the primary treatment for T1 renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Also, percutaneous cryoablation is gaining attention as a curative option in appropriately selected patients. However, even mini-mally invasive procedures are not free from toxicity. The objective of this study was to assess the safety profile of the percutaneous renal cryoablation (PCA) procedure during the learning curve of the first 75 cases. Material and methods: All procedures were performed by urologists with vast experience in ultrasonography (USG)-guided percutaneous renal procedures and interventional radiologists skilled in computed tomography (CT) interventions. The cryoprobes were inserted percutaneously under hybrid USG/intermittent CT guidance. Complications that took place in the first 4 weeks after the procedure, both during hospitalisation and after discharge, were evaluated. Results: The study included 68 patients with 75 tumours treated with PCA in our centre. The patients were old (mean 72 years), overweight (mean BMI 29.1) and severely comorbid (aver-age Charlson comorbidity index 5.9; ASA score 2.8). Pain during the surgery was reported by 21.3% of the patients. Five (6.7%) perirenal haematomas > 4 cm developed immediately after the surgery. The most common postoperative ailments included: ma-laise (20.0%), pain (16.0%), nausea and vomiting (8.0%) and haematuria (6.7%). Other complications occurred in less than 5% of the cases. Nonetheless, no blood transfusions were neces-sary and only one patient required a minor surgical intervention. Conclusions: According to this study, PCA is a safe procedure with a very low risk of major complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION The widespread use of ultrasound and cross-sectional imaging has led to a steady increase in the incidental discovery of renal masses. Most of them are treated with partial nephrectomy (PN), as recommended by the European Association of Urology guidelines. However, this approach carries a risk of local recurrence. In such a case, surgical reintervention can be more challenging and is often associated with worse prognosis. In this context, percutaneous ablative therapies are a promising alternative. AIM This study presents our experience with using percutaneous cryoablation (PCA) to manage recurrences and new masses in previously operated kidneys. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective data analysis to evaluate patients treated with PCA for tumor recurrence or residual disease in the postresection bed, excluding those with de novo or recurrent tumors in the contralateral kidney. RESULTS A total of 23 individuals met the inclusion criteria. Of those, 14 initially underwent laparoscopic PN, and 9 were treated with open surgery. The median interval from the initial surgery to recurrence-targeted PCA was 23 months (range, 7-228). The mean (SD) RENAL score on admission was 7.5 (1.9), and the median (interquartile range) tumor volume was 3 (1.6-4.5) ml. The median length of hospital stay was 23 hours (range, 6-55). There was no significant change in estimated glomerular filtration rate following cryoablation. All the recorded complications, except one, were grade I and resolved with hydration or treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. No patient required dialysis in the perioperative period. CONCLUSIONS Imaging-guided PCA is a feasible and effective treatment option for patients with renal tumor recurrences after PN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green gentrification is a potential side effect of the temporal change of green spaces via various improvements. This paper suggests that green gentrification may occur even when green spaces remain unchanged. Spatially-explicit datasets and econometric models were used for this purpose. We found that in the case study city, Lodz (Poland), residential change is linked to the housing market (i.e., the number of property transactions and their prices). However, the strength of this association depends on the proximity to temporarily unchanged parks. We also found that the value of park proximity among housing buyers rises, suggesting the increased desirability of living close to parks, resulting in more intense residential change close to parks than in other locations. Therefore, scholars should consider green gentrification as a process that may be induced by time (in)variant green spaces. More emphasis is needed in housing studies to explore how changing residential preferences are related to gentrification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]