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Z Wilderlandu na East End i z powrotem: O związkach między powieścią Harolda Pintera The Dwarfs a Hobbitem J. R. R. Tolkiena W artykule omówione zostały powiązania między jedyną powieścią Harolda Pintera pod tytułem The Dwarfs: A Novel i książką Hobbit, czyli tam i z powrotem autorstwa J. R. R. Tolkiena, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem postaci karzełków/krasnoludów (określanych w języku angielskim tym samym słowem dwarf) oraz bohaterów obu utworów, Lena i Bilbo, w przestrzeni, odpowiednio, powojennego Londynu i Śródziemia. Dokładne zbadanie tematycznej i strukturalnej roli karzełków/ krasnoludów ujawnia intrygujące echa powieści Tolkiena w książce Pintera. Z tej perspektywy The Dwarfs okazuje się powieścią, w której Pinter w charakterystyczny dla siebie sposób przekształcił wątki mitologiczne i folklorystyczne w stopniu niespotykanym ani w jego wcześniejszych, ani późniejszych pisarskich dokonaniach.

This article examines Polish radio and television adaptations of Harold Pinter’s dramatic works. The emphasis is put both on the overall reception as well as aesthetic and technical aspects of four...

The article discusses translations of three plays by Harold Pinter ( The Room , Party Time , Moonlight ) which so far have not been staged in Poland. The plays are significant since they represent three major stages in Pinter’s playwriting career while simultaneously enriching and extending Pinter’s predominant motifs and concerns. So as to reflect the inherent duality of the dramatic text (which can be treated both as a literary work and a script for potential performance), the article investigates the translations of the plays by placing emphasis on their literary as well as theatrical features. This is done with a view to presenting challenges facing translators of Pinter’s plays and to reflect on selected translator’s choices and strategies which might have a bearing on the interpretation by potential readers as well as theatre practitioners. It is especially relevant in the light of Pinter’s determination in underlining the importance of the dramatic text in the actual performance.

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the leading causes of death in Poland and worldwide. Cost-of-illness studies (analysing total, direct and indirect costs) are studies aimed to determine the economic burden of a disease. Acute exacerbations and hospitalisation are the major cost drivers in COPD. The aim of the study was to estimate the direct costs of COPD treatment in the setting of specialist outpatient care from the societal perspective. Material and methods: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease costs were estimated from a compilation of data: medical records of patients managed at 8 specialist outpatient clinics and 5 teaching hospitals in Poland between 2007 and 2008. The direct costs, resulting from chronic treatment and treatment of acute exacerbations in the outpatient setting, were calculated using the bottom-up approach on the basis of data collected by pulmonary specialists at outpatient clinics. The mean cost of acute exacerbation managed in the inpatient setting was derived from a multicentre Polish study in which five clinical centres participated. Results: The total cost per patient per year was 4027.82 zlotys (1007 euro) and included the cost of chronic treatment in the amount of 2423.57 zlotys (606 euro) plus the cost of treatment of an acute exacerbation in the outpatient setting in the amount of 421.16 zlotys (105 euro) plus the cost of treatment of an acute exacerbation in the inpatient setting in the amount of 1183.09 zlotys (296 euro). Conclusions: Treatment of COPD in poses a considerable economic burden on the Polish society.

Background: Arterial hypertension is a common disorder that affects around 9 million adults in Poland. Single-pill combinations (SPCs) for the treatment of arterial hypertension have significant advantages over the free combinations, resulting in lower risk of cardiovascular events and lower consumption of medical resources. The current ESC/ESH 2013 guidelines for the first time recommend treatment with a combination of thiazide-like diuretic with calcium channel blocker. Currently, no such combination is reimbursed from public funds in Poland. Aim: To assess the economic value of treatment with SPC of indapamide and amlodipine (Tertens-AM®) for hypertensive patients compared with free combination therapy (FC), in the Polish setting. Methods: As there are currently no published data directly estimating the additional effect of using indapamide + amlo­dipine SPC vs. FC, two extreme approaches are presented: with difference in effectiveness due to improved adherence to the treatment estimated from published studies on other molecules used in hypertension such as SPCs and FCs — the base-case approach (1); and assuming no difference of effectiveness or adherence between SPC and FC of indapamide and amlodipine — the conservative approach (2). Modelling was carried out based on the Markov process in lifetime horizon. In the base-case approach, with the difference in effectiveness between SPC and FC, it was assumed that the differences in compliance translate into the differences in systolic blood pressure. Patients’ characteristics were correlated with the risk of events associated with cardiovascular disease, based on the prediction algorithms from the Framingham Heart Study. Costs were considered from a National Health Fund (NHF) perspective and NHF and patient’s perspective, and therefore direct medical costs were only included. Results: The treatment with SPC of indapamide and amlodipine in place of FC resulted in 7.6 additional days of life in full health and longer overall patient survival by 2.9 days. The replacement of FC with SPC would result in national savings from both NHF perspective and NHF and patient’s perspective, irrespective of the assumption of the difference in adherence between SPC and FC. The savings would amount to 1.602–3.954 million PLN and 16.498–19.186 million PLN from NHF perspective and NHF and patient’s perspective, respectively. Conclusions: The treatment with SPC of indapamide and amlodipine for hypertensive patients was found to be dominant over FC or at least less expensive than treatment with FC when the difference in effectiveness was neglected. The replacement of FC with SPC would result in savings from both NHF perspective and NHF and patient’s perspective.