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Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) constitute the first cause of death among the population of developing and developed countries. Atherosclerosis, which is a disorder with multifactorial etiopathogenesis, underlies most CVDs. The available literature includes ample research studies on the influence of classic cardiovascular (CV) risk factors. However, environmental exposure to heavy metals, among other substances, is still an unappreciated risk factor of CVDs. This study aimed to assess the concentration of some heavy metals (copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), and iron (Fe)) in the blood serum of postmyocardial infarction (post-MI) patients and patients free from myocardial infarction (MI) as well as estimate the relationship between the occurrence of MI and increased concentration of heavy metals. The concentration of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Mn, Co, and Fe) was assessed using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry technique in a group of 146 respondents divided into two groups: post-MI group (study group (SG), n = 74) and group without cardiovascular event (CVE) having a low CV risk (control group (CG), n = 72). The concentration of the analyzed heavy metals was higher in SG. All the heavy metals showed a significant diagnostic value (p < 0.001). The highest value of area under the curve (AUC) was observed for manganese (Mn) (0.955; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.922–0.988), while the lowest value was found for zinc (Zn) (0.691; 95% CI = 0.599–0.782). In one-dimensional models, high concentrations of each of the analyzed heavy metals significantly increased the chances of having MI from 7-fold (Cu) to 128-fold (Mn). All the models containing a particular metal showed a significant and high discrimination value for MI occurrence (AUC 0.72–0.92). Higher concentrations of Cu, Zn, Mn, Co, and Fe were found to considerably increase the chances of having MI. Considering the increasingly higher environmental exposure to heavy metals in recent times, their concentrations can be distinguished as a potential risk factor of CVDs.

Agnieszka Bartoszek, Grzegorz Nowicki, Katarzyna Kocka, Barbara Ślusarska, Adrian Bartoszek, Marta Łuczyk, Alina Deluga, Edyta Zielonka. Health behaviors of people over the age of 65 residing in the home environment. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2017;7(11):110-128. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1044038 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/5018 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 1223 (26.01.2017). 1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Authors 2017; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 20.10.2017. Revised: 21.10.2017. Accepted: 08.11.2017. Health behaviors of people over the age of 65 residing in the home environment Agnieszka Bartoszek1, Grzegorz Nowicki1, Katarzyna Kocka1, Barbara Ślusarska1, Adrian Bartoszek2, Marta Łuczyk3, Alina Deluga1, Edyta Zielonka4 1Department of Family Medicine and Community Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin 2Student, Faculty of Medicine, Field of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz 3Department of Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin 4Department of Cardiology, Provincial Specialist Hospital. SK Wyszynski in Lublin Address for correspondence: Agnieszka Bartoszek agabartoszek@wp.pl Summary Admission. Lifestyle elements favorably affect health in old age include proper diet and eating habits, the optimal level of physical activity, adequate sleep, satisfying social relationships, skillful use of free time and knowledge of health prevention. Aim of the study. Assessment of health-related behaviors in a group of people over the age of 65 living in the home environment in selected socio-demographic conditions. Material and methods. The study was conducted in February and March 2014. The material consisted of 110 people over 65 years of age. The research method was used in the job diagnostic survey. It was used as a research tool original questionnaire assessing the behavior of seniors in the area: diet, physical activity, sleep and rest, the use of stimulants and sources of stress and ways of coping with stress. Results. The study results, that the majority of respondents eat 4-5 meals a day (50.9%; n = 43). Daily activity declares 29.1% (n = 32) tested. The most popular form of physical activity among respondents over 65 years of age are walking (75.4%; n = 83). Smoke 28.2% (n = 32) tested. In most of the subjects they consume alcohol occasionally (83.6%, n = 92) or several times per week (16.4%, n = 18). Sources of stress in the population of seniors are primarily conflicts in the family (24.5%; n = 27), loneliness (21.8%; n = 24) and financial problems (20%; n = 22). Conclusions. Studies have shown that socio-demographic factors significantly influence health-related behaviors presented by seniors. Assessment of the level and quality of health behavior allows you to make educational activities, care and treatment for people in aging and old age.

Nowicki GrzegorzJózef, Woźniak Kamil, Ślusarska Barbara, RudnickaDrożak Ewa, Jagnicki Jacek, Bednarski Jerzy, Kotus Marzena. Analysis of traffic incidents involving Emergency Response Teams of the Voivodeship Emergency Medical Services Independent Public Healthcare Facility (WPR SP ZOZ) in Lublin between 2011 and 2014. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2017;7(11):242-254. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI 1066752http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1066752 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/5060 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/sedno-webapp/works/838934 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 1223 (26.01.2017). 1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Authors 2017; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 20.10.2017. Revised: 21.10.2017. Accepted: 27.11.2017. Analysis of traffic incidents involving Emergency Response Teams of the Voivodeship Emergency Medical Services Independent Public Healthcare Facility (WPR SP ZOZ) in Lublin between 2011 and 2014 Analiza zdarzeń drogowych z udziałem Zespołów Ratownictwa Medycznego Wojewódzkiego Pogotowia Ratunkowego Samodzielny Publiczny Zakład Opieki Zdrowotnej (WPR SP ZOZ) w Lublinie w latach 2011-2014 Grzegorz Józef Nowicki1, Kamil Woźniak2, Barbara Ślusarska1, Ewa Rudnicka-Drożak3, Jacek Jagnicki4, Jerzy Bednarski5, Marzena Kotus6 1. Department of Family Medicine and Community Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin 2. A graduate of Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin 3. Chair and Department of Family Medicine, I Faculty of Medicine with Dentistry Division, Medical University of Lublin 4. Independent Public Healthcare Facility in Puławy, Orthopaedic Surgery Ward 5. Department of Normal Human Anatomy, Chair of Human Anatomy, I Faculty of Medicine with Dentistry Division, Medical University of Lublin 6. Department of Anaesthesiological and Intensive Care Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin Corresponding author: Grzegorz Józef Nowicki, DHSc, Department of Family Medicine and Community Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 6 str., PL-20-081 Lublin, Poland, e-mail: grzesiek_nowicki @ interia.pl ORCID ID: 0000-0002-0503-8847 A - research concept and design; B - collection and/or assembly of data; C - data analysis and interpretation; D - writing the article; E - critical revision of the article; F - final approval of article. Grzegorz Józef Nowicki - A, B, C, D, E, F, Barbara Ślusarska - A, C, D, F, Kamil Woźniak - B, C, D, Ewa Rudnicka-Drożak - D, E, F, Jacek Jagnicki - D, E, F, Jerzy Bednarski - D, F, Marzena Kotus -D, F Abstract Background: Given the type and environment of the performed work, paramedics may be exposed to a variety of injuries or hazards not only to health, but also to life. As it is well known, going in an "emergency" ambulance poses a real threat to road safety. Aim of the study: Analysis of traffic incidents involving Emergency Response Teams (ZMR) of the Voivodeship Emergency Medical Services Independent Public Healthcare Facility (WPR SP ZOZ) in Lublin between 2011 and 2014. Material and method: The research was conducted by a method of retrospective analysis of documentation, in accordance with the "List of damages and communication events involving the vehicles of WPR SP ZOZ in Lublin in claims for third party liability insurance (OC) and comprehensive coverage (AC)". Results: The analysis of the material showed 140 traffic incidents involving Emergency Response Teams of the WPR SP ZOZ in Lublin. The largest number of traffic incidents were recorded in 2011 - 36.44% (n=51), then in 2012 - 23.57% (n=33). In previous years the number of traffic incidents was: in 2013 - 20.71% (n=29) and in 2014 - 19.28% (n=27). For 140 traffic incidents, a traffic incident was caused by a member of a ZRM team in as much as 59.28% (n=83) of cases. In 20.72% (n=29) of cases of traffic incidents involving ZRM team, they were caused by other road users. The analysis showed that 110 damages to the ambulance were located at the front of the vehicle and 120 - at the back. 1 damage to the inside of an ambulance was recorded, and it was caused by an aggressive patient. Conclusions: The total of 140 traffic incidents involving ZRM teams was observed in the analyzed period between 2011 and 2014, however, the number of events was lower each year. Perpetrators of traffic incidents involving ZRM teams were, first of all, ambulance team members, and then, other road users. Key words: road accident, emergency response team, work, injury Streszczenie Wstęp: W związku z rodzajem wykonywanej pracy i środowiskiem jej wykonywania ratownicy medyczni mogą być narażeni na różnorakie obrażenia lub zagrożenia nie tylko zdrowia, ale i życia. Jak wiadomo, poruszanie się ambulansem medycznym w trybie "uprzywilejowanym", stwarza realne zagrożenie w ruchu drogowym. Cel pracy: Analiza zdarzeń drogowych z udziałem Zespołów Ratownictwa Medycznego (ZRM), Wojewódzkiej Stacji Pogotowia Ratunkowego Samodzielny Publiczny Zakład Opieki Zdrowotnej (WPR SP ZOZ) w Lublinie w latach 2011-2014. Materiał i metoda: Badania przeprowadzono metodą analizy retrospektywnej dokumentacji według "Wykazu szkód i zdarzeń komunikacyjnych z tytułu OC i AC z udziałem pojazdów WPR SP ZOZ w Lublinie". Wyniki: Analiza zgromadzonego materiału wykazała 140 zdarzeń drogowych z udziałem Zespołów Ratownictwa Medycznego WPR SP ZOZ w Lublinie. Największa liczbę zdarzeń drogowych odnotowano w 2011 roku - 36,44% (n=51), następnie w roku 2012 - 23,57% (n=33). W pozostałych analizowanych latach liczba zdarzeń drogowych wynosiła: 2013 rok - 20,71% (n=29) a w 2014 roku - 19,28% (n=27). Spośród 140 zdarzeń drogowych, aż w 59,28% (n=83) kolizja drogowa była spowodowana przez pracownika ZRM. W przypadku 20,72% (n=29) zdarzeń drogowych z udziałem ZRM sprawcą był inny uczestnik ruchu drogowego. Jak wynika z analizy, 110 uszkodzeń karetki dotyczyło jej przodu, a 120 - tyłu pojazdu. Odnotowano 1 uszkodzenie wnętrza ambulansu spowodowane przez agresywnego pacjenta. Wnioski: W analizowanym okresie w latach 2011-2014 odnotowano łącznie 140 zdarzeń drogowych z udziałem ZRM, jakkolwiek zaobserwowano każdorocznie spadek takich zdarzeń. Sprawcami zdarzeń drogowych z udziałem ZRM na pierwszym miejscu byli pracownicy ambulansu, a dopiero w drugiej kolejności inni uczestnicy ruchu drogowego. Słowa klucze: wypadek drogowy, zespół ratownictwa medycznego, praca, uraz