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In this paper, we first give a relationship between generalized algebraic geometry codes (GAG codes) and algebraic geometry codes (AG codes). More precisely, we show that a GAG code is contained (up to isomorphism) in a suitable AG code. Next we recall the concept of an N1N2-automorphism group, a subgroup of the automorphism group of a GAG code. With the use of the relation we obtained between these two classes of codes, we show that the N1N2-automorphism group is a subgroup of the automorphism group of an AG code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taoism and Confucianism both exited simultaneously as philosophies of living in dynastic China. Although there has been an increasing popularity in scientometric studies, religion and health (R&H) literature lacks a holistic evaluation investigating articles relevant to Taoism and Confucianism. All publications produced in Taoism and Confucianism literature and indexed in Web of Science (WoS) databases between 1975 and 2018 were included in this study. Database search on health and Taoism literature retrieved 199 documents from WoS databases. Main research areas were Psychology, Religion and Behavioral Sciences (24.121, 21.608 and 20.603, respectively). The USA ranked first with 38 papers followed China, Taiwan and the UK (n = 35, 20 and 6 documents, respectively). Hong Kong Polytechnic University from China was the most contributor institution in health and Taoism literature. A total of 448 documents were published in health and Confucianism literature between 1975 and 2018, and original articles covered 93.08% of all literature. China was leading country with 126 articles followed by the USA, South Korea and Taiwan (n = 97, 35 and 35 items, respectively). The most productive institutions were City University of Hong Kong (China), Karolinska Institute (Sweden) and University of Hong Kong (China). Researchers from developing and least developed countries should be encouraged to carry out novel scientometric studies in R&H literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Scientific literature lacks a scientometric analysis of traditional, complementary and alternative medicine (TCAM) for dermatology. The aim of this study is to investigate the associations between TCAM and dermatology as seen in academic literature published between 1975 and 2018.Methods: All materials analyzed in this study were collected from 3 major academic databases, namely Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus, and all documents assessed were published between 1975 and 2018. A keyword string of "dermatology" AND ("complementary medicine" OR "alternative medicine" OR "traditional medicine" OR "integrative medicine") was used to search the databases.Results: A total of 316 articles were retrieved from Web of Science, 388 from Scopus and 389 from PubMed. Original articles represented 92.208% of all literature found. In addition, the USA had the highest number of publications with 61 documents, followed by the UK, China and Germany, while only three developing countries were represented in the group of most productive countries. Notably, low income countries were not represented in the list of countries with the highest volume of publications. Of all the institutions in the most represented countries, the University of Oxford was found to be the most productive. The most used keywords in the literature were noted to be "dermatology", "alternative medicine", "traditional medicine" and "psoriasis".Conclusion: In view of the underrepresentation of low income developing countries in the productive group, it is suggested that researchers from these countries should be supported to produce novel TCAM studies in dermatology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vitiligo is a common depigmenting disorder with a prevalence of 0.5–2%. Despite the increasing popularity of bibliometric studies in recent years, medical literature lacks a report investigating bibliometric features of vitiligo literature. Aim: It was aimed to analyze vitiligo literature by evaluating productivity of countries, institutions, and authors, and performing assessment of publication trends, bibliometric networks, and correlations. Material and Methods: We collected all data in this study by searching databases provided by Web of Science. All documents published on vitiligo literature between 1975 and 2017 were included. We performed correlation analyses between productivity and demographical and economical features of the countries publishing vitiligo articles. Results: A total of 7187 documents were detected and 72.2% of which was original article. The peak year for publication number by year was 2016 with 528 articles and the highest number of citations was reported in 2017. The USA was the leading country by total publication number (24.82%) followed by the United Kingdom (UK), India, China, and Italy (10.91%, 8.64%, 7.54%, and 6.87% respectively). Estonia was found to be the most productive country of vitiligo literature (13.01) followed by Netherlands, the UK, and Switzerland (12.64, 11.78, and 9.25, respectively). We found a high correlation between GDP per capita and the productivity of the countries (r = 0.732,P < 0.001). Conclusion: As revealed in our study, although vitiligo occurs worldwide, developed countries dominated vitiligo literature. Researchers from developing and least-developed countries should be encouraged and supported to perform novel vitiligo studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Telepathology is an application of telemedicine providing remote evaluation and consultation of digital pathology images and can be used for educational or experimental purposes. Bibliometrics is a statistical discipline investigating publication patterns and trends in a certain academic field. Although bibliometric and scientometric studies are becoming increasingly popular, the relevant literature contains only one limited article related to telepathology. The aim of our study was to perform a holistic bibliometric analysis of the telepathology literature. Material and Method: Since the first article on telepathology was published in 1986, we included all indexed articles retrieved from Web of Science databases between 1986 and 2017. Results: We found that the USA covering 43.01% of all literature was the leading country in the telepathology field and was followed by Germany, Italy and the UK (n=120, 90 and 83, respectively). The countries with the most contributions were located in the continents of Europe and North America. The most productive source titles were Human Pathology, Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, and Modern Pathology. Harvard University ranked first with 59 articles. The most commonly used keywords of the telepathology literature were "telepathology", "telemedicine", "digital pathology", "virtual microscopy" and "telecytology". We noted that all of the ten countries with the most contributions were in the developed category of UN classification and all twenty of the most productive institutions were from developed countries. Conclusion: We suggest that researchers from developing and least developed countries should be encouraged to carry out novel studies since telemedicine is a required and promising technology for rural developing or least developed areas in which access to health care is difficult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientometrics is a popular statistical application providing data revealing publication trends and patterns in a certain academic field. A quite limited number of studies investigating scientometric features of health and religion literature have been reported in academic literature. The present study aims to present a holistic analysis of health literature related to Shamanism, Paganism and Spirituality. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in this field. All data of this analysis were yielded from Web of Science databases. All documents produced between 1975 and 2017 were included. In Shamanism and health field, a total of 157 documents were found, and the USA covering 35.67% of all the literature was the leading country. University of California System (USA) was the most contributor institution. Our search on Paganism and health literature retrieved 51 published documents, and the most productive institution was National Dong Hwa University from Taiwan. A total of 7862 documents were detected in Spirituality and health literature, and the most prolific author in this field was Koenig HG with 82 papers. Journal of Religion and Health was noted to be the predominant academic source in health literature related to ancient beliefs. The number of the publications produced in Spirituality and health literature was greater than total number of all documents published in health literature related to Abrahamic religions, Dharmic religions, Shamanism and Paganism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bibliometrics and scientometrics are popular and novel disciplines providing information in publication trends in a certain academic field. Although there has been an increasing popularity in bibliometric studies, a limited number of reports have been published in religion and health literature. In this study, to the best of our knowledge we aimed to perform a first bibliometric analysis in the health literature related to Dharmic religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism. We found a total of 655 health articles related to Dharmic religions as we searched Web of Science databases. The United States of America (USA) ranked first in Health and Hinduism literature with 62 documents followed by India, the UK and Bangladesh (n = 40, 33 and 6, respectively). A detailed keyword analysis revealed that the most used keywords in the field of Hinduism and health were "Hinduism," "religion," "spirituality" and "Islam." The USA was also the leading county in the literature of Buddhism and Health with 159 articles (32.78%) and followed by Thailand, the UK and China (10.72, 6.8 and 6.39%, respectively). The Journal of Religion and Health was noted to be the most prolific source in this field. We found that the developing countries such as India, Thailand, Singapore and Taiwan were found to be included in the most productive countries list on the contrary to previous bibliometric studies in health and religion field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bibliometrics is a high-demand and fast-growing statistical area for the analysis of scientific literature in a certain field. Although religion and health (R&H) field has been a developing study area in recent years, only a few bibliometric studies have been published on the literature in R&H. In this study, we aimed to perform bibliometric analysis of the health literature related to the most populous Abrahamic religions during the period of 1975-2017 by using Web of Science database including WoS Collection Core Collection, Korean Journal Database, Russian Science Citation Index and SciELO Citation Index. In overall evaluation, the USA ranked first in publication productivity with 1388 items and covered 37.21% of total literature. The Journal of Religion and Health published the highest number of documents (n = 351). We found a total of 1329 items in health and Christianity field, and the USA was the most productive country followed by the UK and Canada (n = 166 and 63 documents, respectively). Loma Linda University was found to publish the highest number of items. We detected 1965 publications in Islam and health area, and top three countries were the USA, the UK and Saudi Arabia (n = 387, 194 and 137 items, respectively). University of London was the most productive institution (n = 72, 3.67%). A total of 436 articles were detected in Judaism and health. Top three countries in productivity were the UK, Israel and the UK (211, 151 and 36 items, respectively). Hebrew University of Jerusalem produced 17.43% of total documents as the topmost institution. Although Abrahamic religions originated from Middle East, we noted that most productive authors in this field were not Middle Eastern and from developed countries. Researchers from developing or least developed countries should be encouraged to carry out more studies in R&H field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bibliometrics and scientometrics are novel closely related scientific fields measuring and analyzing scientific publications in a certain area. Although spirituality, religion and health (S/R&H) field has been a growing study area in recent years, only a few bibliometric studies have been conducted on published literature in S/R&H. In this study, we aimed to perform bibliometric and scientometric analysis of the documents published in the Journal of Religion and Health, which is one of the most significant and productive journals in spirituality, religion and health field, during the period of 1975 to 2016. We used Thomson Reuters Web of Science database for the publication analyses. A total of 2683 papers were found and most of them were original articles (1655, 62.1%) followed by book reviews (780, 29.3%) and editorial materials (169, 6.3%). We found that the USA was the most productive country with 1665 papers and 62.45% of total literature followed by Australia and Canada. Cornell University in the USA was found to publish the highest number of documents with 73 papers and to cover 2.74% of the total literature followed by Duke University and Weill Cornell Medical College. A total of 2973 keywords were detected to be used. Most used five keywords were “religion,” “spirituality,” “religiosity,” “health” and “mental health” (n = 253, 250, 97, 71 and 41 times, respectively). Our bibliometric and scientometric study of one of the most important leading journals in S/R&H area may encourage researchers to carry out further studies in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study focusing on teledermatology research publication between 1975 and 2017 and its bibliometric evaluation. Topics discussed include the use of data from Thomson Reuters Web of Science in this study; the use of teledermatology keyword in the research; and the publication of teledermatology research in the U.S. and Great Britain.

Background/objective The incidence of skin cancer has increased dramatically worldwide over the past decades, and adolescents are prone to exposing themselves to the harmful effects of the sun. Although there are plenty of studies assessing the knowledge level and behavior of adolescents regarding sun protection and skin cancer, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating both adolescents and their teachers. This study aimed to evaluate high school students' and teachers' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding sun protection and skin cancer. Methods A total of 396 students and 139 teachers from two high schools in Ankara, the capital of Turkey, were enrolled in the study. An anonymous questionnaire form was used to obtain the required data for our cross-sectional and nonrandomized study. Results Male students stayed significantly longer in the sun than female students ( p < 0.001). Only 41.8% of the students stated that they used a sunscreen when outside only in summer. This percentage was 81.9% for the teachers and is statistically higher than for the students ( p < 0.001). We found no difference with regard to sex, however, a female predominance in sunscreen usage has been reported in the literature. Conclusion Major information sources should be used more effectively to increase the knowledge level of the students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mean platelet volume (MPV) is an indicator of platelet activation and aggregation. MPV has been found to be related with the inflammation of certain disorders in recent studies. Aims: We sought to investigate whether MPV could be an indicator of inflammation in patients with Behçet disease (BD) and recurrent apthous stomatitis (RAS). Materials and Methods: Our study was designed as a retrospective case-control study and data was retrieved from our institutional database. We randomly generated a total of three study groups from our clinical archive. All controls were sex and age-matched and randomly selected by computer. Eighty-five patients with BD, 82 patients with RAS, and 721 healthy controls were included for the study design. We compared mean MPV values in the patient groups and controls. Results: We found no difference in the mean MPV value between BD group and BD-control group. The mean MPV value was significantly higher in patients with RAS than that in the RAS-control group (9.11 ± 1.01 fL vs. 8.76 ± 1.15 fL, P = 0.045). There was no difference in mean MPV level between BD and RAS group. Conclusion: The association between MPV and inflammatory skin diseases such as BD and RAS should be investigated prospectively in case-control studies. Limitations: Retrospective study design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objective Telemedicine and teledermatology literature has a limited number of bibliometrics reports. We aimed to analyze telemedicine and teledermatology literature using the Institute for Scientific Information Web of Science database. Methods The statistical analysis of the documents published during 1980–2013 was performed. We also analyzed the correlations between economical productivities, humanity index, and technological advancement levels and performances of the countries in both fields. Results The USA ranked first in the telemedicine field with 3204 publications and 33.8% of the world production followed by the UK and Germany. In the teledermatology field, the USA was the first country again with 206 papers (36%) followed by the UK and Australia (104 and 50 papers, respectively). The most productive countries in telemedicine were Cyprus (30.03), Norway (28.19), and Australia (19.61). Austria ranked first (4.94) in terms of productivity in teledermatology followed by Norway (3.13), New Zealand (2.43), and Australia (2.13). A high correlation was found between number of publications and 2013 gross domestic product values of 60 countries ( r = 0.804, p < 0.001 for telemedicine and r = 0.721, p < 0.001 for teledermatology). A high correlation was detected between the number of telemedicine publications and gross domestic product per hour worked ( r = 0.712, p < 0.001) although moderate correlation was measured in teledermatology field ( r = 0.558, p < 0.05). We found a significant correlation between number of publications and human development index ( r = 0.779, p < 0.001 for telemedicine and r = 0.767, p < 0.001 for teledermatology). Conclusion Most items have been published from high-income, developed countries. Thus the physicians in undeveloped and developing countries, in which telemedicine and teledermatology applications are crucial to deliver medical care and services, should be encouraged to perform novel studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Tularemia is a serious and potentially life-threatening zoonosis caused by Francisella tularensis, a highly infective, gram-negative coccobacillus. Although there are plenty of case reports and studies of tularemia outbreaks, the literature is lacking in reports on dermatologic manifestations of the disease. Objectives This study aimed to identify skin manifestations in clinical forms of tularemia. Methods A total of 151 patients diagnosed with tularemia at Çankırı State Hospital, Çankırı, Turkey, were retrospectively examined. Dermatologic data for these patients were assessed. Results The most frequent clinical manifestation of tularemia was the glandular form (49.7%), followed by the oropharyngeal, ulceroglandular, and oculoglandular forms (39.1, 6.0, and 5.3%, respectively). Physical manifestations were observed in 64.5% of females and 56.9% of males. Lymphadenopathy and tonsillitis were the most frequent physical findings and were noted in 57.6 and 25.2% of patients, respectively. Erythema multiforme was found in 17 patients (11.3%), most of whom presented with the oropharyngeal and glandular forms, and was followed by ulcer (6.0%), urticaria (3.3%), erythema nodosum (2.6%), and cellulitis (0.7%). However, it should be noted that this study was retrospective and that its patient sample demonstrated four of the six clinical forms of tularemia. Conclusions Patients with the oropharyngeal form of tularemia had statistically significantly more physical findings than those with other clinical forms of the disease ( P < 0.001). There were statistically more skin findings in the ulceroglandular form ( P < 0.001). There was no statistical correlation between serum antibody titers and cutaneous findings ( P = 0.585). Although the literature reports that skin lesions are observed more frequently in women than in men, we did not find any statistically significant difference between the sexes in any type of skin lesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dermatology images can be acquired using a miniature handheld digital microscope at magnifications of 10- to 30-fold. We investigated the contribution of telemicroscopy to the reliability and accuracy of teledermatology for skin tumours. In a retrospective study of the reliability of diagnosis and management plans, two dermatologists compared teledermatology with face-to-face assessment. We also measured the accuracy of diagnosis by comparing teledermatology with histopathological examination. Two dermatologists evaluated the clinical images and information for 120 randomly sorted cases and recorded a diagnosis and a management plan for each case. Two months later, the same dermatologists re-evaluated the cases and suggested a new diagnosis and management plan for each case. The reliability of teledermatology diagnosis was not significantly different from face-to-face examination; it was significantly increased with the addition of microscopic images (P < 0.001). The reliability of teledermatology management plans was not significantly different from face-to-face examination; it was significantly increased with the addition of the microscopic images (P < 0.001). The accuracy of teledermatology was significantly increased with microscopic images (P = 0.05). Telemicroscopy appears to be a useful adjunct to teledermatology with a digital camera. Future studies with different magnifications should be performed to detect the optimum magnification for telemicroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Nicolau syndrome (NS) also known as livedo-like dermatitis, is an uncommon but important cutaneous drug reaction. It was first described in 1924 and since then many patients have been reported in the literature. The disorder is characterized by intense pain in the injection site and followed by a livedoid reticular patch or indurated plaque. In some patients, this condition may progress into extensive necrosis of the skin and ulceration as seen in our patient. Herein we presented a 52-year-old man and presented with a painful, large ulcer on his left buttock after intramuscular diclofenac sodium administration and diagnosed with NS to draw attention of physicians to this rare and preventable condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Design: Allergic reactions to Hymenoptera venoms are significant health problems because of their serious outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the sensitization rates of Hymenoptera venoms (an indirect measure of Hymenoptera venom allergy) in Mersin region. Materials and Methods: In this study, we investigated the sensitization rates among 209 volunteers (86 males, 123 females, mean age: 38.4 years) using questionnaires, total IgE determination with nephelometric method and phadiotop determinations with fluoroimmunoassay, epidermal/intradermal testing with Apidae, Vespidae and Polistes venom extracts. Results: Sensitization rate to venoms of all three species were 21.0% among 209 subjects. Sensitization rate to more than one species simultaneously was 52.3% among Hymenoptera-sensitive subjects. With the aid of questionnaires we found that sting reactions were 'normal reactions' in 80%, 'large local reactions' in 11.0% and 'systemic reactions' in 9% of the subjects. The rate of positive skin tests was 23.5% among the subjects who described large local reactions and 21.5% among the subjects who described systemic reactions. There were no significant difference in the sensitization rates between males and females, in subjects stratified by age, subjects with elevated and normal total IgE values, subjects with positive and negative phadiotop determinations subjects living in urban and suburban areas and between subjects with respect to sting number or time elapsed since the last sting or the varieties of sting reactions. Conclusion: Although low in titer, the sensitization rates to hymenoptera venoms were significantly high in Mersin region. Therefore, Hymenoptera venom allergy may contribute to health problems, significantly in this part of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Design: Allergic reactions to Hymenoptera venoms are significant health problems because of their serious outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the sensitization rates of Hymenoptera venoms (an indirect measure of Hymenoptera venom allergy) in Mersin region. Materials and Methods: In this study, we investigated the sensitization rates among 209 volunteers (86 males, 123 females, mean age: 38.4 years) using questionnaires, total IgE determination with nephelometric method and phadiotop determinations with fluoroimmunoassay, epidermal/intradermal testing with Apidae, Vespidae and Polistes venom extracts. Results: Sensitization rate to venoms of all three species were 21.0% among 209 subjects. Sensitization rate to more than one species simultaneously was 52.3% among Hymenoptera-sensitive subjects. With the aid of questionnaires we found that sting reactions were "normal reactions" in 80%, "large local reactions" in 11.0% and "systemic reactions" in 9% of the subjects. The rate of positive skin tests was 23.5% among the subjects who described large local reactions and 21.5% among the subjects who described systemic reactions. There were no significant difference in the sensitization rates between males and females, in subjects stratified by age, subjects with elevated and normal total IgE values, subjects with positive and negative phadiotop determinations subjects living in urban and suburban areas and between subjects with respect to sting number or time elapsed since the last sting or the varieties of sting reactions. Conclusion: Although low in titer, the sensitization rates to hymenoptera venoms were significantly high in Mersin region. Therefore, Hymenoptera venom allergy may contribute to health problems, significantly in this part of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactions to hymenoptera venoms are major health problems because of their serious consequences. Reactions to hymenoptera venoms can develop locally or systemically and may be mediated by IgE-dependent or non-IgE-dependent mechanisms. In this review we aimed to discuss the classification, diagnosis and the management of the lesions and reactions caused by hymenoptera venom hypersensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dermatoscopy is a cheap and non-invasive diagnostic technique that improves the diagnostic accuracy of non-pigmented benign and malignant skin tumors. Dermatologist should be aware of dermatoscopic features of non-melanocytic skin tumors to reach the correct diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis (CNH) is a painful nodule affecting the pinna. The etiology of the disease is unknown. We devised to show a correlation between CNH and systemic health problems of the patients. Materials and Methods: This study included 17 patients with CNH and the other lesions of the ear that incoming differential diagnoses of CNH, including basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, verruca vulgaris, neurofibroma, fibroepithelial polyp, seborrheic ceratose, and cystic lesions, a total of 131 patients that were diagnosed between 2011 and 2012 in the Clinics of Dermatology and Pathology of Çankırı State Hospital. Cardiovascular problems of the patients were queried meticulously and recorded. Results: With 17 patients 12.97% of the 131 patients were CNH. The mean age of the patients was 47.41 and the age range of the CNH patients was 32-79 years, with a mean age of 54.9 years (SD ± 13.23 years). The mean diameter of the lesions was 4.57 mm for CNH patients. The lesions were located at the right air mostly (85.71%) and all of them were located at the helix of ear. The laboratory results of the CNH patients showed that most of them (88.2%, 15 patients) have high cholesterol and lipid levels. By the way six of them (35.2%) also had cardiac problems. Conclusion: Our results showed that the main problem is the defect of arterial blood supply of the pinna. Also we detected that 12.97% of the lesions were CNH, while cystic lesions take the first place among all other ear lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eczema herpeticum is a disseminated herpes simplex virus infection of the skin in cases with a pre-existing dermatosis. The disease is occasionally life-threatening and frequently caused by herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2. We reported here a four-year-old boy with eczema herpeticum and discussed clinical characteristics, etiology and treatment of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bibliometrics has been used for assessing and predicting trends in macro-health science and medical systems, especially in the field of cancer. Bibliometric and scientometric studies in the field of programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) may guide further research in this field. Objective: To perform bibliometric analysis of articles on PD-1 and PD-L1 published in the academic literature during 1975 to 2017. Method: The bibliometric analysis was performed using the Thomson Reuters Web of Science database. Results: A total of 23 813 articles were retrieved, 73.52% of which were original articles. The United States was the leading country by total publication number (n = 10 897, 10.91%), followed by China (10.54%), and produced the most literature on PD-1/PD-L1 (164.65 articles). Among the institutions identified, Harvard University (USA) contributed the most articles on PD-1/PD-L1. Conclusions: All authors and institutions in the top 10 contributor's lists were from the developed countries. Researchers from the developing and least-developed countries should be encouraged to perform novel studies on PD-1 and PD-L1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bibliometrics has been used for assessing and predicting trends in macro-health science and medical systems, especially in the field of cancer. Bibliometric and scientometric studies in the field of programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) may guide further research in this field. Objective: To perform bibliometric analysis of articles on PD-1 and PD-L1 published in the academic literature during 1975 to 2017. Method: The bibliometric analysis was performed using the Thomson Reuters Web of Science database. Results: A total of 23 813 articles were retrieved, 73.52% of which were original articles. The United States was the leading country by total publication number (n = 10 897, 10.91%), followed by China (10.54%), and produced the most literature on PD-1/PD-L1 (164.65 articles). Among the institutions identified, Harvard University (USA) contributed the most articles on PD-1/PD-L1. Conclusions: All authors and institutions in the top 10 contributor's lists were from the developed countries. Researchers from the developing and least-developed countries should be encouraged to perform novel studies on PD-1 and PD-L1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "Diagnosis of Molluscum Contagiosum by Crater-Like Morphology in Handheld Portable Digital Microscopy," by M. Y. Jung and D. Y. Lee in a 2013 issue.

Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronic helicis (CNCH) is a disease characterized with painful inflammatory nodule or nodules of the external ear. The etiology of the disorder is not clear. CNCH is commonly seen in middle-aged men. A 53-year-old female patient with CNCH was presented here to take the attention of the physicians that should be aware of this frequent condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A response by Engin Şenel and Deniz Seçkin to a letter to the editor about their article on the effect of Toll-like receptors 7 and 8 in the pathogenesis of imiquimod-related vitiligo-like depigmentation is presented.

The article presents a case report involving a 13-month-old boy who has been diagnosed with untreated varicella. Dermatologic examination result reveals a tense bullae and crusts on the patient's face including the neck, legs and genitalia. Other examinations include biopsy specimens obtained from lesional and perilesional skin for histopathologic and immunoflorescence examinations. Moreover, the patient has been diagnosed with chronic bullous disease of childhood (CBDC) and has been treated with erythromycin instead of dapsone due to microcytic anemia. Furthermore, CBDC is said to be the most immunobullous disease frequently occurring in children.

Background: A broad spectrum of skin diseases, including hair and nails, can be directly or indirectly triggered by COVID‐19. It is aimed to examine the type and frequency of hair and nail disorders after COVID‐19 infection. Methods: This is a multicenter study conducted on consecutive 2171 post‐COVID‐19 patients. Patients who developed hair and nail disorders and did not develop hair and nail disorders were recruited as subject and control groups. The type and frequency of hair and nail disorders were examined. Results: The rate of the previous admission in hospital due to COVID‐19 was statistically significantly more common in patients who developed hair loss after getting infected with COVID‐19 (P < 0.001). Telogen effluvium (85%) was the most common hair loss type followed by worsening of androgenetic alopecia (7%) after COVID‐19 infection. The mean stress scores during and after getting infected with COVID‐19 were 6.88 ± 2.77 and 3.64 ± 3.04, respectively, in the hair loss group and were 5.77 ± 3.18 and 2.81 ± 2.84, respectively, in the control group (P < 0.001, P < 0.001). The frequency of recurrent COVID‐19 was statistically significantly higher in men with severe androgenetic alopecia (Grades 4–7 HNS) (P = 0.012; Odds ratio: 2.931 [1.222–7.027]). The most common nail disorders were leukonychia, onycholysis, Beau's lines, onychomadesis, and onychoschisis, respectively. The symptoms of COVID‐19 were statistically significantly more common in patients having nail disorders after getting infected with COVID‐19 when compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The development of both nail and hair disorders after COVID‐19 seems to be related to a history of severe COVID‐19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article on the implication of imiquimod, a potent topical immune response agent to treat dermatomycoses diseases published in the previous issue.

Granuloma annulare is a granulomatous disorder of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, with different clinical types. Generalized granuloma annulare is a rarely encountered clinical entity. We describe a 60-year-old woman with a 4-month history of generalized annular lesions. She had a history of myelocytic leukemia and chronic hepatitis B virus infection. To date, both acute myelocytic leukemia and hepatitis B virus infection have been described independently in association with generalized granuloma annulare but have never been described together in association with generalized granuloma annulare. Probable etiological causes of granuloma annulare are discussed in our patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen contamination remains a severe environmental problem and a major threat to sustainable development worldwide. A systematic analysis of the literature indicates that the partial nitritation-anammox (PN/AMX) process is still actively studied as a viable option for energy-efficient and feasible technology for the sustainable treatment of N- rich wastewaters, since its initial discovery in 1990. Notably, the mainstream PN/AMX process application remains the most challenging bottleneck in AMX technology and fascinates the world's attention in AMX studies. This paper discusses the recent trends and developments of PN/AMX research and analyzes the results of recent years of research on the PN/AMX from lab-to full-scale applications. The findings would deeply improve our understanding of the major challenges under mainstream conditions and next-stage research on the PN/AMX process. A great deal of efforts has been made in the process engineering, PN/AMX bacteria populations, predictive modeling, and the full-scale implementations during the past 22 years. A series of new and excellent experimental findings at lab, pilot and full-scale levels including good nitrogen removal performance even under low temperature (15-10 °C) around the world were achieved. To date, pilot- and full-scale PN/AMX have been successfully used to treat different types of industrial sewage, including black wastewater, sludge digester liquids, landfill leachate, monosodium glutamate wastewater, etc. Supplementing the qualitative analysis, this review also provides a quantitative bibliometrics study and evaluates global perspectives on PN/AMX research published during the past 22 years. Finally, general trends in the development of PN/AMX research are summarized with the aim of conveying potential future trajectories. The current review offers a valuable orientation and global overview for scientists, engineers, readers and decision makers presently focusing on PN/AMX processes. Image 1 • Publications on AMX -based processes in a 22-year period were assessed by bibliometrics. • Strategies that promote the process design and operation of PN/AMX were suggested. • Recent years have seen breakthroughs in technoeconomic autotrophic NH4–N removal technologies for WWT. • An important reference and global research trends on AMX biotechnology were given. • Future studies research need transition strategies to bridge laboratory and full-scales PN/AMX. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of natural agro-industrial materials as suspended fillers (SFs) in floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) to enhance nutrient removal performance has recently been gaining significant attention. However, the knowledge concerning the nutrient removal performance enhancement by different SFs (alone and in mixtures) and the major removal pathways is so far inadequate. The current research, for the first time, carried out a critical analysis using five different natural agro-industrial materials (biochar, zeolite, alum sludge, woodchip, flexible solid packing) as SFs in various FTWs of 20 L microcosm tanks, 450 L outdoor mesocosms, and a field-scale urban pond treating real wastewater over 180 d. The findings demonstrated that the incorporation of SFs in FTWs enhanced the removal performance of total nitrogen (TN) by 20–57% and total phosphorus (TP) by 23–63%. SFs further enhanced macrophyte growth and biomass production, leading to considerable increases in nutrient standing stocks. Although all the hybrid FTWs showed acceptable treatment performances, FTWs set up with mixtures of all five SFs significantly enhanced biofilm formation and enriched the abundances of the microbial community related to nitrification and denitrification processes, supporting the detected excellent N retention. N mass balance assessment demonstrated that nitrification-denitrification was the major N removal pathway in reinforced FTWs, and the high removal efficiency of TP was attributable to the incorporation of SFs into the FTWs. Nutrient removal efficiencies ranked in the following order among the various trials: microcosm scale (TN: 99.3% and TP: 98.4%) > mesocosm scale (TN: 84.0% and TP: 95.0%) > field scale (TN: −15.0–73.7% and TP: −31.5–77.1%). These findings demonstrate that hybrid FTWs could be easily scaled up for the removal of pollutants from eutrophic freshwater systems over the medium term in an environmentally-friendly way in regions with similar environmental conditions. Moreover, it demonstrates hybrid FTW as a novel way of disposing of significant quantities of wastes, showing a win-win means with a huge potential for large-scale application. [Display omitted] • Natural agro-industrial materials facilely incorporated into floating wetlands for enahanced nutrient removal. • A combined natural agro-industrial materials system improved N and P removal to an acceptable level. • Combination of various substrates enriched nutrient-related genera and improved micribial diversity. • Microbial action was the major mechanism for N removal from wastewater. • Hybrid FTW facilely up-scaled to eliminate N and P from eutrophic pond water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study, it was aimed to test the success of telemedicine technique in the field of plastic surgery by comparing lesion diagnoses made by a teledermatologist in the Department of Dermatology with histopathologic diagnoses. Methods: In this study, 100 preliminary pictures of skin tumor patients were taken in Hitit University Faculty of Medicine, Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Clinic, and a web site and program were specially designed for this study. The obtained data were evaluated by a teledermatologist. Later, these diagnoses were compared with histopathological diagnoses and the success of the telemedicine technique in plastic surgery was investigated using Cohen Kappa statistics. Results: According to the analysis results kappa statistic was found as 0.89 (0.82-0.96) (p <0.001). In addition, the diagnostic accuracy for seborrheic keratosis, actinic keratosis, sebase hyperplasia, melanocytic nevus, and kaposi sarcoma was found to be 100% and close to 100% in other diagnoses. Conclusion: There is limited number of studies investigating the contribution of preoperative telemedicine application to the surgery of skin tumors in the literature. We found that telesurgery was a reliable technique in the preoperative assessment of skin tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Design: A retrospective study on the clinical, demographic and pathological features of keratinous cysts of the whole body seen in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. Material and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of patients with keratinous cysts of the body who attended Çankırı State Hospital between 2011 and 2012. Age, gender, histologic diagnosis, anatomic localization and diameter of the lesion were recorded. The pathology specimens were reevaluated and the histopathologic diagnoses were confirmed. Results: The mean age of the 418 patients was 42.3 years. Hundred and seventy-four of them (41.6%) were female and 244 of them (58.4%) were male. Epidermal inclusion cysts (60.8%) were more common than pilar cysts (39.2%). The mean diameter of the cysts was 13.8 mm, pilar cysts (16.3 mm) were larger than the others. The patients with pilar cysts were older with the mean age of 45.8 years. The scalp was the most commonly affected site (44.3%), predominantly with pilar cysts (84.8%) and with female predominance. Pilar cysts were seen in females more often with the percentage of 62.8. Male predominance was detected for all body sites except for the scalp with the female predominance (62.7%). Conclusion: The biggest sizes of the keratinous cyts were seen on the upper extremities followed by the nose, scalp and the chest. Chest, scalp, lower extremity and eyelid cysts were determined in older patients. The cysts placed on the scalp were more often found in females while male predominance was observed for all body sites except for the scalp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]