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This study investigated the impact of the initial clinical presentation of bladder cancer on tumor characteristics. A cross-sectional, retrospective study was performed, and it involved 515 patients who underwent transurethral bladder cancer resection at the University Hospital Center Split between April 2019 and April 2023, excluding recurrent cases. The association between symptomatic versus asymptomatic presentation and bladder cancer characteristics was analyzed. A subgroup analysis compared tumor characteristics between patients with gross and microscopic hematuria. Multiple regression analyses revealed a significant association between symptomatic presentation and the detection of high-grade bladder cancer (OR 3.43, 95% CI 2.22–5.29, p < 0.001), concomitant CIS (OR 3.41, 95% CI 1.31–8.88, p = 0.012), T2 stage bladder cancer (OR 5.79, 95% CI 2.45–13.71, p < 0.001), a higher number of tumors (IRR 1.24, 95% CI 1.07–1.45, p = 0.005), and larger tumor size (B 1.68, 95% CI 1.19–2.18, p < 0.001). In the subgroup analysis, gross hematuria was associated with the detection of high-grade bladder cancer (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.12–3.84, p = 0.020), T2 stage bladder cancer (OR 6.03, 95% CI 1.42–25.49, p = 0.015), and larger tumor size (B 1.8, 95% CI 0.99–2.6, p < 0.001). The identified associations between symptomatic presentation and unfavorable bladder cancer characteristics, likely attributed to early detection in asymptomatic cases, underscore the importance of additional research in the development of bladder cancer screening strategies.

Prostorno vremenski izražaj α-tubulina, inversina i dishevelled-1 (DVL-1), bjelančevina Wnt signalnog puta, i morfologija primarne cilije analizirani su u razvojnim stadijima bubrega (14.-38. gestacijski tjedan), zdravim postnatalnim (bubrezi djece 1.5 godine i 7 godina starosti) i patološki promijenjenim bubrezima čovjeka: multicistični displastični bubrezi (MCDK), bubrezi s fokalnom segmentalnom glomerulosklerozom (FSGS) i u bubrezima s kongenitalnim nefrotskim sindromom Finskog tipa (CNF). Analiza je provedena tehnikom dvostruke imunofluorescencije, elektronskom mikroskopijom, semikvantitativnim metodama uz statističku analizu. Citoplazmatski suizražaj α-tubulina, inversina i DVL-1 zabilježen je u proksimalnim zavijenim kanalićima (pct), distalnim zavijenim kanalićima (dct) i glomerulima (g) svih proučavanih preparata. Tijekom razvojnih stadija, ukupan izražaj promatranih bjelančevina snizio se dok se prati blagi porast u postnatalnim preparatima. Pronađena je statistički značajna razlika u izražaju α-tubulina, inversina i DVL-1 između patoloških preparata i zdrave kontrole. Također, u patološkim preparatima, primarne cilije bile su dizmorfne. Obrazac izražaja α-tubulina, inversina i DVL-1 u razvojnim stadijima mogao bi ukazivati na izmjene kanonskog i nekanonskog Wnt signalnog puta koji je neophodan za nefrogenezu. Suprotno navedenom, poremećeni izražaj u patološkim preparatima uz dizmorfne cilije mogao bi biti pokazatelj napredovanja prema kroničnom zatajenju bubrega., The spatiotemporal expression of α-tubulin, inversin and dishevelled-1 (DVL-1) proteins associated with the Wnt-signaling pathway, and primary cilia morphology were analyzed in developing kidneys (14th–38th developmental weeks), healthy postnatal (1.5- and 7-years old) and pathologically changed human kidneys, including multicystic dysplastic kidneys (MCDK), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type (CNF). The analysis was performed by double immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, semiquantitative and statistical methods. Cytoplasmic co-expression of α-tubulin, inversin and DVL-1 was observed in the proximal convoluted tubules (pct), distal convoluted tubules (dct) and glomeruli (g) of analyzed tissues. During kidney development, the overall expression of α-tubulin, inversin and DVL-1 decreased, while in the postnatal period slightly increased. The highest expressions of α-tubulin and inversin characterized dct and g, while high DVL-1 characterized pct. α-tubulin, inversin and DVL-1 expression pattern in MCDK, FSGS and CNF kidneys significantly differed from the healthy control. Compared to healthy kidneys, pathologically changed kidneys had dysmorphic primary cilia. Different expression dynamics of α-tubulin, inversin and DVL-1 during kidney development could indicate that switch between the canonical and noncanonical Wnt-signaling is essential for normal kidney morphogenesis. In contrast, their disturbed expression in pathological kidneys might be associated with abnormal primary cilia, leading to chronic kidney diseases.

Ciljevi ovog istraživanja su bili utvrditi postoji li među studentima sklonost prema impulzivnoj kupovini te spoznati postoje li razlike u sklonosti s obzirom na različite demografske karakteristike uzorka. Cilj je također bio i proučiti prisutnost različitih stavova prema novcu i utvrditi postoji li razlika u sklonosti prema impulzivnoj kupovini s obzirom na stavove prema novcu. Rezultati dobiveni anketnim istraživanjem su pokazali kako veći dio uzorka ima sklonost prema impulzivnom kupovnom ponašanju, pri čemu je kognitivni aspekt sklonosti prema impulzivnoj kupovini izraženiji. Što se tiče stavova prema novcu, istraživanje je pokazalo kako kod većine ispitanika iz uzorka nisu prisutni proučavani stavovi, pri čemu je najmanja prisutnost zabilježena kod stava prema novcu kao sredstvu moći, a najveća kod stava prema novcu kao sredstvu za rješavanje anksioznosti. Od determinanti impulzivne kupovine, na dobivenim uzorku se nisu pokazale značajnima ni spol ni dohodak, a što se tiče stavova, značajnim se pokazao samo stav prema novcu kao sredstvu za rješavanje anksioznosti, gdje se pokazalo kako će osobe koje su anksioznije kada je novac u pitanju, imati i veću sklonost prema impulzivnom kupovnom ponašanju. Dodatak analizi je pokazao kako su osobe muškog spola sklonije biti anksiozne kada je novac u pitanju u odnosu na osobe ženskog spola, dok se prebivalište nije pokazalo značajnim za prisutnost ovog stava. This study's objectives were to determine whether there is a tendency among students towards impulse shopping and to know if there are differences in preferences according to the different demographic characteristics of the sample. The aim was also to study the presence of different attitudes towards money and determine whether there is a difference in preference for impulse buying regarding attitudes towards money. The results obtained by the survey showed that most of the sample had a tendency towards impulsive purchasing behavior, with the cognitive aspect of the tendency towards impulse buying more pronounced. As for attitudes towards money, the study showed that most of the respondents in the sample did not have studied attitudes, with the minor presence being recorded in attitudes towards money as a means of power and the greatest in attitude towards money as a means of dealing with anxiety. Since determinants of impulse purchases, the resulting sample did not show significant either gender or income. As far as attitudes are concerned, only the attitude towards money as a means of dealing with anxiety has proved significant. It has been shown that people who are more anxious about money will also have a greater propensity for impulsive purchasing behavior. The supplement to the analysis showed that males tended to be more anxious when it came to money in relation to female individuals. At the same time, residency did not prove significant for the presence of this attitude.

1. Introduction In 2015 Croatia was one of the EU countries with the highest expenditure on medical goods, where pharmaceuticals accounted for more than a quarter of total health expenditure (1). The observed increase in medication use is mainly caused by a continuous increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases among patients and the health expenditure for their treatment (2). 2. Description of policy context and objective Evidence from various countries suggests that up to 20% of health spending is wasteful and could be reallocated to better use. To improve patients' outcomes and reduce health expenditure, the introduction of a new patient- centred and pharmacist-led practice, focused on therapy management is deemed urgent. Comprehensive Medication Management (CMM) service is defined as the standard of care that ensures each patient’s medications are individually assessed to determine that each medication is appropriate for the patient, effective for the medical condition, safe given the comorbidities and other medications being taken. Published data on CMM services implementation (46) confirms that this service has not been developed or recognized in Europe, as it has been in the Anglo- Saxon countries especially USA and Australia (18, 47). The objective of this presentation is to discuss legal preconditions that need to be met in order to enable successful implementation of CMM service at the primary care level. Secondary objective of this presentation is to elaborate how CMM service can contribute to the efficiency in health expenditure. 3. Highlights Piloting of the CMM services at the Health Centre Zagreb, has brought an opportunity to create a new position for the pharmacist in Croatian health system. 4. Conclusions For CMM service to become a reality in Croatia, Europe and elsewhere, it is of paramount importance to develop policies enabling the development and implementation of these services in a manner that can be reimbursed, reproducible and sustainable. Governments willing to support clinical pharmacists, namely professionals willing and capable to provide this service, are of an utmost importance, as it will only live its full potential when we have well trained and experienced practitioners. References 1. OECD/EU (2018), Health at a Glance: Europe 2018: State of Health in the EU Cycle, 2. Improving Patient Medication Management In Primary Care, Marie Smith, Margherita R. Giuliano, and Michael P. Starkowski ; 18. McBane SE, Dopp AL, Abe A, Benavides S, Chester EA, Dixon DL, et al. Collaborative drug therapy management and comprehensive medication management - 2015. Pharmacotherapy. 2015 ; 46. Brajković A, Mucalo I, Vidović T, Gonzaga do Nascimento MM, Balenović A, Protrka I, et al. Implementation of medication management services at the primary healthcare level – a pilot study. Acta Pharm. 2019 ; 69:585– 606. 47. Butler A, Dehner M, Gates RJ, Shane P, Chu M, DeMartini L, et al. Comprehensive Medication Management Programs : 2015 Status in California.

Introduction: IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is principal cause of ESRD worldwide and the most common form of glomerulonephritis. Since kidney is a key player in vitamin D metabolism, disturbances of vitamin D metabolism are consequence of renal damage of different causality. There is no study investigating the expression pattern of renal vitamin D receptors (VDR) and metabolizing enzymes in IgA nephropathy. Material & methods: Immunoflurescent staining was used to determine the expression of VDR, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-hydroxylase (1α- OHase) and vitamin D3 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1). There were 5 renal biopsies from adult patients and 10 from paediatric patients, as well as 6 control samples. Results: The expression of VDR was prominent in distal tubular cells (DTCs), while immunoreactivity of VDR in proximal tubular cells (PTCs) was weak. There was no difference between expression of VDR in tissues from control group and both, bioptate from IgA- nephritis patients (IgAN-P) from paediatric or adult populations. The expression of 1α-OHase, calcitriol synthesizing enzyme, was significantly lower in both paediatric and adult IgAN-P, in comparison with control renal tissues (p

Aim of this study was to describe the spatial distribution differences of the expression pattern of AIFM3 protein between wild type (Dab1+/+), heterozygotes (Dab1+/- ) and yotari (Dab1 -/- ) mice with the intention to demonstrate the association of its potential roles in maintaining kidney function. Yotari mouse is designed with the disruption of proteininteracting (PI-PTB) domain by PGK-neo cassette. By mating Dab1 +/- we got three groups of pups, Dab1 -/- , Dab1 +/- and Dab1+/+ . At day four after birth the pups were sacrificed and the samples were embedded in paraffin. In the kidney sections of control and yotari mice the expression of AIFM3 protein was examined by immunofluorescence staining. We captured at least twenty images per different kidney structures (proximal convoluted tubules (PCT), distal convoluted tubules (DCT) and glomeruli) of each group of mice at 40× objective magnification. We marked positive any level of cytoplasmic staining. The percentage of AIFM3-immunoreactive cells was calculated and analysed in GraphPad Prism statistic program by 1way ANOVA test with the statistical significance of P

Connexins (Cx) are gap junction proteins and are mediators of normal kidney development but also play important role in homeostasis of adult kidney tissue. Cx37 is coded by GJA4 gene, Cx40 by gene GJA5, Cx43 by GJA1 and Cx45 is coded by GJC1 gene. Pathological kidney conditions are linked to changes in Cx expression and localisation. The aim of this study was to measure the quantity of Cx37, Cx40, Cx43 and Cx45 in fetal developing stages of the kidney, postnatal kidney tissue and in nephrotic kidney tissue. The expression of Cx37, Cx40, Cx43 and Cx45 was examined by double immunofluorescence on paraffin sections of 8 to 10-, 21 to 22-, 38- week old developing kidney tissue, postnatal 1.5-year old kidney tissue and in nephrotic kidney tissue. Protein expression was quantified in fluorescence intensity units (FIU). FIU represents area under curve of fluorescence intensity histogram, it is a hybrid measure of signal brightness and percentage of area covered by signal on microphotograph. Analyse was performed in ImageJ software and the data were analysed by Welch’s ANOVA and unpaired t-test with Welch’s correction for post-hoc test. In 8-10 weeks and 38 weeks there were significant differences in fluorescence intensity between connexins (P

Background: The aim of this study was to explore spatial and temporal expression patterns of DAB1 and REELIN proteins in the tissues of healthy human kidneys to determine their possible roles during normal kidney development and in postnatal period. Methods: DAB1 and REELIN expression was examined in the paraffin sections of human fetal kidneys between the 13/14th and 38th developmental weeks and in postnatal kidney tissues of 1.5 and 7year old individuals by double immunofluorescence staining. Kidney structures were analyzed by ImageJ software: proximal convoluted tubules (PCT), distal convoluted tubules (DCT) and glomeruli (G). The data were analyzed by Kruskal Wallis test. Statistical significance was considered at P

The aim of this study was to explore difference in spatial expression pattern of CrkL protein in the kidney tissue between wild type (Dab1+/+), heterozygotes (Dab1+/- ) and yotari (Dab1 -/- ) mice to determine its possible roles in maintenance of kidney function. Yotari mouse is constructed by PGK-neo cassette that cause target disruption of the first 47 codons of the gene coding for protein-interacting (PI-PTB) domain. Heterozygotes (Dab1 +/- ) were mated and three groups of pups were observed in this study, Dab1 -/- or yotari group, Dab1 +/- and Dab1+/+ or control group. Pups were sacrificed four days after birth and samples were embedded in the paraffin. CrkL expression was examined in the kidney sections of control and yotari mice by immunofluorescence staining. The percentage of CrkL immunoreactive cells were calculated. For each investigated period we captured at least twenty images per different kidney structure: proximal convoluted tubules (PCT), distal convoluted tubules (DCT) and glomeruli at 40× objective magnification. Any level of cytoplasmic or membrane staining with used marker was regarded as positive. Data were analysed by student (t) test in Past3 statistic program. Statistical significance was considered at P

Introduction: Normal kidney development require complex activation of various signalling pathways. Wnt pathway is one of these pathways that is inhibited by Inversin through targeting cytoplasmic dishevelled Dvl1. The aim of this study was to explore the expression pattern of Inversin and Dvl-1 in fetal and postnatal kidney. Material & methods: The expression of Inversin and Dvl-1 was analyzed by double immunofluorescence on paraffin sections of 38- week-old fetal kidney, 1.5- and 7-years old human kidneys. The number of positive cells in proximal convoluted tubules (PCT), distal convoluted tubules (DCT) and in glomeruli were processed by ImageJ software and the data were analyzed by Kruskall Wallis and Dunn post hoc. Results: Inversin and Dvl-1 were expressed in fetal kidneys as in 1.5 and 7-year-old kidneys with different staining pattern comparing different stages and kidney structures. Inversin was highly expressed in PCT and DCT of 38-week-old fetal kidneys comparing to PCT and DCT of postnatal kidneys (P

Imunohistokemijska analiza izražaja CRKL gena u razvojnim fazama bubrega.

Microtubules are essential for ciliary architecture, mitosis, cell differentiation and polarity of the cell. Previously it has been suggested that primary cilium is involved in the nephrogenesis. α-tubulin is the part of the microtubule complex whereas Inversin forms complex with tubulin. This might play important role in kidney maturation. Inversin inhibits the canonical signal Wnt pathway by targeting cytoplasmic Dishvelled-1 (Dvl-1), also it plays the role as the switch between Wnt pathways. The aim of this study was to explore the expression of α-tubulin, Inversin and Dvl-1 in postnatal kidney development as the regular kidney maturation prolongs after birth into the early childhood. The expression of α-tubulin, Inversin and Dvl-1 was studied by double immunofluorescence on the paraffin sections of 1.5- and 7-year old human kidney tissues. The detected positive cells in proximal convoluted tubules (PCT), distal convoluted tubules (DCT) and in glomeruli were obtained by ImageJ software. The retrieved data were then analysed by Kruskall Wallis and Dunn tests. α-tubulin, Inversin and Dvl-1 were expressed in 1.5- and 7- year old kidneys with difference in model staining comparing kidney structures and maturity of the kidneys. α-tubulin had the highest expression in DCT of 7-year old kidneys in comparison with PCT and glomeruli of 1.5- and 7- year old kidney tissue (P

U radu je ponajprije prikazan teorijski dio upravljanja marketing u hotelijerstvu te su opisani mali obiteljski hoteli općenito i u Hrvatskoj. Specifičnost malih obiteljskih hotela je relativno mala površina, malen kapacitet smještaja gostiju, ograničena mogućnost pružanja dodatnih usluga, manji broj zaposlenih (najčešće vlasnici sami rade) koji obavljaju različite poslove. U malim hotelima kvaliteta smještaja ne zaostaje za onom koja se nudi u većim objektima pa ih je velika većina kategorije sa 4 zvjezdice. Posljednji dio rada se koncentrirao na istraživanju praktičnog upravljanja marketinga u malom obiteljskom hotelu The View u Splitu. Pobliže će se objasniti marketinški miks malog obiteljskog hotela. The theoretical part of marketing management in hotel industry is presented in the paper, and small family hotels are described in general in Croatia. The specificity of small family hotels is relatively small, small capacity for guest accommodation, limited access to additional services, fewer employees (mostly self-employed) who do different jobs. In small hotels the quality of accommodation does not lag behind what is offered in larger facilities and is the vast majority of the 4 star category. The last part of the paper is focused on the research of practical marketing management in the small family hotel The View in Split. The marketing mix of a small family hotel will be explained more closely.

The traditional preparation of syrups, marmalades, liqueurs and herbal grappas were recorded in Knin area in south-eastern Croatia during wider ethnobotanical survey on plant use in the area. Local knowledge was recorded using semi-structured interviews. Thirty-five interviews produced an inventory of 34 species from 13 families and 59 local names from 251 citations. Maximum Relative frequency of citation (RFC) was for Cornus mas L. (0.74), following by Sambucus nigra L. (0.60), Prunus domestica L. (0.60) and Rosa canina L. (0.51). Twelve species were mentioned only once. The most frequent use categories were syrups(110), followed by marmalades (86), and liqueurs (43). Fruits (77%) and flowers (11%) were the most used plant parts. The indigenous population of the studied area strongly keeps the tradition of preparing homemade syrups, marmalades, and liqueurs for consumption.

We documented the knowledge of local people concerning the use of medicinal plants in the Knin area. Forty-two native inhabitants (35 female and 7 male) were interviewed in 34 semistructured interviews. Relative frequency of citation (RFC) and Fidelity level (FL) were used to analyze the obtained data. The uses and preparations of 82 plant species belonging to 36 families were recorded. Rosaceae was the most represented family with 14 species followed by Lamiaceae (10) and Asteraceae (9). RFC was the highest for Hypericum perforatum L. (0.65), followed by Plantago major L. (0.38) and Rumex pulcher L. (0.38), while 35 species were mentioned only once. The FL of 1 was scored by Chelidonium majus L., Cydonia oblonga Mill., Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don and Rumex pulcher L., and FL of 0.8 was scored by Equisetum arvense L., Sempervivum tectorum L. and Crataegus monogyna Jacq. The diseases recorded in the present study were classifed into 14 ailment categories. Most uses for the recorded plant species were for treating digestive system disorders (14), skin/subcutaneous cellular tissue disorders (11), circulatory and blood system disorders (10), and respiratory system disorders (10). The knowledge of medicinal plants use is kept alive mostly by elderly population.

In this research we documented local traditions of plant use as medicine in Knin Area in south- eastern Croatia. Traditional knowledge was recorded by free listing and semi-structured interviews. Presented data was extracted from wider research on plant use in the area. Thirty four interviews produced an inventory of 82 species from 36 families and 138 local names across 92 specific uses in 14 medicinal use categories. Most commonly used plants as medicine were: Hypericum perforatum L., Rumex pulcher L., Plantago major L., Crataegus monogyna Jacq., Salvia officinalis L., Rubus ulmifolius Schott, Calendula officinalis L., Artemisia absinthium L. and Urtica dioica L.. Leaves (32%), flowers (20%) and aerial parts (18%) were the most used plant parts. The most reported specific use was for treating wounds, cough, diarrhoea, stomach, urinary tract, lung and heart conditions, and common cold. The folk knowledge about medicinal plant use is still alive in the studied region.

Distribution and abundance of two Synechococcus ecotypes, phycocyanin-rich cells (PC-SYN) and phycoerythrin-rich cells (PE-SYN) were studied in the surface layer of the central Adriatic Sea during the 2015-2016 period. The studied area included several estuarine areas, and coastal to open sea trophic gradients, covering a wide range of seawater temperatures (11.82 - 20.75oC), salinity (4.47 - 38.84) and nutrient concentration. The abundance of PC-SYN ranged from 0 to 79.79 x 103 cell mL-1 and that of PE-SYN from 5.01 x 103 to 76.74 x 103 cell mL-1. Both ecotypes coexisted in the studied waters with PC-SYN cells dominating during spring and PE-SYN during winter and autumn. PC-SYN showed a significant positive relationship with temperature and strong positive responses to nitrogen nutrients, whereas PE-SYN positively responded to phosphate availability. The relative ratio of phosphorus availability and total inorganic nitrogen nutrients (N/P ratio) affects the spatial distribution of the two Synechococcus ecotypes.

The documentation of the traditional knowledge of wild edible plants use in Dalmatian hinterland is of great importance because the human population of that region is rapidly decreasing. The aim of this preliminary study was to record the use of wild plants as food by indigenous people in Knin area in south-eastern Croatia. Forty eight native inhabitants (38 female and 10 male) were interviewed during 40 semi-structured interviews. Presented data was extracted from broader research on plant use in the area. The uses and preparations of 85 plant taxa belonging to 37 families and 194 vernacular names from 630 citations were recorded. Lamiaceae, Compositeae and Rosaceae were the most represented families, and the most commonly used wild plants for food were Urtica dioica L., Thymus longicaulis C. Presl, Sambucus nigra L., Cornus mas L. and Rosa canina L. Plants are predominantly used as vegetables and as infusion followed by syrups. The holders of the knowledge are older native inhabitants (median age was 71), while their decedents mostly moved out of the area. There is serious danger of loss of the traditional knowledge of wild plants use for food.

Introduction: Despite increased visibility of clinical trials through international trial registries, patients often remain uninformed of their existence, especially if they do not have accets to adequate information about clinical research, including the language of the information. The aim of this study was to describe the context for transparency of clinical trials in Croatia in relation to countries in Central and Eastern Europe, and to assess how informed Croatian patients are about clinical trials and their accessibility. Materials and methods: We assessed the transparency of clinical trials from the data available in the public domain. We also conducted an anonymous survey on a convenience sample of 257 patients visiting two family medicine offices or an oncology department in south Croatia, and members of national patients’associations. Results: Despite legal provisions for transparency of clinical trials in Croatia, they are still not sufficiently visible in the public domain. Among countries from Central and Eastern Europe, Croatia has the fewest number of registered trials in the EU Clinical Trials Registry. 66% of the patients in the survey were aware of the existence of clinical trials but only 15% were informed about possibilities of participating in a trial. Although 58% of the respondents were willing to try new treatments, only 6% actually participated in a clinical trial. Only 2% of the respondents were aware of publicly available trial registries. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that there is low transparency of clinical trials in Croatia, and that Croatian patients are not fully aware of clinical trials and the possibilities of participating in them, despite reported availability of Internet resources and good communication with their physicians. There is a need for active policy measures to increase the awareness of and access to clinical trials to patients in Croatia, particularly in their own language., Uvod:Unatoč povećanoj dostupnosti informacija o kliničkim pokusima putem međunarodnih registara za ispitivanje, pacijenti često ostaju neinformirani o njihovom postojanju, osobito ako nemaju odgovarajuće informacije o kliničkim istraživanjima, uključujući nepoznavanje jezika u informacijama. Cilj ovog rada bio je opisati kontekst transparentnosti kliničkih ispitivanja u Hrvatskoj u odnosu na zemlje srednje i istočne Europe te procijeniti koliko su hrvatski pacijenti informirani o kliničkim ispitivanjima i njihovoj dostupnosti. Materijali i metode: Procijenili smo transparentnost kliničkih ispitivanja iz podataka dostupnih u javnoj domeni. Također smo proveli anonimno istraživanje u prikladnom uzorku od 257 pacijenata koji su posjetili dva ureda obiteljske medicine, odjel za onkologiju u južnoj Hrvatskoj ili su članovi nacionalnih saveza pacijenata. Rezultati: Usprkos zakonskim odredbama za transparentnost kliničkih ispitivanja u Hrvatskoj, oni još uvijek nisu dovoljno vidljivi u javnoj domeni. Među zemljama iz srednje i istočne Europe, Hrvatska ima najmanje registriranih pokusa u registru kliničkih ispitivanja EU. 66% pacijenata u istraživanju bilo je svjesno postojanja kliničkih ispitivanja, ali samo je 15% obaviješteno o mogućnostima sudjelovanja u pokusu. Iako je 58% ispitanika voljno probati nove tretmane, samo je 6% zapravo sudjelovalo u kliničkom ispitivanju. Samo 2% ispitanika bilo je svjesno javno dostupnih sudskih registara. Zaključak: Naša studija pokazuje da u Hrvatskoj postoji slaba transparentnost kliničkih ispitivanja, te da hrvatski pacijenti nisu potpuno svjesni kliničkih ispitivanja i mogućnosti sudjelovanja u njima, unatoč prijavljenoj dostupnosti internetskih resursa i dobre komunikacije s njihovim liječnicima. Postoji potreba za aktivnim mjerama politike kako bi se povećala svijest o kliničim ispitivanjima i sudjelovanje pacijenata u kliničkim ispitivanjima u Hrvatskoj, osobito na njihovom jeziku.

Introduction: Despite increased visibility of clinical trials through international trial registries, patients often remain uninformed of their existence, especially if they do not have accets to adequate information about clinical research, including the language of the information. The aim of this study was to describe the context for transparency of clinical trials in Croatia in relation to countries in Central and Eastern Europe, and to assess how informed Croatian patients are about clinical trials and their accessibility. Materials and methods: We assessed the transparency of clinical trials from the data available in the public domain. We also conducted an anonymous survey on a convenience sample of 257 patients visiting two family medicine offices or an oncology department in south Croatia, and members of national patients’associations. Results: Despite legal provisions for transparency of clinical trials in Croatia, they are still not sufficiently visible in the public domain. Among countries from Central and Eastern Europe, Croatia has the fewest number of registered trials in the EU Clinical Trials Registry. 66% of the patients in the survey were aware of the existence of clinical trials but only 15% were informed about possibilities of participating in a trial. Although 58% of the respondents were willing to try new treatments, only 6% actually participated in a clinical trial. Only 2% of the respondents were aware of publicly available trial registries. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that there is low transparency of clinical trials in Croatia, and that Croatian patients are not fully aware of clinical trials and the possibilities of participating in them, despite reported availability of Internet resources and good communication with their physicians. There is a need for active policy measures to increase the awareness of and access to clinical trials to patients in Croatia, particularly in their own language. Uvod:Unatoč povećanoj dostupnosti informacija o kliničkim pokusima putem međunarodnih registara za ispitivanje, pacijenti često ostaju neinformirani o njihovom postojanju, osobito ako nemaju odgovarajuće informacije o kliničkim istraživanjima, uključujući nepoznavanje jezika u informacijama. Cilj ovog rada bio je opisati kontekst transparentnosti kliničkih ispitivanja u Hrvatskoj u odnosu na zemlje srednje i istočne Europe te procijeniti koliko su hrvatski pacijenti informirani o kliničkim ispitivanjima i njihovoj dostupnosti. Materijali i metode: Procijenili smo transparentnost kliničkih ispitivanja iz podataka dostupnih u javnoj domeni. Također smo proveli anonimno istraživanje u prikladnom uzorku od 257 pacijenata koji su posjetili dva ureda obiteljske medicine, odjel za onkologiju u južnoj Hrvatskoj ili su članovi nacionalnih saveza pacijenata. Rezultati: Usprkos zakonskim odredbama za transparentnost kliničkih ispitivanja u Hrvatskoj, oni još uvijek nisu dovoljno vidljivi u javnoj domeni. Među zemljama iz srednje i istočne Europe, Hrvatska ima najmanje registriranih pokusa u registru kliničkih ispitivanja EU. 66% pacijenata u istraživanju bilo je svjesno postojanja kliničkih ispitivanja, ali samo je 15% obaviješteno o mogućnostima sudjelovanja u pokusu. Iako je 58% ispitanika voljno probati nove tretmane, samo je 6% zapravo sudjelovalo u kliničkom ispitivanju. Samo 2% ispitanika bilo je svjesno javno dostupnih sudskih registara. Zaključak: Naša studija pokazuje da u Hrvatskoj postoji slaba transparentnost kliničkih ispitivanja, te da hrvatski pacijenti nisu potpuno svjesni kliničkih ispitivanja i mogućnosti sudjelovanja u njima, unatoč prijavljenoj dostupnosti internetskih resursa i dobre komunikacije s njihovim liječnicima. Postoji potreba za aktivnim mjerama politike kako bi se povećala svijest o kliničim ispitivanjima i sudjelovanje pacijenata u kliničkim ispitivanjima u Hrvatskoj, osobito na njihovom jeziku.

Intervjuiranjem lokalnog stanovništva i travara prikupljeni su podaci o tradicionalnoj upotrebi i uzgoju ljekovitog bilja na području grada Knina i okolice. Intervju je proveden pomoću obrasca koji je sadržavao devet pitanja vezanih uz poznavanje/identifikaciju samoniklih biljnih vrsta koje su se sakupljale, koristile i uzgajale, kao i pitanja vezana uz tradicionalne recepture, te svrhu i načine primjene različitih pripravaka. Istraživanje je provedeno u razdoblju od travnja do lipnja 2016. godine, pri čemu je ispitano ukupno 20 ispitanika, u rasponu od 50 do 80 godina. Evidentirane su ukupno 143 biljne vrste. Najčešće spominjane biljne vrste koje ispitanici koriste u ljekovite svrhe i uzgajaju za vlastite potrebe su: čuvarkuća (Sempervivum tectorum L.), bosiljak (Ocimum basilicum L.), kadulja (Salvia officinalis L.), matičnjak (Melissa officinalis L.), metvica (Mentha piperita L.), ružmarin (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), lavanda (Lavandula officinalis L.), komorač (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), kamilica (Matricaria chamomilla L.), neven (Calendula officinalis L.), majčina dušica (Thymus serpyllum L.), lovor (Laurus nobilis L.), smilje (Helichrysum italicum /Roth./ Dorn.), vrijesak (Satureja montana L.), gospina trava (Hypericum perforatum L.), pelin (Artemisia absinthium L.) i gavez (Symphytum officinale L.). Biljke primjenjuju u obliku čajeva, tinktura, masti, rakija i sokova. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na veliku raznolikost ljekovitog bilja na istraživanom području kao i široko tradicijsko znanje koje je potrebno sačuvati za buduće generacije. The data on traditional use and cultivation of medicinal plants in town of Knin and its surroundings has been collected through interviewing local residents and herbalists. A questionnaire with questions related to knowledge / identification of wild plant species that have been gathered, used and cultivated, as well as those related to traditional recipes, and the purpose and methods of their use has been formulated. From April to June 2016, a total of 20 participants, aged from 50-80 years mentioned a total of 143 plant species. Among the most commonly used and grown species are houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum L.), basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.), minth (Mentha piperita L.), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), lavander (Lavandula officinalis L.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), chamomille (Matricaria chamomilla L.), marigold (Calendula officinalis L.), wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.), laurel (Laurus nobilis L.), immortelle (Helichrysum italicum /Roth./ Dorn.), winter savory (Satureja montana L.), St John's Worth (Hypericum perforatum L.), wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) and comphrey (Symphytum officinale L.). They are used for the preparation of various teas, tinctures, ointments, spirits and soft drinks. Overall, the obtained data indicates high diversity of the medicinal plants in the studied area as well as wide traditional knowledge of their use, which must be preserved for future generations.

Background: There is a constant increase in new clinical trials, but patients often remain uninformed of their existence, especially if they do not have access to adequate information about clinical research. Objectives: To assess how informed Croatian patients are about clinical trials. Methods: We performed a survey study on a convenience sample of 257 patients visiting two family medicine offices, patients from the Department of Oncology of the University of Split Hospital Centre, members of patients’ associations, and patients answering a web-survey publicized online. The survey responses were collected in a 2- month period in 2015. The survey was voluntary and anonymous, and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Split School of Medicine. Results: Survey respondents were mostly 41 to 80 years old (67%), and 53% were women. 21% were members of patients’ associations. Although 66% of the respondents were aware of clinical trials, only 15% were informed about possibilities of participating in a trial. Furthermore, although 58% of the respondents were willing to try new treatments, only 6% actually participated in a clinical trial. Men significantly more often reported being informed about clinical trials than women (63% vs. 37%, P=0.021). Although they reported that they can talk to physicians about their disease, a half of the respondents searched for more information, mostly from friends (33%) or on the Internet (41%) mostly using general internet searches rather than specialized health sites. Only 2% of the respondents were aware of publicly available trial registries, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. Respondents who were members of patients’ associations were more likely to report being informed about clinical trial and to actually participate in a trial. Conclusions: The awareness of Croatian patients about clinical trials and the possibilities of participating in them is rather low, despite reported availability of Internet access and good communication with their physicians. There is a need for active public health measures to increase the awareness of and access to clinical trials to patients in Croatia.

U radu se iznose rezultati istraživanja ukrasne dendroflore i voćnih vrsta privatnih vrtova na području grada Knina, koji je smješten u sjevernoj Dalmaciji, na padinama brda Spas, u Šibensko-kninskoj županiji na području ukupne površine od 355 km2 . Tijekom florističkog istraživanja od ožujka do svibnja 2014. godine u predgrađu Knina zvanom „Pejton“ (istočno od kninske vojarne), analizirano je 90 privatnih vrtova različite veličine te je zabilježeno 58 svojti iz 27 porodica. U privatnim vrtovima dominiraju kritosjemenjače (47 svojti ; 81, 03 %), među kojima su dvosupnice (45 ; 77, 59 %) u većoj mjeri zastupljenije od jednosupnica (2 ; 3, 45 %). S najvećim brojem vrsta ističe se porodica Rosaceae (15 vrsta ; 25, 86 %). S obzirom na tip habitusa (po Erhardt i sur., 2002.) dominiraju grmolike formi (29 svojti ; 50 %), potom slijede stabla (25 svojti ; 43, 10 %), polugrmovi (1 svojta ; 1, 72 %) i penjačice (3 svojte ; 5, 17 %). Listopadne svojte (30 ; 51, 72 %) su zastupljenije od zimzelenih (28 ; 48, 27%). Među 18 autohtonih svojti (31, 03 %) dominiraju vrste koje dolaze u uzgoju (13 svojti ; 22, 41 %) Kod alohtonih svojti dominiraju vrste koje isključivo dolaze u kulturi (32 svojti ; 55, 17 %), slijede neudomaćene svojte „casual“-cas (7 ; 12, 07 %), te jedna invazivna svojta (1, 72 %). Analiza alohtone dendroflore prema geografskom podrijetlu pokazuje najveću zastupljenost biljaka azijskog podrijetla (23 ; 39, 65 %), zatim slijede svojte iz Amerike (9 ; 15, 52 %), Europe i Azije (8 ; 13, 79 %). U krajobrazno uređenje privatnih vrtova potrebno je uvoditi naše autohtone dendrološke ukrasne i voćne vrste, a u vrtovima su većinom korištene alohtone vrste koje se uzgajaju zbog dekorativnosti te utilitarnog karaktera.

Inventarizacija dendroflore u odabranim vrtovima na području Knina.U radu se iznose rezultati inventarizacije korisne i ukrasne dendroflore u odabranim privatnim vrtovima.

Tjelesna aktivnost i vježbanje je jedan od temeljnih uvjeta za normalan rast i razvoj djece predškolske dobi te njihov odgoj i obrazovanje. Pravilna ishrana i zdravstveno-higijenski uvjeti pridonose razvoju antropoloških obilježja djece, čuvanju i unapređivanju njihova zdravlja. Pod tjelesnom vježbom podrazumijevamo zapravo sve one pokrete i kretanja koje čovjek svjesno primjenjuje za svoj razvoj, razvoj svojih osobina i sposobnosti, usvajanje motoričkih znanja, usavršavanje motoričkih dostignuća i, dakako, očuvanje i unapređenje svoga zdravlja.kao što smo zaključili da tjelesno vježbanje i aktivnosti pozitivno djeluju na ljude ponajviše na djecu predškolske dobi, jer se ona nalaze u vrhuncu razvoja. Tjelesne aktivnosti pozitivno djeluju i na djecu s kroničnim bolestima kao što je astma i druge alergijske bolesti i na pretilu djecu. Aktivnosti ima pomažu da se zdravstveno bolje osjećaju, ali i da vrate svoje samopoštovanje prema sebi te vjeru u sebe, te razvijaju socijalno-emocionalnu vezu s drugima. Pretilost i astma su bolesti današnjem suvremenog svijeta zahvaća sve populacije svih životnih dobi, a najviše djecu predškolske dobi, što je postao ozbiljan problem današnjeg svijeta, jer unazad trideset godina broj oboljeli vrtoglavo raste. Jednim djelom smo suučesnici tolikim porastom oboljelih, a najviše djece svojim nezdravim načinom života, nepravilna i nezdrava prehrana, onečišćenje mikro i makrookoliša, brzim tempom života, stres, moderan stil života i drugo. Za držanjem tih bolesti pod nadzorom te njihovu prevenciju od presudne je važnosti pravilan način života, pravilna ishrana i bavljenje tjelesnim aktivnostima, jer u „Zdravom tijelu zdrav duh“.

Ispitana je toksinogenost aspergila izoliranih iz zraka. Biosintezom sojeva Aspergillus flavus i A. versiclor (potencijalnih proizvođača aflatoksina, ciklopijazonične kiseline i sterigmatocistina), A. fumigatus (proizvođača gliotoksina) i A. ochraceus (proizvođača okratoksina i aflatoksina), nije dokazana tvorba spomenutih miktoksina