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The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively influenced all areas of human life across the world. Economic downturn is evident in almost every country. However, the biggest impact has crisis on micro and small enterprises (MaSEs). As the change of regime and rhythm of work is coming, the important task of employees in management is to retain their subordinates in the state of positive setting and motivation. The aim of the research is to define the impact of pandemic COVID-19 on the level of employee motivation in MaSEs operating in Slovak Republic. The development of employee motivation was investigated in three fields, financial, working and relationship one. A total of 848 respondents were asked in 2017 to 2020 by means of stratified selection. There was a significant decrease of preferences of respondents in all investigated motivation factors. Testing confirmed the existence of statistically significant differences during 2020 in comparison with previous years in investigating the following motivation factors: basic salary, job security, good working team, communication at work and superior’s approach. The main contribution of the research is the finding that pandemic COVID-19 has the influence except of other impacts also on the area of employee motivation.

Small and medium-sized enterprises form a significant part of the economy of each country with the greatest potential for growth and the impact on stabilizing the economy. Their success or failure depends not only on know-how, capital, or machinery, but also on human resources, one of the competitive advantages and a critical factor of success. In order to achieve success and ensure the sustainability of business processes, the focus is on employee motivation and employee satisfaction, with an emphasis on effective management as multicultural workers' groups are becoming the current trend in logistics companies. Using Tukey's HSD post-hoc test and ANOVA, differences in the perception of motivation and job satisfaction of employees are identified. As part of the post-hoc analysis, the observed dependencies of the mean values of importance and satisfaction with the effect of selected motivation factors are examined in more detail. Based on the results, the fact that employee motivation in logistics companies in Slovakia and the Czech Republic is different, can be concluded. In addition, it varies according to the size of the enterprise. These findings are important for the members of management because of the globalization of economies and multiculturalism of workers‘ teams in both logistics and also other enterprises. Finding a variety of preferences for motivational needs and job satisfaction does not make it possible to develop unified motivation programs. The needs of employees regarding the size of the enterprise and also the country of origin must be taken into account by the management of an enterprise. © 2021, Budapest Tech Polytechnical Institution. All rights reserved.

Films play vital roles in shaping people's views about issues in society. There have been concerns about how films portray women in films lately. Relying on the objectification theory, the study sheds light on how women are depicted as objects in the Ghanaian films 4PLAY and 4PLAY RELOADED vis-à-vis the interpretation we derive. The authors argue that Ghanaian films contribute to the objectification of women by focusing unnecessarily on women's physical appearance - body shape and weight - thereby fuelling the notion that the primary societal function of women is to satisfy men's physical expectations. We observed that women's bodies are presented as tools for giving pleasure to men. We concluded that women's bodies were objectified in the films analysed. © 2020 Adonis and Abbey Publishers Ltd. All right reserved.

Sustainability of (small and medium-sized enterprises) SMEs in a globalized economy depends on several factors. According to available studies, effective Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is one of the factors affecting the competitiveness of SMEs in a positive way. This paper is focused on creating customer databases and on using the CRM strategy in SMEs in Slovakia. The aim of the paper is to cluster SMEs in Slovakia based on using customer databases and CRM and to identify differences in clusters according to the selected attributes. The outputs of the research focused on marketing communication and on creating the CRM strategy in Slovak enterprises are presented in the paper. Quantitative nonexperimental research using the questionnaires was conducted at the end of 2017 and throughout the year 2018. The research results are based on the responses of 1009 Slovak SMEs. Basic descriptive statistics, K-means cluster analysis, Analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Tukey HSD test were used to process the data. The resulting clusters show three typical attitudes of Slovak SMEs to creating the database, using the CRM and its effectiveness. Moreover, attitude to the application of ethical principles and holistic, integrated, and socially responsible marketing are presented in the clusters. Following the results, the fact that SMEs can be divided into the three following clusters with equal size can be stated: 1st cluster (in 92.2% and consisting of micro-and small-sized enterprises), customer databases are created for the purpose of marketing communication; 2nd cluster, consisting of the highest percentage of medium-sized enterprises and enterprises with foreign equity participation using the customer databases and CRM; and 3rd cluster characterized with smaller-sized enterprises with domestic property not focused on marketing communication and using the customer databases. The research results provide the basis for further research and support for small and medium-size

Creating an effective marketing strategy according to current trends is a key process needed to achieve sustainable growth that can result in attracting a great number of existing as well as potential customers. Moreover, an enterprise's success is affected by the aforementioned process. The aim of the paper is to determine the clusters of small and medium-sized enterprises operating in the Slovak Republic and the use of marketing communication tools in the future. The research into marketing communications and customer relationship management (CRM) building in companies was carried out in Slovakia in the years 2017 and 2018. In total, 1,009 small and medium-sized enterprises from Slovakia participated in the research. Following a K-means clustering algorithm, three clusters were determined. Descriptive statistics, cluster analysis using K-means clustering, and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to identify no statistically significant difference in terms of the size of enterprises., Vytvoření efektivní marketingové strategie podle současných trendů je klíčovým procesem potřebným k dosažení udržitelného růstu, který může vést k přilákání velkého počtu stávajících i potenciálních zákazníků. Úspěch podniku je navíc ovlivněn výše uvedeným procesem. Cílem příspěvku je zjistit klastry malých a středních podniků působících na Slovensku a využití nástrojů marketingové komunikace v budoucnosti. Výzkum v oblasti marketingové komunikace a řízení vztahů se zákazníky (CRM) ve firmách byl proveden na Slovensku v letech 2017 a 2018. Na výzkumu se podílelo celkem 1 009 malých a středních podniků ze Slovenska. Podle algoritmu shlukování K-prostředků byly určeny tři klastry. Deskriptivní statistika, shluková analýza pomocí K-znamená klastrování a analýza rozptylu (ANOVA) byly použity k identifikaci žádného statisticky významného rozdílu, pokud jde o velikost podniků.

Creating an effective marketing strategy according to current trends is a key process needed to achieve sustainable growth that can result in attracting a great number of existing as well as potential customers. Moreover, an enterprise's success is affected by the aforementioned process. The aim of the paper is to determine the clusters of small and medium-sized enterprises operating in the Slovak Republic and the use of marketing communication tools in the future. The research into marketing communications and customer relationship management (CRM) building in companies was carried out in Slovakia in the years 2017 and 2018. In total, 1,009 small and medium-sized enterprises from Slovakia participated in the research. Following a K-means clustering algorithm, three clusters were determined. Descriptive statistics, cluster analysis using K-means clustering, and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to identify no statistically significant difference in terms of the size of enterprises.

Employee performance and their new ideas, as well as their efforts to promote the company in positive ways help build the values of an enterprise. Properly motivated managers, white-collar, and blue-collar workers use their performance to affect the business efficiency, and therefore the success and sustainability of the enterprise. Selecting the right structure of motivation factors, especially those aimed at job category and gender, is the main role of enterprise management. The aim of this study is to analyze and define differences in the perception of the preferred level of motivation in terms of gender and job category. The questionnaires were given to randomly selected employees working in Slovak enterprises in order to ensure variability and randomness of respondent selection which is necessary for relevant data acquisition. Following the average, the order of the importance of motivation factors of 3720 respondents was defined. The Student's t-test and Tukey's HSD test were used. We confirmed that there are statistically significant differences in the perception of the motivation in terms of job category. Moreover, we proved the significant differences between genders in the job category of blue-collar workers. We did not observe differences between genders in the other job categories studied. The results reported should be accepted and implemented in motivational programs by the employees of human resource departments as a way to keep up with strategic human resource management. © 2019 by the authors.