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Straipsnyje aptariamos etinio pobūdžio dilemos, kylančios dėl atsitiktinai rastų ir aiškių atribucinių nuorodų nebeturinčių artefaktų iš Klaipėdos krašto nekropolių (paminklų ar jų dekoro dalių, epitafinių lentų, kryžių fragmentų ir t. t.). Jos susijusios su tokių radinių identifikavimu, paveldosauginio ir muziejinio statuso nustatymu (saugotini, eksponuotini ar beverčiai), galima panauda (kaip mokslinių bei technologinių tyrimų objektų ar memorialinių ženklų, restauravimo darbų žaliavų) ir jų likimu. Patirtis rodo, kad dalis šių artefaktų yra vertingas žinių apie XIX–XX a. vidurio meistrų naudotas medžiagas, dekoro detales, įgūdžius, technologinius ir koloristikos sprendimus šaltinis. Aiškių atribucinių požymių neturintys artefaktai gali būti panaudoti instrumentinei analizei: keramikos, metalo, dažų, glazūrų sudėčiai ir struktūrai nustatyti; tačiau visų pirma tokio artefakto likimą nulemia jį radusiojo (priglaudusiojo, demontavusiojo ir kt.) asmens moralinis apsisprendimas. Article focuses on ethical dilemmas caused by accidentally found artefacts from the necropolis of Klaipėda Region that no longer have clear attribute references. In the research into confessional heritage, ‘accidentally found necropoles artefacts’ are understood as all artefacts that may relate to the cemeteries, individual tombs, or cenotaphs (tombstones or their parts, epitaph tables, whole or broken crosses, parts of fences, etc) whose immediate location may be other than a cemetery, the circumstances of their removal from the location are not clear, and they frequently can not be related to a specific buried person. The examples in the text prove that the artefacts may become an object of research and a source of new facts about the confessional heritage of the region and its technological and artistic development. due to the said artefacts, we learn about the existence of one or another style of decorations, the symbols, and the custom-related, artistic, and technological traditions; about the links of the cemetery artefacts with seemingly unrelated areas of technologies, construction, and art, etc. occasionally the artefacts can be used as raw materials for restoration. Regretfully, due to a weak current system of monument protection, moral undecidedness of the majority of the public, and narrow utilitarian aims we are not able to properly assess and understand the value of such findings. Therefore, it is important for the findings to be assessed by specialists from different areas of science, art, and technology: historians, restorers, art scientists, archaeologists, heritage conservationists, materials scientists, etc. On the other hand, the artefacts remind of the uniqueness of the city and the region, their rich history, and, regretfully, frequently of its tragic periods and events: therefore, they should be accepted as memory signs of people of different nationalities and confessional groups who lived in the region, whereas the type and the physical state of the artefacts should be just a secondary attribute of their value. However, due to a poor state, such artefacts seldom find way to museums, while those accidentally found in construction sites are neglected, sometimes buried in the ground, or remain ‘unnoticed’. Still, the issue of cemetery artefacts that have no clear attribute references in Klaipėda and its Region remain topical to date and will be topical in the future, as it is caused by decadeslong destruction of cemeteries. Therefore, the accidentally found artefacts become, and will become, the sources of different moral dilemmas and decisions: what to do with them, especially if the fact of their existence will extend the duration of a project of the territory development, etc. we argue that the findings and the circumstances of their discovery should be registered and processed, and at least minimal accounting should be systematized and possibly institutionalized at least at the level of the city municipality or elderships. The article appeals to the institutions of Klaipėda Region that have any political-administrative or economic levers and should feel the responsibility for the collection, registration, and storage of the above-named signs of regional identity and for their use in a broad sense.[...]

The objective of these experimental studies is to evaluate (verify) the possibility of applying by-products (0/2 mm fraction dolomite screenings or dolomite powder) obtained in the process of producing crushed dolomite from Petrašiūnai dolomite quarry rocks in concrete technology. A rational application of this material expands the range of concrete mix aggregates and provides an integrated use of dolomite rock by consuming less attractive by-products of dolomite processing. The article discusses the possibilities of using the above introduced dolomite by-products in concrete applications and gives a preliminary assessment of physical, mechanical and technological characteristics of commercial and technological concrete with dolomite screenings. 0/2 mm fraction dolomite screenings from Petrašiūnai dolomite quarry with an average density of 2600 kg/m3, a bulk density of 1690 kg/m3, a bulk porosity of 39.1%, fine particle content (contamination with dust and clay particles) of < 4,9%, a specific surface of 1085 cm2/g determined by Blaine tester were used for experimental study. The physicalcharacteristics of dolomite powder and dolomite screenings additionally crushed in a lab ball mill were similar: an average density of 2600 kg/m3, a bulk density of 1210 kg/m3, a bulk porosity of 53,5% and a specific surface after additional milling of 3030 cm2/g and 4070…4200 cm2/g respectively. Dolomite particles have a rough, conchoidal and porous surface, however, their form is close to cubic or even oval while their edges are less sharp (mechanically grated) compared to granite or other crushed stone screenings. Therefore, dolomite particles bond very well with cement stone and almost do not increase water demand for producing a paste of normal consistency and do not weaken the rheological properties of the mixes. Dolomite screenings or dolomite powder from Petrašiūnai quarry have stable mineral composition, but the XRD patterns of rock provide little information: although dolomite peaks are prevailing, quartz and feldspar peaks can also be noticeable. Moreover, ferrous minerals (pyrite, limonite) are present in dolomite, nevertheless, so few particles of these impurities are so small (< 0.2 mm in diameter) that they pose no risk of the potential destruction of concrete. Energy consumption of crushing dolomite screenings to reach the fineness of cement particles is much lower compared to crushing granite screenings. The crushed granite screenings are 1.5–2 times finer compared to the fineness of dolomite screenings crushed for the same time. Besides, the fineness of carbonate rock powder can be easily adjusted by changing crushing time. Therefore, dolomite screenings is a very perspective raw material for producing concrete micro-aggregates. No pozzolanic behaviour of dolomite screenings and dolomite powder during the short-term curing of cement stone or concrete under normal (room) temperature conditions were observed, and therefore a rational application of these mineral admixtures in conventional concretes would be only as substitutes for fine aggregate (sand) and only partly for cement. Most probably, dolomite powder can behave as a weak pozzolanic admixture at higher temperatures (above 50 °C); however more detailed studies are required to prove this supposition. The powdered dolomite admixture does not increase water demand for obtaining the paste of normal consistency but improves the structure of cement stone pores and frost resistance. The crushed dolomite screenings reduce the compressive and bending strength of concrete cured under ordinary temperature conditions; however, a small content of these admixtures (up to 15 ÷ 20 per cent of cement mass) can be recommended for self-compacting concrete and other fine-grained concrete mixes because the deterioration of the mechanical characteristics of cement stone is insignificant, i.e. about 10 ÷ 12 per cent. Dolomite screenings substituting for sand (or a part of sand) in conventional Portland cement concrete improve the granular composition of the mix, increase the content of fine (0.063 ÷ 0.25 mm) fractions and grow in the compressive strength of such concrete by 12 per cent. Such concrete has a better structure dominated by closed pores. Therefore, fine aggregate from dolomite screenings (or with them) is recommended for Portland cement mixes or cement grouts. Article in Lithuanian. Petrašiūnų dolomito atsijų ir dolomitmilčių tinkamumo įprastinio sunkiojo ir susitankinančio betono mišiniuose prielaidos Santrauka.Šių eksperimentinių tyrimų tikslas – įvertinti šalutinio dolomito uolienos perdirbimo produkto 0/2 mm frakcijos atsijų ir jų malinio, vadinamo dolomitmilčiais, naudojimo galimybes betono technologijoje.Straipsnyje aptariamos įvardytų produktų iš dolomito naudojimo betono mišinyje prielaidos ir įvertinamos fizikinės, mechaninės bei technologinės prekinio ir technologinio betono su dolomito atsijomis savybės. Dolomito atsijų ir dolomitmilčių pucolaninės savybės per trumpalaikį cementinio akmens ar betono kietėjimo laikotarpį normalioje (kambario) temperatūroje nepasireiškė, todėl šiuos mineralinius priedus racionalu naudoti įprastiniuose betonuose tik kaip smulkaus užpildo (smėlio) ir iš dalies cemento pakaitalą. Maltų dolomito atsijų priedas nepadidina vandens kiekio normalaus tirštumo tešlai gauti, pagerina cementinio akmens porų struktūrą ir jo atsparumą šalčiui. Maltos dolomito atsijos sumažina įprastinėje temperatūroje kietėjusio cementinio akmens gniuždomąjį ir lenkiamąjį stiprį, tačiau nedidelis jų kiekis (iki 15–20 proc. cemento masės) gali būti rekomenduojamas susitankinančio ir kitokio smulkiagrūdžio betono mišinyje, nes cementinio akmens mechaninės savybės sumažėja šiuo atveju nedaug – apie 10–12 proc. Reikšminiai žodžiai: dolomitas, Petrašiūnų karjeras,dolomito atsijos,dolomitmilčiai,pucolaninis aktyvumas,betonas,smulkus užpildas,gniuždomasis stipris. First Published Online: 16 May 2013

Recenzuojama knyga: Lubbeck, William; Hurt, David B., At Leningrad's Gates. The Story of a Soldier with Army Group North. Philadelphia: Casemate Publishers, 2006. 257 p. Recenzijoje pristatomas knygos turinys, šaltiniai, daugiausiai vietos skiriant lietuviškai tematikai. Recenzuojama knyga nėra akademinis leidinys, jos tekstas beletrizuotas, chronologiniu ir ypač tematiniu požiūriu prisiminimai nenuoseklūs. Knygą galima įvardyti ir autobiografiniu meilės romanu. Pastebima, kad atsiminimai parašyti iš šešiasdešimties metų perspektyvos, todėl negalima tikėtis nuoseklios įvykių rekonstrukcijos. Akivaizdu, kad prisiminimus stengtasi adaptuoti amerikiečių skaitytojui, todėl jie turi ir istorijos vadovėliui būdingų bruožų, šviečiamąją ir didaktinę potekstę. Kai kurie autoriaus svarstymai susiję su pokario diskusijomis, vokiečiams jautriomis Vermachto nusikaltimų, žydų persekiojimo ir kt. temomis. Sodrus pasakojimas, įdomios karių gyvenimo ir tik iš istorinių vadovėlių žinomų įvykių detalės, galimybė suprasti Vermachto karininkų, Reicho piliečių jauseną kompensuoja prisiminimų trūkumus. Nors juose Lietuvai ir Klaipėdai dėmesio skirta palyginti nedaug, tačiau nėra pagrindo abejoti jų tikrumu, net jei pastebime rėmimosi kitais veikalais požymius. Istoriniu požiūriu jie parems daugelio Lietuvos istorikų nuostatas apie Klaipėdos užėmimo 1945 m. sausį aplinkybes. Iš V. Lubeko autobiografinio pasakojimo aiškėja, kad po 1944 m. spalio mėn. Klaipėdos šturmo nebebuvo, Raudonoji armija miestą užėmė Vermachtui iš uostamiesčio pasitraukus dėl grėsmingos situacijos prie Karaliaučiaus (Sembos pusiasalyje). The review discusses the book “At Leningrad’s Gates. The Story of a Soldier with Army Group North” by William Lubbeck and David B. Hurt (Philadelphia: Casemate Publishers, 2006, 257 p.). The review presents the content of the book and sources and mainly focuses on the Lithuanian theme. The reviewed book is not an academic publication; the text is fictionalised; the memoirs are inconsistent from the chronological and particularly thematic point of view. The book might be called an autobiographical love story. The memoirs were written from the perspective of sixty years; therefore, the reader cannot expect a consistent reconstruction of events. Obviously the author tried to adapt the memoirs to the American audience, thus the book has features typical of a history study book as well as the educational and didactical implications. Certain considerations of the author are related to post-war discussions and German-sensitive issues of Wehrmacht crimes, Jewish persecution, etc. Rich narration, interesting details of soldiers’ life and events known only from history study books, an opportunity to understand how Vehrmacht officers and the citizens of the Nazi Germany felt compensate for the drawbacks of the memoirs. Although Lithuania and Klaipėda are given a relatively small space in the book, there are no grounds to doubt their reality, even if we observe the signs of referring to other works. Historically they will support the views of many Lithuanian historians about the circumstances of annexation of Klaipėda in January 1945. Lubbeck’s autobiographical story reveals that after October 1944 Klaipėda was not taken by storm, the Red Army occupied the city after Vehrmacht withdrew from the seaport due to a menacing situation at Königsberg (Sambia Peninsula).

Straipsnyje analizuojama Kriegsmarine kranto ir priešlėktuvinės (Flak) artilerijos baterijų statybos Memelyje (Klaipėdoje) pradžios data. Jame keliama prielaida, kad pagrindinis Kriegsmarine uždavinys buvo apsaugoti uosto įplauką nuo grėsmės iš jūros, todėl tikėtina, kad jis buvo išspręstas nuo 1939 m. kovo iki 1940 m. pradžios. Stacionarios Flak baterijos aplink miestą galėjo būti pastatytos ir vėliau, o iki tol jų vietoje ar netoliese buvo įrengtos laikinos pabūklų pozicijos. Lauko tyrimų Tauralaukio baterijoje rezultatai patvirtina šį spėjimą: ant užbetonuotų sviedinių gilzių yra užrašai, iš kurių galima spręsti, kad šie buvo pagaminti 1941 m. The article covers the details of the construction of fortifications in Klaipeda and surrounding areas in the period from March 1939 until the early 1940 based on the analysis of published texts and archival materials. Doubts about the fortifications for medium and heavy artillery pieces erected by Kriegsmarine in that period expressed in the article are based on the data about the particularities of Flak battery operations, technical specifications of guns, and the results of the field research. The author presumes that the construction of fortifications for Flak and coastal batteries had to start after the exploratory and preparatory engineering work and definitely not in the last week of March 1939. Stationary fortifications for Flak batteries around the city could have been built during a later period, after the war with Poland, or even with the Soviet Union, had started. Until then, temporary emplacements for Flak guns could have been constructed in the surrounding areas. The arguments presented in the article are based on technical specifications of antiaircraft and coastal defence guns. The dating of the beginning of the fortifications construction for Flak coastal defence batteries in Klaipėda is controversial. In most sources of reference, the topic has not been analyzed in-depth. […] Lithuanian and Polish intelligence reports of those times were dated better, however, the information contained in them was also imprecise: improbable size or an incredible amount of guns was named, and the type of detected construction works was not explained. However, such data are likely to support the idea of the later date of the start of the construction – late spring and summer of 1939 – and the progress of work in stages. It is quite possible that Flak batteries aiming to protect the positions of coastal defence cannons from air raids were being constructed at that time. Part of those Flak batteries had a double purpose, namely, antiaircraft and coastal defence. On the other hand, the German archives were not accessible to the author; therefore, quite a few of the statements about the period of battery construction presented in the article will have to be revised in the future. The period and circumstances of the construction of some Flak batteries can be deduced from the findings on the site. For instance, the drilling and testing of concrete cores in the battery facilities revealed extraneous inclusions, such as beer bottle caps with letters, bottle slivers, and Flak gun shell scraps. Shell cases were detected in the fragments of Tauralaukis (Tauerlauken) battery reinforced concrete structures. The investigation of misshapen 105 mm shells revealed that they were not shot, but were torn apart and distorted by the power of explosion. Some shell remains, cleaned from rust and adhering concrete, and surfaces of fuzes inside the shells have revealed ammunition marks stating that this ammo was made in 1941. This means that Tauralaukis Flak battery, located 4.5 km away from the sea, was built not earlier that the shells embedded in reinforced concrete there were produced. Unfortunately, the results of the field research in battery structures in Klaipėda environs were less informative. The main result of the research referred to in the article is the presumption that the construction of coastal defence and antiaircraft artillery batteries in Klaipėda was performed in stages from the summer of 1939 to 1941.

The questions of the extruded concrete composition and the possibilities of modifying it are very important for the technology for the extruded concrete. The gained experience of working with the extruders of hollow core slabs shows that the operators of such equipment frequently choose an improper strategy for the production process. The main drawbacks are as follows: a) the use of fairly stiff mixture that is far above the necessary Vebe consistency class V2 for this technology; b) the over saturation of the mixture with coarse aggregates which determines a low compaction factor of the mixture; c) the rejection of using concrete admixtures which causes equipment overloads or led to its exploitation in the limitary conditions. Besides, the experience of using extruders proves that all parameters predicted by standards and other norms (for example, concrete strength class C40/50 or C50/60 including water cement ratio W/C

Straipsnyje nagrinėjami Antrojo pasaulinio karo laikotarpio Memelio / Klaipėdos miesto tunelinių slėptuvių statybos techniniai ir technologiniai klausimai, galintys padėti paaiškinti kai kuriuos istorinius šių slėptuvių įrengimo, funkcionavimo ir tikėtino jų vaidmens miesto apsiausties metu aspektus. Referuojami tyrimai leido įvardyti šių statinių požymius, palyginti juos su Memelio priešlėktuvinės (Flak) ir kranto apsaugos artilerijos baterijų statinių specifika. Išlikusių slėptuvių apžiūra ir jose naudotų medžiagų bei inžinerinės įrangos tyrimų rezultatai įrodo, kad šių statinių statybininkai neturėjo tokių materialiųjų ir žmogiškųjų išteklių, kokiais naudojosi stačiusieji Memelio artilerijos baterijas. Konstrukciniais sprendimais ir įrangos patikimumu šios tunelinės slėptuvės jose besislepiančiųjų saugumo užtikrinti negalėjo, tačiau slėptuvių statytojai panaudojo keletą pasiteisinusių sprendimų, lėmusių ilgalaikį statinių tvarumą - specifinę hidrotechninėje statyboje naudojamą rišamąją medžiagą (šlakinį cementą), vandeniui nelaidų betoną ir tinką (užtepą) su šiuo cementu. Technical and technological construction questions of Memel / Klaipėda tunnel bombshelters of the World War II are analyzed in the following article. These questions help to reconstruct historical aspects of function and presumable purpose of these bombshelters during the siege of the town. The researches allowed to systematize the attributes, typical of such constructions. For the research of bombshelters' constructions and materials, a comparative method was used: the received results were compared with analogous research results of Memel / Klaipeda and its surroundings' structures - antiaircraft (Flak) and coast artillery battery - which functioned during the World War II. The constructions of remained German bombshelters are more than modest; the technological mistakes allow suppose, that the builders of the shelters didn't dispose such material and human resources like ones of the batteries. Beside this, the durability of the bombshelters leads to believe that builders used some building materials of high quality, for example, the slag cement, the waterproof concrete and plaster.

During the archaeological research of some XVI – XVII century possessions’ of Kaunas old-town there were found marble statuary fragments and architectural decorations’ elements. The aim of the present research was to prepare assumptions for the study of art and historical research of the discovered statuary and architectural decoration elements. It was important to determine mineral composition of the historical statuary fragments, as well as to analyse and describe weathering processes of their rock and to determine the original location of statuary raw materials. The majority of identified statuary fragments were chiselled from marble and some, supposedly, architectural decoration elements, from dolomite of foreign origin. Because of the lack of comparable marble and dolomite rock samples the determination of the discovered statuary fragments’ raw rock’s original locations (quarries) was impossible. The research results confirmed the assumptions about presence of rock in the surface cultural soil layer for a long time. The results of analysis of soil found in the statuary fixing hole proved that the statuary laid in the soil of Kaunas city or its regions. The results of instrumental researche have not answered to the main question – who is the author of the broken statuary and in which historical period they were chiselled. The search of these answers is a task for qualified experts of study of art and purposeful historical-archival approach of analysis.

Straipsnyje analizuojama jėzuitų mokslinė veikla XVII–XVIII a. mokslo revoliucijos kontekste. Pateikiami ir analizuojami faktai, liudijantys jėzuitų įtaką mokslo raidai tokiose srityse kaip naujų mokslinių instrumentų (teleskopo) techninis tobulinimas, astronominiai stebėjimai ir atradimai, pasiekimai matematikos ir geometrijos, inžinerijos disciplinose, jėzuitų išplėtotas socialinis komunikavimo laukas ir kt. Toks tyrimas leidžia adekvačiai įvertinti jėzuitų mokslinės veiklos reikšmę modernaus mokslo genezei., Part one of our two-part study covers Jesuit scientific activities up to the year 1750 approximately. We examine the wide network of colleges that they established in and out of Europe in which many competent mathematicians and astronomers taught and many more studied. They did not disregard other topics and they produced a remarkable series of textbooks that had an influence beyond their schools. Although most of those who studied in their colleges did not join the Jesuit order, the skills learned and the knowledge imparted served them well in their secular activities as scientists. Indeed, many became distinguished scientists such as Rene Descartes, Marin Mersenne and Evangelista Torricelli, among others. Even Galileo Galilee, who did not attend a Jesuit college, but interacted with the leading Jesuit mathematician of the sixteenth century, Christopher Clavius, was heavily influenced by Jesuit texts that were sent to him by Clavius. The Jesuit Carlos Sommervogel in his bibliography of Jesuit authors, lists some 18 000 names. This compilation is far from complete, for not all materials of all Jesuit provinces were available to him. Approximately every third Jesuit worked in science teaching, writing or doing research. The 6 000 Jesuits who have authored at least one scientific book, textbook, or scientific paper, represent the chief input that they made to science during the two centuries that we examine here. Among these authors, an elite group of about three hundred produced the best science. They were superb scientists who played a significant role with their contribution. They even worked in areas such as calendar reform in Rome and Pekin, China.

Straipsnyje analizuojama jėzuitų mokslinė veikla XVII–XVIII a. mokslo revoliucijos kontekste. Pateikiami ir analizuojami faktai, liudijantys jėzuitų įtaką mokslo raidai tokiose srityse kaip naujų mokslinių instrumentų (teleskopo) techninis tobulinimas, astronominiai stebėjimai ir atradimai, pasiekimai matematikos ir geometrijos, inžinerijos disciplinose, jėzuitų išplėtotas socialinis komunikavimo laukas ir kt. Toks tyrimas leidžia adekvačiai įvertinti jėzuitų mokslinės veiklos reikšmę modernaus mokslo genezei. 1. 1560–1773 m. laikotarpiu Jėzaus draugijos įnašas į mokslo raidą buvo itin svarbus mokslinio darbo tradicijų formavimo, eksperimentinių ir stebėjimų duomenų rinkimo bei sklaidos, paradigminio eksperimentų bei teorinių tyrimų kryptingumo formavimo požiūriais. Aktyviai dirdama tarp pasauliečių, Draugija pasirodė puikiai pasirengusi mokslinei veiklai specializuota institucija. Saistoma vidinės disciplinos, ji tapo tikėjimui angažuotų mokslininkų bendrija, to laikotarpio mokslo sklaidos įrankis, įtvirtinęs jo pasiekimus švietimo ir platesnėje kultūrinėje sferoje. 2. Straipsnyje aptarta faktinė medžiaga leidžia teigti, kad jėzuitai nebuvo pasyvūs XVI– XVIII a. mokslinės revoliucijos stebėtojai. Veikiau jie buvo aktyvūs dalyviai ir netgi modernaus mokslo kūrėjai. Jėzuitų įtaka mokslo raidos procesams reiškėsi per įvairius Draugijos veiklos aspektus. Svarbiausi jų įtaką lėmę veiksniai yra: a) jėzuitų mokslinės institucijos (universitetai ir kolegijos), b) ugdomoji –... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] Part one of our two-part study covers Jesuit scientific activities up to the year 1750 approximately. We examine the wide network of colleges that they established in and out of Europe in which many competent mathematicians and astronomers taught and many more studied. They did not disregard other topics and they produced a remarkable series of textbooks that had an influence beyond their schools. Although most of those who studied in their colleges did not join the Jesuit order, the skills learned and the knowledge imparted served them well in their secular activities as scientists. Indeed, many became distinguished scientists such as Rene Descartes, Marin Mersenne and Evangelista Torricelli, among others. Even Galileo Galilee, who did not attend a Jesuit college, but interacted with the leading Jesuit mathematician of the sixteenth century, Christopher Clavius, was heavily influenced by Jesuit texts that were sent to him by Clavius. The Jesuit Carlos Sommervogel in his bibliography of Jesuit authors, lists some 18 000 names. This compilation is far from complete, for not all materials of all Jesuit provinces were available to him. Approximately every third Jesuit worked in science teaching, writing or doing research. The 6 000 Jesuits who have authored at least one scientific book, textbook, or scientific paper, represent the chief input that they made to science during the two centuries that we examine here. Among these authors, an elite group of about three hundred... [to full text]

Straipsnyje aptariami Laukuvos šv. Kryžiaus atradimo bažnyčios pamatų stiprinimo darbai. Ši bažnyčia – tai romantizmo architektūros sakralinis pastatas, kurio statybai naudota savita, Lietuvos romantizmo architektūrai būdinga lauko riedulių mūro technika. Akmens mūras šio laikotarpio pastatuose galėjo išpopuliarėti net tik dėl to, kad buvo pigus, bet ir kaip meninė priemonė. Vėlesnės kartos bandė taisyti kai kuriuos šio stiliaus defektus, kurių pagrindinė priežastis – nepakankamas kalkių hidrauliškumas, skiedinių su jomis neatsparumas klimatiniams poveikiams. Laukuvos bažnyčioje atsivėrę plyšiai buvo užtaisyti cementiniu skiediniu. Vizualus kalkių skiedinio pavyzdžių įvertinimas leidžia daryti prielaidą, kad Laukuvos bažnyčios statybininkai XIX a. padarė klaidą, būdingą ir ankstesnių istorinių laikotarpių statybininkams – naudojo „riebų“ skiedinį ir palyginti stambų inertišką užpildą. Pamatų būklės zondažas parodė, kad bažnyčios pamatai buvo atremti ant medinio rostverko, kuris supuvo. Pastebėta, kad pamatų akmenis sutvirtinęs kalkinis skiedinys itin netvirtas. Nustačius pastato deformacijų priežastį tapo aišku, kad pirmiausia turi būti sustiprinti iš riedulių sumūryti pamatai. Dėl pamatų netvirtumo nebuvo įmanoma panaudoti betono mišinio vibratoriaus. Teko ruošti gana slankų betono mišinį, kurį tankinti galima rankiniu būdu. Tikimasi, kad Laukuvos bažnyčios pamatams sustiprinti panaudotas plastiškas ir stabilus betono mišinys lems ilgalaikį jo stiprumo didėjimą. The article discusses the underpinning works of the Laukuva Holy Christ Discovery Church. This church is a sacral building of the period of Romanticism, for the construction of which a peculiar bricklaying technique characteristic of architecture of the Lithuanian Romanticism was used. Stone masonry construction was popular at that time not only because it was cheap, but also because it was used as an artistic means of construction. Succeeding generations attempted to eliminate certain drawbacks of this style, which were mainly caused by the insufficient hydraulic properties of lime and disability of lime solutions to resist to climate impact. The cracks which emerged in the church of Laukuva were filled in with a concrete solution. Visual evaluation of samples of lime solutions allows assuming that the Laukuva Church constructors of the 19th century made a mistake characteristic of constructors of previous historical periods, i.e. they used a “thick” solution and a rather inert filling. The probing of the condition of the foundation demonstrated that the foundation of the church was based on the wooden grate, which rotted. It was noticed that the lime solution cementing the stones of the foundation was very shaky. Having identified the cause of the deformations of the buildings, it became clear that first of all it is necessary to strengthen the foundations laid with boulders. The shaky conditions of the foundation made it impossible to use concrete vibrators. Constructors had to prepare a rather high-flow concrete mix, which could be thickened manually. Expectations are that the plastic and stable concrete mix used to strengthen the foundation of the Church of Laukuva will determine its durability.

Šiame straipsnyje siekiama nustatyti, kaip profesinėje spaudoje atsispindi statybos versto dalyvių komunikacinės kultūros, profesinės etikos, vertybinių nuostatų, kai kurie įvaizdžio kūrimo bruožai, atsakyti į klausimą, ar analizuojamuose leidiniuose skatinami technokratinės kultūros dėmenys. Tokios analizės medžiaga - žurnalų "Statyba ir architektūra " ir" Maja, Dzivoklis I Дом, квартира." tekstų bei iliustracijų turinys. Be to, mėginama patikrinti žurnalų tipologinių modelių adekvatumą, patikslinti tipologijų požymių svarbą. Analizuojant ir lyginant šiuose žurnaluose 2000-2001 metais išspausdintą medžiagą, siekta nustatyti, kokius nuostatų keitimo ir įvaizdžio kūrimo modelius pasirenka autoriai, darytos ir platesnio pobūdžio išvados, susijusios su statybos verslo technologine raida, kultūriniais ir socialiniais procesais, vykstančiais kaimyninėse šalyse. Nustatyta, kad latvių statybininkų žurnalas orientuojasi į platesnę auditoriją, statybos technologijas, jame plėtojami aukštesni racionalumo standartai. Lietuviškas žurnalas skiriamas reprezentuoti įmones, atstovauja konservatyviam sluoksniui, kuriam būdingas neišgrynintas profesinės veiklos stilius. Dėl to šis žurnalas ne visai atitinka įprastą specialiojo žurnalo tipologinį modelį ir vadintinas verslo (amato) žurnalu. This article deals with some features of public communication culture and dominant attitudes changing model, characteristic to construction business participants. Activity features of Lithuanian and Latvian construction specialists, reflected in professional publications "Statyba ir architektūra" and "Maja, Dzivoklis", are also discussed. During the analysis and comparison of magazines, published in 2000-2001, conclusion has emerged that Latvian magazine contains more professional, technologically oriented information, while "Statyba ir architektūra" represents interests of enterprises owners and managers. Both magazines lack the "pure technocratic background" manifestation, because there peripheral attitudes changing model is widely used and status of persuaders and other secondary indications are exploited. However, the standards of rationality, expressed in Latvian issue are higher than one of Lithuanian "Statyba ir architektūra". This difference is due to technological orientation of the magazine and more active position of it's editorial board during the issue themes formation.

Straipsnyje aptariami kai kurie Lietuvos ir Latvijos statybos verslo dalyvių komunikacinės kultūros bruožai, susiję su personalijų raiška ir organizacijos įvaizdžio kūrimu profesinės spaudos puslapiuose - žurnaluose "Statyba ir architektūra" bei "Maja, Dzivoklis / ..., ........". Siekiama įvardyti priemones, kurias naudoja statybos verslo dalyviai įvaizdžiui kurti, nustatyti, kokį modelį jie pasirenka skaitytojų nuostatoms keisti ir formuoti. Paaiškėjo, kad Lietuvos organizacijų vadovai ir vyresnieji specialistai skaitytojų nuostatoms keisti ir formuoti personalijų raiškos priemonėmis mėgina taikyti du modelius - vadinamąjį centrinį ir periferinį. Pirmasis apima tokias organizacijų (vadovų) įvaizdžio kūrimo ir (ar) nuostatų keitimo metu eksponuojamas vertybes kaip dalykinė kompetencija, informuotumas, o antrasis - patirtį, aukštą socialinį bei funkcinį statusą, paternalistines apraiškas. Latvių statybininkų žurnale vyrauja centrinis nuostatų keitimo modelis, o vadovų personalijų raiška gerokai santūresnė nei lietuviškame leidinyje. The article discusses certain traits of the culture of communication of participants of the construction business in Lithuania and Latvia, pertaining to expression of personalities and development of the image of the organization in the specific professional publications, i. e. magazines "Statyba ir Architektūra" and "Maja, Dzivoklis / ..., ........". Attempts are made to identify the tools, used by the participants of the construction business for development of their image and the model, chosen for shaping and changing the readers’ attitude. It appeared that the heads and senior specialists of Lithuanian organizations, for the purpose of shaping and changing the readers’ attitude by means of personal expression, attempt to apply two models, i. e. the so-called central and peripheral. The former covers such values, exposed by organizations (their heads) during the development of the image and/or changing the attitude, as business competition and privity and the latter covers the experience, the high social and functional status and paternalistic expressions. Latvian constructionists’ magazine is more characterized with the central model of change of attitude and the expression of personalities of heads of enterprises is much more reserved than that, noted in the Lithuanian publication.