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Obesity is often accompanied by low-grade chronic inflammation and metabolic syndrome. It has been established that microbiota influences many physiological processes, including the development of obesity, and dysbiosis has been observed in obese individuals. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of a new probiotic formulation, containing two probiotic strains and the bioactive compound octacosanol, on body weight, metabolic parameters, and concentrations of certain adipocytokines and appetite-regulating hormones in obese women. This double blind placebo-controlled supplementary intervention study included twenty-five women in the intervention group and twenty-three in the placebo group, and it lasted 12 weeks. Daily oral supplementation included 7 × 1010 CFU of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 299v (DSM9843), 5 × 109 CFU of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii (DBVPG6763), and 40 mg of octacosanol or placebo. Body weight, metabolic parameters, adipocytokines, and appetite-regulating hormones were assessed before (T0) and after the intervention (T1). After the intervention, significantly lower median concentrations of CRP (p = 0.005) and IL-6 (p = 0.012) were measured in the intervention group than the baseline, while the median concentrations of ghrelin (p = 0.026) and HDL-cholesterol (p = 0.03) were significantly increased. The intervention group had lower CRP levels (p = 0.023) and higher ghrelin levels (p = 0.006) than the placebo group. Significant changes in BMI between groups were not observed. In summary, although the new probiotic formulation showed beneficial effects on IL-6, CRP, HDL, and ghrelin levels, its potential effects on regulating triglyceride, insulin, and glucose levels require further studies before the novel dietary intervention could be considered a useful adjuvant therapy and an effective strategy for the management of obesity and obesity-associated comorbidities.

Gojaznost je definisana povećanjem masne mase tela koja dovodi do narušavanja zdravlja. Gojazne osobe imaju veliki rizik za razvoj sleep apnea sindroma, hiperlipidemije, hipertenzije, koronarne vaskularne bolesti, insulinske rezistenzije i dijabetesa. Poslednjih 15 godina ekvivalentan porast prevalence gojaznosti i terminalne bubrežne slabosti uslovio je i povećan interes za ispitivanje uloge gojaznosti u nastanku gojaznošću uslovljene bolesti bubrega. Gojaznost ne samo da ubrzava progresiju već postojećeg bubrežnog oštećenja, već je i sama po sebi nezavistan faktor rizika za nastanak bubrežnog oštećenja. Najpoznatija bubrežna bolest nastala zbog gojaznosti je gojaznošću uslovljena glomerulopatija (GUG), entitet koji se karakteriše proteinurijom, glomerulomegalijom, progresivnom glomerulosklerozom i smanjenjem funkcije bubrega. Ovaj patohistološki entitet je sekundarna forma bolesti glomerula kod gojaznih bolesnika sa morfološkim karakteristikama fokalno segmentne glomeruloskleroze (FSGS) i uvećanjem glomerula ili samo uvećanjem glomerula. Srećom, sve gojazne osobe neće razviti GUG. Cilj: Cilj ove doktorske disertacije je utvrditi parametre morfometrijske i fraktalne analize glomerula, klinički tok i ishod nakon dve godine praćenja gojaznih i negojaznih ispitanika. Metode: Studija je obavljena na Klinici za nefrologiju, Kliničkog centra Srbije u periodu od 2015. do 2017.godine. Patohistološka analiza tkiva bubrega obavljena je na Institutu za patologiju, Medicinskog fakulteta. U studiju je uključeno 125 ispitanika (77 muškaraca, prosečne starosti 46.92±15.10 godina) kod kojih postavljena dijagnoza: fokalno segmentne glomeruloskleroze, IgA nefropatije, membranoznog glomerulonefritisa, membranoproliferativnog glomerulonefritisa, bolest minimalnih promena, dijabetesne nefropatije i nefroangioskleroze. Na osnovu indeksa telesne mase ispitanici su podeljeni u dve grupe: gojazni (BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2- 63 ispitanika, prosečne starosti 50.1±15.1 godina) i negojazni (BMI< 27 kg/m2, Obesity is defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health. Obese persons are at a greater risc to develop sleep apnea syndrome, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, coronary vascular disease, insulin resistance and diabetes. During the last 15 years there has been an equivalent dramatic rise in the prevalence of obesity and end stage renal disease, increasing the interest on the role of obesity- related kidney disease. Obesity not only increases the risk preexisting renal disease progression, but is itself also the independent risk factor of renal injury. The best known renal disease secondary to obesity is obesity related glomerulopathy (ORG), a distinct entity featuring proteinuria, glomerulomegalia, progressive glomerulosclerosis and renal functional decline. This pathohistological entity is described as a secondary form of glomerular disease in obese patients with morphological characteristics of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and enlargement of the glomeruli, or only by enlargement of the glomeruli. Fortunately, not all obese persons develop ORG. Aim: The aim of this dissertation was to evaluate the glomerular morphometry, fractal analysis parameters, clinical features and two years outcome in obese and non-obese patients. Methods: The study was performed at the Clinic of Nephrology, Clinical center of Serbia in the period between 2015 and 2017 year. The pathohistological analysis of kidney tissue was done at the Institute for Pathology, School of Medicine. The study included 125 patients (77 males, mean age 46.92±15.10 years) who were diagnosed with one of the following diseases: focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), IgA nephropathy, membranous glomerulonephritis, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, minimal change disease, diabetic nephropathy and nephroangiosclerosis. Based on BMI patients were divided into two groups: obese (BMI≥ 27 kg/m2- 63 patients, mean age 50.1±15.1 years) and non-obese (BMI< 27 kg/m2- 62

Gojaznost je povezana sa promenama funkcije adipoznog tkiva, što vodi u insulinsku rezistenciju (IR) i hroničnu upalu niskog stepena. Hiperhomocisteinemija je nađena kod pacijenata sa metaboličkim sindromom (MS) i vaskularnim komplikacijama. Hiperhomocisteinemija korelira sa IR, povećava oksidativni stres, koji uzrokuje endotelne lezije i disfunkciju, doprinoseći hipertenziji i aterosklerozi. Ciljevi: Ciljevi ove studije bili su ispitivanje faktora MS kod osoba sa MS, u odnosu na osobe bez MS, kao i stepen korelacije homocisteina sa faktorima MS. Ispitivanje korelacije siMS skora, siMS skora rizika sa osnovnim i pridruženim faktorima MS. Metode: Studija obuhvata 148 ispitanika (>30 godina, ITM>25kg/m2) koji su podeljeni u dve grupe: I - sa MS (68 pacijenata); II – bez MS (80 pacijenta). Merenja su uključivala: antropometriju, lipide, poremećaj glikoregulacije i faktore inflamacije. IR je određena putem HOMA-IR. ATP-III klasifikacija je korišćena za dijagnozu MS. Rezultati: Statistička značajnost između grupa nađena je za faktore MS (obim struka, glikemiju, trigliceride, sistolni i dijastolni pritisak, HDL-holesterol) i pridružene faktore MS (CRP, HOMA-IR, mokraćna kiselina, ALT (alanin aminotransferaza) i GGT (gama glutamil transferaza)). SiMS skor je korelirao sa homocisteinom, logCRP, mokraćnom kiselinom, logHOMA-IR, logALT, logGGT, trombocitima, fibrinogenom, proteinima i kreatininom. SiMS skor rizika statistički značajno korelirao je sa homocisteinom, trombocitima, mokraćnom kiselinom, ureom, albuminima i proteinima. Zaključak: Pacijenti sa MS imali su povećanu stomačnu gojaznost, hipertenziju, hipertrigliceridemiju, faktore inflamacije, IR, mokraćnu kiselinu i parametre funkcije jetre. Korelacija siMS skora sa homocisteinom, CRP i mokraćnom kiselinom, fibrinogenom, HOMA-IR, logALT, logGGT, ukazuje da su oni pridruženi faktori MS. Korelacija siMS skora rizika sa homocisteinom ukazuje da se hiperhomocisteinemija povećava sa godinama. Hiperhomocisteinemija je pove, Patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) and vascular complications have higher values of homocysteine. Hyperhomocysteinemia correlates with IR, increasing oxidative stress. Oxidative stress causes lesions of vascular endothelium leading to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension and atherosclerosis. Objective: The objectives of the study were: to examine MS factors in patients with and without MS, as a correlation between homocysteine and MS factors; to examine correlation of siMS score and siMS risc score with MS factors and MS co-founding factors. Methods: The study included 148 obese individuals (age over 30, body mass index (BMI) >25 kg/m2), classified into two groups: I - with MS (68 patients); II - without MS (80 patients). Measurements included: anthropometry, lipids, glucose regulation parameters and inflammation parameters. IR was determined by HOMA IR. ATP-III classification was applied for diagnosing MS. Results: A significant difference between groups was found for MS factors (waist cicumference, glycaemia, blood pressure, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol) and MS co-founding factors (CRP, HOMA-IR, uric acid, ALT (alanine aminotransferase) and GGT (gama glutamil transferase)). The siMS score confirmed significant correlation with homocysteine, logCRP, uric acid, logHOMA-IR, logALT, logGGT, thrombocytes, fibrinogen, proteins and creatinine. siMS risk score showed a statistically significant correlation with homocysteine, uric acid, thrombocytes, urea, albumin and total proteins. Conclusion: Patients with MS had increased abdominal obesity, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, inflammation factors, IR, uric acid and liver function parameters. Correlation of siMS score with homocysteine, fibrinogen, CRP and acidum uricum indicates that they are co-founding factors of MS. siMS risk score correlation with homocysteine indicates that hyperhomocysteinemia increases with age. Hyperhomocysteinemia is linked with genetic factors and family nutritional scheme, increasing t

The aim of this PhD thesis was to compare two breeds of cows with different genetic potential in relation to the milk production and to investigate adaptive changes in metabolism that lead to high milk production, with a possible negative impact on reproductive activity. 8 high yielding Holstein cows (kept on commercial and industrial type farms) and 8 low milk production Buša cows (kept in extensive farming, grazing) was selected. All cows were in the final stages of pregnancy. Blood samples from all cows were taken 14 days prior to, and 14, 30 and 50 days after parturition, and in all samples were determined glucose, BHBA, NEFA, total protein, albumin, urea, total bilirubin, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, cholesterol and triglycerides concentration, AST and GGT activity, the concentration of hormones (insulin, T3, T4, estradiol and IGF I) and the relative presence of IGF binding proteins (IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3). Intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT) were carried out ante partum (14 days before calving) and post partum (14 days after calving), glucose and insulin kinetics parameters were determined and indicators of insulin resistance were calculated : RQUICKI, QUICKI and HOMA. Tissue samples of liver, muscle and adipose tissue, in which the presence of insulin receptors was determined, biopsies were taken 14 days before and 14 days after calving.In muscle and fat tissue samples the presence of GLUT-4 were determined. Evaluation of reproductive activity was carried out by observation of external genital organs, transrectal palpation and ultrasound examination of the uterus and ovaries 30 days after calving. BHBA concentration in the blood of Holstein cows, in relation to the Buša cows, was significantly higher 30, and significantly lower 50 days after calving, while the bilirubinaemia were substantially lower 30 and 50 days after calving, and significantly higher on day 14 after calving. Proteinaemia of the Holstein breed in relation to the Buša cows was signi, Cilј ove doktorske disertacije bio je da se kod dve rase različitog genetskog potencijala u odnosu na proizvodnju mleka ispitaju adaptivne promene u metabolizmu koje su dovele do visoke proizvodnje mleka, uz mogući negativan uticaj na reproduktivnu aktivnost. Odabrano je 8 visokomlečnih holštajn krava (drţanih na farmama komercijalno-industrijskog tipa) i 8 niskomlečnih buša krava (drţanih u ekstenzivnom uzgoju na paši). Sve krave su bile u poslednjoj fazi graviditeta. Uzorci krvi od svih krava uzimani su 14 dana pre, kao i 14., 30. i 50. dana nakon telјenja i u njima je odreĎena koncentracija glukoze, BHBA, NEFA, ukupnih proteina, albumina, uree, ukupnog bilirubina, kalcijuma, fosfora, magnezijuma, holesterola, triglicerida, aktivnosti AST i GGT, koncentracije hormona (insulina, T3, T4, estradiola i IGF I) i relativna zastuplјenost IGF vezujućih proteina (IGFBP-2 i IGFBP-3). Testovi intravenskog opterećenja glukozom (IVGTT) su vršeni antepartalno (14 dana pre telјenja) i postpartalno (14 dana posle telјenja), odreĎeni su parametri kinetike glukoze i insulina i izračunati pokazatelјi insulinske rezistencije: RQUICKI, QUICKI i HOMA. Uzorci tkiva jetre, mišićnog i masnog tkiva, u kojima je odreĎena zastupljenost insulinskih receptora, uzeti su biopsijom 14. dana pre i 14. dana nakon telјenja. U uzorcima mišićnog i masnog tkiva odreĎivana i zastuplјenost GLUT-4. Procena reproduktivne aktivnosti vršena je observacijom spolјašnjih genitalnih organa, transrektalnom palpacijom i ultrasonografskim pregledom materice i jajnika 30. dana nakon telјenja. Koncentracija BHBA je u krvi krava holštajn rase, u odnosu na buše, bila značajno viša 30., a značajno niţa 50. dana posle telјenja, dok je bilirubinemija bila značajno niţa 30. i 50. dana posle teljenja, a značajno viša 14. dana posle telјenja. Proteinemija kod krava rase holštajn u odnosu na buše je bila značajno viša 14. dana pre, 14. i 30. dana posle teljenja, a značajno niţa 50. dana posle telјenja, dok je albuminemija bil

Cilј ove doktorske disertacije bio je da se kod dve rase različitog genetskog potencijala u odnosu na proizvodnju mleka ispitaju adaptivne promene u metabolizmu koje su dovele do visoke proizvodnje mleka, uz mogući negativan uticaj na reproduktivnu aktivnost. Odabrano je 8 visokomlečnih holštajn krava (drţanih na farmama komercijalno-industrijskog tipa) i 8 niskomlečnih buša krava (drţanih u ekstenzivnom uzgoju na paši). Sve krave su bile u poslednjoj fazi graviditeta. Uzorci krvi od svih krava uzimani su 14 dana pre, kao i 14., 30. i 50. dana nakon telјenja i u njima je odreĎena koncentracija glukoze, BHBA, NEFA, ukupnih proteina, albumina, uree, ukupnog bilirubina, kalcijuma, fosfora, magnezijuma, holesterola, triglicerida, aktivnosti AST i GGT, koncentracije hormona (insulina, T3, T4, estradiola i IGF I) i relativna zastuplјenost IGF vezujućih proteina (IGFBP-2 i IGFBP-3). Testovi intravenskog opterećenja glukozom (IVGTT) su vršeni antepartalno (14 dana pre telјenja) i postpartalno (14 dana posle telјenja), odreĎeni su parametri kinetike glukoze i insulina i izračunati pokazatelјi insulinske rezistencije: RQUICKI, QUICKI i HOMA. Uzorci tkiva jetre, mišićnog i masnog tkiva, u kojima je odreĎena zastupljenost insulinskih receptora, uzeti su biopsijom 14. dana pre i 14. dana nakon telјenja. U uzorcima mišićnog i masnog tkiva odreĎivana i zastuplјenost GLUT-4. Procena reproduktivne aktivnosti vršena je observacijom spolјašnjih genitalnih organa, transrektalnom palpacijom i ultrasonografskim pregledom materice i jajnika 30. dana nakon telјenja. Koncentracija BHBA je u krvi krava holštajn rase, u odnosu na buše, bila značajno viša 30., a značajno niţa 50. dana posle telјenja, dok je bilirubinemija bila značajno niţa 30. i 50. dana posle teljenja, a značajno viša 14. dana posle telјenja. Proteinemija kod krava rase holštajn u odnosu na buše je bila značajno viša 14. dana pre, 14. i 30. dana posle teljenja, a značajno niţa 50. dana posle telјenja, dok je albuminemija bil, The aim of this PhD thesis was to compare two breeds of cows with different genetic potential in relation to the milk production and to investigate adaptive changes in metabolism that lead to high milk production, with a possible negative impact on reproductive activity. 8 high yielding Holstein cows (kept on commercial and industrial type farms) and 8 low milk production Buša cows (kept in extensive farming, grazing) was selected. All cows were in the final stages of pregnancy. Blood samples from all cows were taken 14 days prior to, and 14, 30 and 50 days after parturition, and in all samples were determined glucose, BHBA, NEFA, total protein, albumin, urea, total bilirubin, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, cholesterol and triglycerides concentration, AST and GGT activity, the concentration of hormones (insulin, T3, T4, estradiol and IGF I) and the relative presence of IGF binding proteins (IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3). Intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT) were carried out ante partum (14 days before calving) and post partum (14 days after calving), glucose and insulin kinetics parameters were determined and indicators of insulin resistance were calculated : RQUICKI, QUICKI and HOMA. Tissue samples of liver, muscle and adipose tissue, in which the presence of insulin receptors was determined, biopsies were taken 14 days before and 14 days after calving.In muscle and fat tissue samples the presence of GLUT-4 were determined. Evaluation of reproductive activity was carried out by observation of external genital organs, transrectal palpation and ultrasound examination of the uterus and ovaries 30 days after calving. BHBA concentration in the blood of Holstein cows, in relation to the Buša cows, was significantly higher 30, and significantly lower 50 days after calving, while the bilirubinaemia were substantially lower 30 and 50 days after calving, and significantly higher on day 14 after calving. Proteinaemia of the Holstein breed in relation to the Buša cows was signi

Uvod: Primarni hipotireoidizam je kliniĉki sindrom uzrokovan nedostatkom ili neadekvatnim efektima tireoidnih hormona. Povećan rizik od nastanka ubrzane ateroskleroze kao i njene ispoljenosti kod obolelih od primarnog hipotireoidizma moţe se objasniti prisustvom dislipidemije, dijastolne hipertenzije, povećane arterijske krutosti, endotelne disfunkcije, kao i stanjem hiperkoagulabilnosti i inflamacije niskog stepena. Kardiovaskularno ispoljavanje ubrzane ateroskleroze kod obolelih od primarne hipotireoze se ogleda kroz povećan rizik od koronarne bolesti i srĉane insuficijencije, koje su opisane kod razliĉitog stepena ispoljenosti hipotireoidizma i starosne dobi, prevashodno kada je nivo TSH >10mIU/ml. Smanjena produkcija azot oksida (NO) se smatra potencijalno reverzibilnim uzrokom endotelne disfunkcije u supkliniĉkom i kliniĉkom hipotireoidizmu. Sve promene u kardiovaskularnom sistemu u stanjima hipotireoidizma se registruju u neleĉenom primarnom hipotireoidizmu, a vraćaju se delimiĉno ili potpuno na prethodno stanje nakon adekvatne supstitucije levotiroksinom. Nakon dijagnostikovanja kliniĉkog primarnog hipotireoidizma, odmah se pristupa tretmanu levotiroksinom, dok je u sluĉajevima supkliniĉkog hipotireoidizma tretman nedvosmislen kod onih kod kojih se oĉekuje korist (mlade osobe, planiranje trudnoće, trudnoća), kao i kod onih sa nivoom TSH >10mIU/ml. Kod obolelih sa nivoom TSH izmeĊu 4 i 10mIU/ml, individualnim pristupom se odreĊuje da li osobu treba tretirati ili ne, privremeno ili trajno. Prisustvo dislipidemije moţe biti jedan od razloga za uvoĊenje terapije levotiroksinom. Cilj ove doktorske disertacije je bio da se ispita da li koncentracija nitrita (NO2), stabilnog i jednostavno merljivog metabolita NO, moţe biti potencijalni dodatni parametar za uvoĊenje terapije levotiroksinom kod hipotireoidnih, prevashodno supkliniĉkih ispitanika. Radna hipoteza ove doktorske disertacije je bila: da li promena u koncentraciji NO2, kao pokazatelja ateroskleroze, moţe bi

Cilj rada: Ispitati uticaj gojaznosti i pridruţenih bolesti na kvalitet ţivota i seksualnost kod ţena u menopauzi. Metode: Studijom su obuhvaćene 73 ţene u menopauzi koje su podeljene u dve grupe: gojazne ţene (osnovna grupa, inteks telesne mase (ITM) ≥ 26.7 kg/m2) i normalno uhranjene ţene (kontrolna grupa, ITM < 26.7 kg/m2). Svim ispitanicama su merene antropometrijske karakteristike i krvni pritisak. Krv je uzima u 08:00 za: glikemiju našte, trigliceride, ukupni holesterol, HDL holesterol, LDL holesterol, apolipoprotein A (Apo A), apolipoprotein B (Apo B), lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), C-reactivni protein (CRP), fibrinogen, folikulostimulišući hormon (FSH), luteinizirajući hormon (LH), estradiol (E2), prolactin (PRL), progesteron (P), testosteron (T), polni hormon – vezujući globulin (SHBG), androstenedion (AD), 17-Hidroksiprogesteron (17OHP) i dehidroepiandrosteron sulfat (DHEAS). Sve ispitanice su popunjavale dva uputnika: McCoy upitnik o seksualnom ţivotu ţena (MFSO) i generički upitnik za ispitivanje kvaliteta ţivota - SF-36. Rezultati: Gojazne ţene su imale statistički značajno više vrednosti starosti, antropometrijskih parametara, trajanja menopauze, sistolnog i dijastolnog krvnog pritiska, E2 i CRP – a. Normalno uhranjene ţene su imale statistički značajno više vrednosti FSH, LH, SHBG – a, ukupnog i LDL holesterola. MFSO upitnik je pokazao da gojazne ţene značajno manje osećaju bol tokom seksualnog odnosa u odnosu na normalno uhranjene ţene. Ukupan skor za gojazne ţene je bio 3.48, a za kontrolnu grupu 4.09 od mogućih 7. Rezultati SF–36 upitnika su pokazali da nema značajne razlike u kvalitetu ţivota meĎu ispitivanim grupama. Konačan skor za fizičko zdravlje kod gojaznih ţena je iznosio 45.39, a kod normalno uhranjenih 48.12 od mogućih 100. Kada je u pitanju mentalno zdravlje, ukupan skor za gojazne ţene je iznosio 48.04, a za kontrolnu grupu 42.95. U osnovnoj grupi statistički značajne negativne korelacije su utvrĎene izmeĎu: HDL holesterola i zadovoljstva part, Objective: To assess influence of obesity and related disturbances on sexuality and quality of life (QoL) in the menopause. Methods: The study included 73 women in the menopause, who where divided into groups: obese (BMI ≥ 26.7 kg/m2) and controls (BMI < 26.7 kg/m2). Anthropometric characteristics and blood pressure were measured. Blood was taken at 08:00 for fasting glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein A (Apo A), apolipoprotein B (Apo B), lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL), estradiol (E2), progesterone, testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), androstenedion (AD), 17- Hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS). All the participants filled in two questionnaires: McCoy Female Sexual Questionnaire (MFSO) and SF- 36 questionnaire for the assessment of Quality of Life (QoL). Results: Obese women have had significantly higher values of age, anthropometric parameters, time since menopause, sistolic and diastolic blood pressure, E2 and CRP. Controls have had significantly higher values of FSH, LH, SHBG, total and LDL cholesterol. Related to McCoy questionnaire obese women have had less frequent pain during sexual intercourse. Total score for obese women was 3.48, while for controls 4.09 (maximum was 7). SF-36 questionnaire showed that there was no significant difference in the quality of life between two groups. Total score for physical health in obese women was 45.39, while in controls 48.12 (maximum was 100). Total score for mental health in obese participants was 48.04, while for controls 42.95. In basic group statistically significant negative correlations were found between: HDL cholesterol and satisfaction with partner as a lower, sistolic blood pressure and limitation due to physical and emotional health; significant positive correlations of testosterone with arousal, fre

Hypothyroidism requires thyroxine replacement, regardlesss thyroidectomy was performed or not. The goal of this research was to determine how different groups of drugs – ACE inhibitors, selective beta blockators, Ca antagonists, nitrates, statins, or different combinations of these drugs affect TSH level at the patients on the thyroxine replacement therapy after total thyroidectomy. Research took place in 2012 and was performed on the outpatients that check their chormones at Department of Nuclear Medicine in Clinical Center Kragujevac. 247 patients were divided into groups depending on which drugs they had been prescribed. The control group involved patients taking just thyroxine without other medication. TSH level of patients in control group was compared with TSH level of patients in groups taking other drugs. Our study showed that patients that use selective beta bloskators have significantly higher level of TSH than patients that don’t take these drugs. TSH level in the grops of patients using all other drugs did not differ from the control group.

Инфекција паразитом T. gondii се зове токсоплазмоза и представља једну од најраспрострањенијих антропозооноза. Истраживања патогенезе токсоплазмозе, у in vitro условима, су показала да T. gondii не може да синтетише холестерол, већ га мора преузети од ћелије домаћина. Како су међутим подаци о утицају ове инфекције на липидни метаболизам домаћина у in vivo условима веома оскудни, предмет ове тезе је било истраживање утицаја експерименталне инфекције T. gondii на серумски и ткивни липидни метаболизам домаћина. У експериментима смо користили женке мишева соја Swiss-Webster, старе шест недеља које смо инфицирали са 8 цисти BGD соја T. gondii путем орофарингеалне гаваже. У првом експерименталном моделу смо анализирали динамику кретања серумских липида мерећи укупни серумски холестерол, HDL, LDL и треиглицериде код инфицираних и контролних мишева након 7, 14, 21, 28 и 42 дана од експерименталне инфекције. Након 42 дана, мишеви су жртвовани а у мозговима су анализиране цисте паразита. У другом експерименталном моделу смо жртвовали групе од 6-12 мишева 14 и 42 дана након инфекције и анализирали елементе ткивног липидног метаболизма (рецепторе за HDL и LDL, аполипопротеине А-I и Б-100, транспортни протеин ABCA1, и ензим HMG-CoA редуктазу) у ткиву јетре и мозга инфицираних и контролних животиња. Резултати нашег истраживања су показали значајан пад серумских вредности укупног холестерола и HDL-a, код инфицираних животиња од 14. па до 42. дана и позитивну корелацију овог пада са бројем цисти у мозгу индивидуално праћених мишева, након 42 дана од инфекције (p<0,05). Поред серумског, долази и до поремећаја ткивног липидног метаболизма у смислу снижења генске експресије рецептора за HDL у јетри 14. дана и пораста активности LDL рецептора у мозгу 42. дана код инфицираних животиња (p<0,05). Додатно, 42. дана у мозгу инфицираних животиња долази и до пораста активности транспортног протеина ABCA1, као и ензима HMG-CoA редуктазе (p<0,05). На основу изложених резултата можемо закључити, T. gondii infection is called toxoplasmosis and it is one of the most prevalent anthropozoonosis. Investigations of toxoplasmosis pathogenesis in the in vitro conditions have showed that T. gondii cannot synthesize cholesterol and therefore takes it from host cells. Since there is very limited information on lipid metabolism during T. gondii infection in the in vivo conditions, the aim of this work was to analyze the influence of experimental T. gondii infection on host serum and tissue lipid metabolism in the in vivo conditions. Six-week old female Swiss-Webster mice on regular diet were inoculated with 8 cysts of the Toxoplasma BGD-1 strain or left uninfected to serve as controls. In the first experimental model, infected and control mice were bled at day 0 and 42 post-infection (p.i.), and subgroups of 6-12 mice were bled weekly at alternative weeks for the measurement of total, HDL, and LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. At d42 p.i., all brains were harvested for cyst enumeration. In model 2, groups of infected and control mice were sacrificed at, d14 and d42, for measurement of gene expression of HDL and LDL receptors, apolipoproteins A-I and B-100, transport protein ABCA1 and enzyme HMG-CoA reductase in brain and liver of infected mice We showed that there was a significant decrease in HDL, and in total Chl, in infected vs. control mice at d14 which persisted up to d42. This drop was in positive correlation with number of cysts in brain. In addition there was a tissue lipid metabolism alteration in infected mice. There was a gene expression decrease in liver HDL receptor at d14 and increase in brain LDL receptor expression at d 42. Additionally, there was an increase in gene expression of ABCA1 and HMG-CoA reductase in brain of infected animals at d42 post infection. On the basis of our in vivo results, we concluded that T. gondii uses host cholesterol for its growth and consequently induces a decrease in host reverse cholesterol transport from brain to

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) is a gene candidate for the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We investigated the association of the PPAR gamma Pro12Ala gene with the onset of T2DM for the first time in the Serbian population. The study population consisted of 197 controls and 163 T2DM patients. The 12Ala allele tended to be more frequent in the group of T2DM patients (0.11) compared to the control subjects (0.09). The results from this study indicate that the PPAR gamma(2) 12Ala allele presents a non-significant risk factor for T2DM development in the Serbian population.