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Modern trends in phytochemical extraction from alternative crops support the use of alternative technologies, such as ultrasound- and microwave-assisted extractions. Considering the reduction of toxic solvents, rapid and effective extraction process, the abovementioned technologies have become the foundation of green chemistry approaches in a wide range of applications. These extractions have not been studied on Satureja kitaibelii Wierzb. ex Heuff, which is a highly potent plant when considering its aromatic and medicinal properties. This preliminary study presents an in vitro evaluation of biological activities of ultrasound- and microwave-assisted extracts of S. kitaibelii, for the first time. Furthermore, it offers a totally green, modern, fast and reproducible method for extraction of phytochemicals from S. kitaibelii herba (Rtanj Mountain, Serbia). This short communication suggests that the applied microwave-assisted extraction, using only water as the solvent, can be a promising approach for obtaining green products with commercial potential. Keywords: ultrasound-assisted extraction; microwave-assisted extraction

In this work phytochemical characterization of two medicinal plants from Lamiaceae family, Mentha rotundifolia and Satureja calamintha, has been carried out. Extracts obtained with different solvents were screened for different plant secondary metabolites and were biologically characterized by defining their antiradical and antibacterial activities. Phytochemical screening of M. rotundifolia and S. calamintha confirmed their richness in different secondary metabolites. The determination of phenolic compounds revealed high polyphenols contents in water: methanol (30:70) extracts with concentrations of 20.64±1.74 mg EAG/g DW and 13.45±0.91 mg EAG/g DW for M. rotundifolia and S. calamintha, respectively. These extracts were also characterized by high concentrations of flavonoids (Mentha rotundifolia 12.33±1.58 mg EQ/g DW, Satureja calamintha 7.11±0.02 mg EQ/g DW). Furthermore, the water: methanol (30:70) extract of M. rotundifolia was the most effective in inhibiting free radicals. Recorded inhibition diameters for both plant samples and tested microbial strains ranged from 6.66 mm to 13.66 mm. Presented results confirmed that tested indigenous Algerian plants are favorable sources of polyphenols with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.

Ephedra alata, Ononis angustissima, and Genista saharae are endemic Algerian plants with pharmacological potential, used for centuries in traditional medicine. Herein the efficiency of subcritical water extraction (SWE) of phenols and flavonoids from these plants was evaluated by spectrophotometric assays. The most important operational parameters of the technique (temperature, pressure, time) were optimized for each plant based on phenols yield. At defined optimal extraction conditions (140ºC for E. alata, 155ºC for O. angustissima and G. saharae, 50 bars, 15min), maximum contents of phenols in the extracts were 16.13, 18.33, and 21.12 mg GAE/g dry weight, for E. alata, O. angustissima, and G. saharae, respectively. Considering the safety of the used solvent, excellent yields of phenols and short extraction time, subcritical water extraction can efficiently be used in exploitation of pharmacological potentials of the studied plants.

The work focuses on the study of two brown algae Dictyota dichotoma and Dictyopteris membranacea. Extracts obtained by different organic solvents (dichloromethane, hexane, acetone, methanol, chloroform) were screened for their DPPH antiradical activity, whereas essential oils obtained by steam distillation were chemically characterized by GC-MS. Steam distillation yielded 0.07 and 0.095% of the essential oils for Dictyota dichotoma and Dictyopteris membranacea, respectively. The chemical screening of the essential oils of Dictyopteris membranacea and Dictyota dichotoma showed similar chemical profiles. Namely, trans-anethole showed to be the main component in both studied oils, yielding 12.28% and 10.70% for Dictyopteris membranacea and Dictyota dichotoma, respectively. Antioxidant activity of extracts was expressed by IC50 values and was in the range 0.375-1.72 mg/ml.

In this work, anti-atherogenic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects of a herbal mixture, rich in polyphenols, and composed of 35% of buckthorn bark (Frangulae cortex), 20% of mint leaves (Menthae piperita folium), 20% of caraway fruit (Carvi fructus) and 25% of parsley fruit (Petroselinum fructus) were studied by monitoring biochemical parameters in experimental animals. Experimental animals (Wistar rats) were subjected to five different feeding regimes. Plasma levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, cholesterol bound to high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and cholesterol linked to low-density lipoproteins (LDL) were monitored in different time periods. The feces of experimental animals was analysed for seven bile acids, as well as for total cholesterol. Simultaneously, the activities of alanine aminotranferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured. The introduction of herbal mixture into fatty food did not have significant influence on enzyme activities; however, the effect on induced hyperlipidemia was significant. Total atherogenic index was reduced by 43.3%, whereas total cholesterol and cholesterol bound to low density lipoproteins were reduced by 18.2% and 18.8%, respectively. Total bile acids concentrations dropped by 13.2%, whereas cholesterol was reduced by 33%. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije: Functional products of cereal for persons with metabolic disorders]

The study deals with mineral characterization of natural waters from South-East Serbia. The contents of aluminium, arsenic, calcium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, cooper, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, sodium, nickel, lead and zinc were analysed in spring, ground and river waters by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) technique. The study area was in the Southern Serbia, and included slopes of Rtanj, Ozren, Bukovik, Vrdenik and Čemernik mountains, and the valley of South Morava. Obtained contents were compared with Serbian regulations on the quality of water for human use, and directive of World Health Organization (WHO) for maximum allowed concentrations of chemical substances. High contents of macro-elements, namely calcium, magnesium and potassium, were detected in several spring and ground water samples which are believed to be due to direct influence of rock minerals. Some water samples contained iron, manganese and copper in concentration up to 84.2 μg dm-3, 8.10 μg dm-3 and 14.9 μg dm-3, respectively, but within the permissible limits. Other heavy metals were not detected in analysed samples. Based on the derived results, tested ground and spring water samples have significant potential to be used as sources for the production of bottled water, but further investigations are necessary. Additional investigations have to be focused on complete physical, chemical and microbiological assessments of water resources. Systematic hydrogeological assessment also should be performed in all seasons. In the meantime, precautionary measures should be immediately taken to protect and preserve these water resources. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR 31014]

The relationships between the contents of various metals (Cu, Ni, Pb and Al) in 38 different milk chocolate samples were studied using a chemometric approach. The chemometric expressions were generated using a training set of 25 chocolate samples and the predictive ability of the resulting models was evaluated against a test set of 13 chocolate samples. The chemometric analysis was based on the application of multiple linear regression analysis (MLR). MLR was performed in order to select the significant models for predicting the metal contents. The MLR equations that represent the content of one metal as a function of the contents of other metals were established. High agreement between experimental and predicted values, obtained in the validation procedure, indicated the good quality of the models. It enables the researchers to establish reliable relationships between the contents of various metals which can be used for their prediction in different types of chocolate prior to their analysis. This can reduce the trial-and-error element and experimental costs in the production.[Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 31055, br. 172012 i br. 172014]

An experimental study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the quality of the lipid fraction of Serbian biscuits. Total fat contents of the biscuit samples ranged between 10.2% and 24.5%. The saturated, cis-monounsaturated and cis-polyunsaturated fatty acid contents were within the ranges of 18.585.6%, 10.649.9% and 2.713.3% of total fatty acids, respectively. The content of trans fatty acids (TFA) ranged from 0.0% to 42.5% and the mean was 10.2%. In a total of 34 investigated samples, 10 of them were found to be trans - free, 8 contained low level of TFA (under 2%), 4 samples contained between 2 and 10% of TFA, while 12 samples contained very high amounts of TFA (12.042.5%). The results obtained showed a considerable variability in fatty acid composition of biscuits which indicated that different types of fats and oils were used for production of biscuits in Serbia.

Arsenic is a naturally occurring toxic and carcinogenic element. The degree of the toxicity depends on its chemical form and the concentration. Application of a sensitive, selective, simple and rapid method for detection and monitoring of different oxidation states of arsenic in waters is of great importance because main route of population exposure is through drinking water. In this work chronopotentiometric stripping analysis (CSA) was used for the determination of As(III) and As(V) in tap, well, river and rain waters from Vojvodina (Serbia). Gold film electrode on the glassy carbon support was used as the working electrode. The experimental parameters of the technique were investigated and optimized. Detection limit of the method for the electrolysis time of 600 s was 2 μg/dm3 of As(III).

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in soil samples from forty different locations in Vojvodina. The samples were Soxhlet extracted cleaned-up and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in the selected ion monitoring mode (SIM). Each PAH was separately quantified using an eight-point calibration of mixed standard solutions in the range between 0.25 and 10 μg/cm3. The sum of the 16 US Environmental Protection Agency PAHs analyzed in the soil samples varied from 0.043 to 1.362 mg/kg of dry soil.

The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) for 16 individual PAHs from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) list (naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphtene, fluorene, phenanthrene antrachene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h) anthracene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene) were determined by Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Determination was performed by SCAN (digital linear scanning) and SIM (selected ion monitoring) techniques preceded by the optimization of the experimental factors. The limit of detection obtained by the SCAN technique was in the range of 0.179 – 15.236 ng, and the quantitation limit in the range of 1.017 – 50.788 ng. SIM technique enabled LOD and LOQ in the range of 0.036 – 13.886 pg and 0.119 – 46.287 pg respectively.

The influence of the most important experimental factors in chronopotentiometric stripping analysis (CSA) of selenium( IV) using mercury film working electrode was examined. Interferences of copper, iron and lead were investigated as well. The possibility of avoiding prolonged deaeration of the solution was examined by applying medium exchange modification of the technique, where the dissolution of the deposit was performed in calcium-chloride solution. Detection limits obtained for the modification of the CSA with prior deaeration and medium exchange modification were 0.4 μg/dmJ and 1.15μg/dmJ, respectively. Accuracy of the defined techniques has been confirmed by analysing reference material (RM 8436) -wheat durum flour. The results obtained by applying both modifications of the technique showed a very good agreement of total selenium content with declareted value.

In this research, the efficiency of degradation of different organic contaminant classes, including pesticides (tembotrione, clomazone), pharmaceuticals (ciprofloxacin, 17α-ethinyl estradiol) and mycotoxins (zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1) with subcritical water treatment was studied in model systems. All experiments were conducted in a house-made batch-type pilot reactor. The research was focused on the optimization of the treatment parameters using moderate treatment conditions. Optimization of the remediation processes of water contaminated with 17α-ethinyl estradiol, tembotrione, clomazone, and ciprofloxacin, was conducted through testing with different homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, as well as different gas atmospheres (nitrogen and carbon dioxide) for pressurization of the process system. Mycotoxins in water were degraded without catalysts and all experiments were conducted in nitrogen atmosphere. Optimization was conducted through defining the optimal combination of the treatment temperature and time, oriented towards energy saving and minimization of the technical requirements. The degradation efficiency in all tested samples was determined via HPLC analysis. Study showed the full degradation of tembotrione and all tested mycotoxins at 200 °C without a need for a catalyst. The efficiency of degradation of other tested pollutants at 200 °C was satisfying and within the range of 89.5% (clomazone) to 98.7% (17α-ethinyl estradiol). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orange peels, generally considered as waste, were treated with subcritical water (SWE)—a green technology and environmentally friendly extraction process—at different temperatures (120–200 °C) and extraction times (5–60 min). The extracts which were obtained were chemically and biologically characterised to evaluate this potential source of bioactive compounds. The extracts total phenolics content (TPC) and total flavonoids contents (TFC), as well as total antioxidant capacity (TAC), DPPH radical scavenging activity, and total carbohydrate content, were determined by UV spectrophotometry. The pectin content was quantified by a gravimetric method. The dietary fibre content was investigated, and a phytochemical screening assay was performed. The extract obtained at 120 °C for 5 min displayed the highest TPC (45.45 mg GAE/g DW), TFC (9.29 mg RE/g DW), and TAC (130.47 mg AAE/g DW), indicating that relatively low temperatures and extremely short extraction times can be used in SWE to obtain orange peel extracts that are rich in bioactive compounds. The results of this study demonstrate the exceptional potential of orange peel extracts obtained with SWE. As shown, this biowaste represents a promising source of health-promoting compounds that could be used in pharmaceutical and dietary products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Achillea has significant medical potential due to the presence of highly bioactive compounds in its chemical composition. To take advantage of plants' biomedical potential, it is of great importance to use a proper extraction process. This study aimed to determine and compare the preliminary chemical composition of five different Achillea species extracted with two conventional (infusion and maceration) and two non-conventional (ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and Subcritical water extraction (SWE)) techniques. The extracts were prepared using the previously described procedures for infusion, maceration, UAE and SWE extraction. For all extracts, the extraction yield (dry extract (DE)) was determined. The analyzed extracts were preliminarily chemically characterized spectrophotometrically in terms of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). The obtained results showed that non-conventional techniques delivered higher values of TPC and TFC than conventional. There is a statistically significant increase in DE and TPC content when applying SWE for all observed Achillea species. The highest DE value, 48.80 ± 1.76%, was observed for A. asplenifolia. The highest TPC values were observed after applying SWE: 93.63 ± 1.01 mg GAE/g DE for A. millefolium, and 90.12 ± 0.87 mg GAE/g DE for A. crithmifolia. The results for TFC revealed a statistically significant difference in values, with A. nobilis subsp. nelreichii as the sample with the highest content of TFC (11.11 ± 0.22 mg QE/g DE) when using UAE. Consequently, it could be concluded that SWE is a superior non-conventional extraction technique, and A. nobilis subsp. nerleichii presents as the most promising plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]