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Namen magistrske naloge je bil ugotoviti, kakšna so stališča slovenskih športnih trenerjev do LGBTQ+ športnikov. Natančneje so nas zaradi fokusa na homofobijo zanimala njihova stališča do istospolno in biseksualno usmerjenih športnikov (LGB športnikov). Za zmanjšanje homofobije v športu je potrebno poznati njihova stališča do LGB oseb, saj so športni trenerji ključen člen pri vzpostavljanju vzdušja v športni ekipi. Cilj magistrskega dela je bil raziskati, kakšna so stališča slovenskih trenerjev do LGB športnikov in na podlagi rezultatov oblikovati smernice za trenerje, namenjene zmanjšanju homofobije. Zanimalo nas je, kakšen vpliv imajo na stališča športnih trenerjev do LGB športnikov dejavniki, kot so starost, spol in osebni stik z LGBTQ+ osebo. Raziskavo smo izvedli s pomočjo spletnega anketnega vprašalnika. V raziskavo smo vključili odgovore 312 trenerjev, od tega je bilo 265 moških in 47 žensk, starih od 20 do 75 let. Stališča športnih trenerjev smo preverjali z vprašalnikom Athletic Trainers’ Attitudes Toward Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual National Collegiate Athletic Association Student-Athletes (Ensign idr., 2011), ki smo ga za potrebe raziskave prevedli in priredili. Ugotovili smo, da imajo trenerke bolj pozitiven odnos do LGB športnikov kot njihovi moški kolegi starejši trenerji imajo bolj negativna stališča do LGB športnikov v primerjavi z mlajšimi kolegi trenerji, ki imajo družinskega člana ali prijatelja, ki je pripadnik LGBTQ+ skupnosti, imajo bolj pozitivna stališča do LGB športnikov. Magistrsko delo prispeva k boljšemu razumevanju stališč športnih trenerjev do LGB športnikov in s tem daje koristno izhodišče za nadaljnje raziskovanje in izobraževanje trenerjev na tem področju. The aim of the master's thesis was to identify the viewpoints of Slovenian sports coaches towards LGBTQ+ athletes. More specifically, due to the focus on homophobia, we were interested in their viewpoints towards homosexual and bisexual athletes (LGB athletes).In order to reduce homophobia in sport, it is necessary to know their attitudes towards LGB people, as sports coaches are a key link in creating the atmosphere in a sports team. The goal of the thesis was to investigate the attitudes of Slovenian coaches towards LGB athletes and, based on the results, to further develop guidelines targeting coaches with the aim of reducing homophobia. We were interested to see what influence different factors, such as age, gender and personal contact with an LGBTQ+ person, have on sports coaches' attitudes towards LGB athletes. The research was conducted using an online survey questionnaire. We included responses from 312 coaches, of whom 265 were male and 47 were female, aged between 20 and 75 years. Sports coaches' attitudes were measured using the Athletic Trainers' Attitudes Toward Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual National Collegiate Athletic Association Student-Athletes questionnaire (Ensign et al., 2011), which was translated and adapted for the purposes of this study. We have found that female coaches have more positive attitudes towards LGB athletes than their male counterparts, older coaches have more negative attitudes towards LGB athletes compared to their younger counterparts, and coaches who have a family member or friend who is a member of the LGBTQ+ community have more positive attitudes towards LGB athletes. This master's thesis contributes to a better understanding of sports coaches' attitudes towards LGB athletes and thus provides a valuable baseline for further research and coach education in this field.

Perceptions of incompatibility of sport and motherhood still exist within both sport and family Slovene cultures. For many female athletes starting a family means an end of their athletic careers. However, some women decide to pursue their athletic life after they become mothers. While recent media interest in mother-athletes has increased significantly, scientific research focusing on this topic is still scarce. The purpose of this study was to explore the transition of Slovene female athletes into motherhood and their experiences of combining motherhood with competitive sport. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight female elite athletes, who became mothers during their elite level competitive career. The results of the study revealed that mother-athletes perceived this transition as a long-term process in which motherhood and elite sport had a reciprocal effect on each other. Three transition phases characterized by changes in the participants’ holistic development were identified: (1) pre-pregnancy and pregnancy, (2) returning to competitive sport, and (3) living the life of a mother-athlete.

Pomanjkanje železa je pogosto pri športnikih. Poseben izziv jim predstavlja napolnitev in vzdrževanje zalog železa samo s prehrano. Poleg uživanja železa s prehrano, nekateri športniki posegajo tudi po peroralnih prehranskih dopolnilih z železom. Ti namreč veljajo za učinkovite, so poceni in predstavljajo nizko tveganje za zdravje. Z magistrskim delom smo želeli narediti sistematičen pregled, ovrednotiti literaturo ter izvesti metaanalizo, s katero smo želeli odgovoriti na vprašanje, ali, kako in koliko prehranska dopolnila z železom vplivajo na status železa pri športnikih. Ta pregled je bil načrtovan in izveden v skladu s smernicami prednostnega poročanja za sistematične preglede in metaanalizo – PRISMA. V pregled so bile vključene raziskave na odraslih zdravih športnikih (>= 18 let), ki uživajo prehranska dopolnila z železom. V sistematičnem pregledu smo z metaanalizo ugotovili statistično značilne, a fiziološko majhne učinke uživanja prehranskih dopolnil z železom na status železa. V metaanalizo vključenih raziskavah sočasno niso izvajali nobene druge prehranske intervencije. Zaloga železa se je po dopolnjevanju v več kot 50 % raziskavah vključenih v metaanalizo povečala. Metaanaliza je pokazala tudi zmerno povečanje hemoglobina, zmanjšanje vrednosti serumskega transferina, neznatno povečanje nasičenosti transferina, in majhen pozitiven vpliv uživanja železa na vrednosti VO2max. Delo tako predstavlja sistematično izhodišče za nadaljnjo obravnavo pomanjkanja železa pri športnikih. Iron deficiency is common in athletes. Replenishment and maintain of iron stores with diet only is a special challenge for them. In addition to nutritional interventions, athletes reach for supplements with iron. They are considered to be effective, cheap, and represent a low health risk. We aimed to perform a systematic review, thus evaluate the literature, and perform meta-analysis, with which we tried to answer the question, whether, how and how much nutritional supplements with iron affect iron status in athletes. This review was planned and carried out in accordance with the priority reporting guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-analysis – PRISMA. The review included studies performed in healthy adult athletes (>= 18 years of age) consuming dietary supplements with iron. In a systematic review, a meta-analysis found statistically significant but physiologically small effects of iron supplementation on iron status. In the studies included in meta-analysis, no other dietary intervention was performed. In more than 50 % of studies included in meta-analysis, iron stores increased. Meta-analysis has also revealed possible moderate increase in haemoglobin, a decrease in serum transferrin, a slight increase in transport saturation, and a small positive effect of iron intake on VO2max values. The work thus represents a systematic starting point for further treatment on iron deficiency in athletes.

Spanje pomembno vpliva na zdravje in telesno pripravljenost športnikov. Kljub temu področje spanja v športu pogosto ostaja zapostavljeno in slabo raziskano. Namen magistrskega dela je zato podrobneje raziskati področje spanja in motenj spanja med športniki ter povečati zavedanje o pomenu spanja v športu. V magistrskem delu smo najprej podrobneje raziskali področje spanja, vključno s kratkim opisom o zgodovini raziskovanja spanja, potrebami po spanju, načini merjenja spanja, fiziologijo in fazami spanja ter dejavniki, ki vplivajo nanje. Raziskali smo vpliv kronotipa in cirkadianega ritma na telesno pripravljenost športnikov. Poleg tega smo raziskali pogoste motnje spanja med športniki ter dejavnike, ki jih povzročajo. Zanimal nas je tudi vpliv motenj spanja na zdravje in telesno pripravljenost športnikov. V zaključku smo podali priporočila za izboljšanje, spremljanje ter merjenje spanja športnikov. Ugotovili smo, da športniki pogosto ne spijo dovolj in imajo slabšo kakovost spanja. Na spanje športnikov poleg treningov in tekmovanj (intenzivnost, količina, urnik, potovanja), vpliva tudi uporaba elektronskih naprav, okoljski dejavniki (nadmorska višina) in pri športnicah tudi menstrualni ciklus. Poleg pomanjkanja spanja so med športniki prisotne tudi druge motnje spanja med katerimi so najpogostejše obstruktivna spalna apneja, nespečnost in motnje cirkadianega ritma. Za spremljanje in merjenje spanja športnikov obstaja več praktičnih in dostopnih načinov. Med slednje sodijo vprašalniki, dnevnik spanja ter uporaba aplikacij in pripomočkov. Z dobro spalno higieno in z izobraževanjem športnikov o spanju, se spanje in telesna pripravljenost športnikov lahko izboljša. V zaključku magistrskega dela so podana priporočila za spremljanje, merjenje in izboljšanje spanja športnikov. Sleep has a significant effect on athlete’s health and performance. Nevertheless, sleep in sports often remains neglected and poorly researched. The purpose of this master's thesis is therefore to explore sleep and sleep disorders among athletes in greater detail and increase awareness of the importance of sleep in sportspeople’s performance. In this master's thesis, we first explored sleep, describing a short history of sleep research, sleep needs, sleep measurement methods, physiology and phases of sleep, and the factors that influence these variables. We investigate the influence of chronotype and circadian rhythm on athlete’s physical performance. In addition to sleep, we investigate common sleep disorders among athletes and the factors that cause them. In doing these research, we found that athletes often do not get enough nocturnal sleep and can have poor sleep quality. In addition to training and competitions (intensity, load, schedule, travel), athlete’s sleep is also affected by: electronic devices, environmental factors (altitude) and by menstrual cycle in female athletes. In addition to general sleep deprivation, other sleep disorders present among athletes include obstructive sleep apnea, insomnia, and circadian rhythm disorders. There are several practical and affordable ways to monitor and measure athlete’s sleep. The latter include questionnaires, sleep diary and the use of applications and devices. With good sleep hygiene and by education athletes about sleep, athlete’s sleep can be improved their sleep, helping them to achieve their optimal performance. The thesis conclude with summary of recommendations for measuring, monitoring and improving sleep functions in athletes.

Športnikov uspeh je produkt številnih dejavnikov, ki zajemajo fizično, taktično, tehnično ter psihološko področje (Sheard, 2013). V sklopu slednjega se omenja koncept mentalne trdnosti, ki ga številni opredeljujejo kot zbirko lastnosti ali veščin, ki športniku omogočajo konsistentno nastopanje na visokih nivojih ter uspešno spoprijemanje s številnimi zahtevami in obremenitvami (Jones idr., 2007). Nekateri jo pojmujejo kot stabilno osebnostno lastnost (Clough idr., 2002), drugi kot pridobljeno sposobnost oziroma mentalno naravnanost (Sheard idr., 2009). Navkljub neenotnosti v opredelitvah konstrukta ter pomanjkanju sistematičnega teoretskega ozadja velja splošno prepričanje, da je mentalna trdnost pomemben dejavnik športnega uspeha (Bull idr., 2005). V raziskavi se osredotočamo na konstrukt mentalne trdnosti, še posebej na njegovo povezanost z osebnostjo ter na preverjanje razlik v izraženosti konstrukta med skupinami športnikov. Vzorec raziskave zajema aktivne športnike (N = 245), ki so izpolnili dva osrednja samoocenjevalna instrumenta: Vprašalnik mentalne trdnosti športnika VMTŠ (orig. SMTQ Sheard, idr., 2009) ter Vprašalnik velikih pet BFI (Avsec in Sočan, 2007 John idr., 1991). Skladno s predhodnimi raziskavami smo predpostavili in tudi ugotovili statistično pomembne (p < ,01) povezave mentalne trdnosti z nevroticizmom (r = -,63), vestnostjo (r = ,44) in ekstravertnostjo (r = ,39). Prav tako smo ugotovili razlike med tremi vključenimi skupinami, in sicer da moški, tisti, ki trenirajo dalj časa, ter vrhunski športniki poročajo o višji stopnji mentalne trdnosti ter njenih podpodročij v primerjavi z ženskami, tistimi, ki trenirajo krajši čas, ter športniki, ki ne dosegajo statusa vrhunskosti. Rezultati nakazujejo na kompleksnost konstrukta mentalne trdnosti ter podpirajo tezo, da je mentalna trdnost sestavljena tako iz relativno stabilnih kot tudi iz prilagodljivih lastnosti. Nadaljnje raziskave so potrebne, da lahko konstrukt apliciramo v praksi. Na koncu izpostavimo še pomanjkljivosti raziskave ter podamo ideje za prihodnja raziskovanja področja. An athlete's success is the result of a variety of factors, including physical, tactical, technical and psychological aspects (Sheard, 2013). The construct of mental toughness is considered one of the most important factors in sporting success and is defined as a collection of psychological attributes that enable an athlete to consistently perform at a high level and successfully manage various demands (Jones et al., 2007). Some see it as a stable personality trait (Clough et al., 2002), others as an acquired skill (Sheard et al., 2009). This study focuses on the construct of mental toughness, in particular its relationship to personality, and on examining differences in the expression of the construct between specific groups of athletes. The research sample includes active athletes (N = 245) who completed two main self-assessment instruments: the Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire SMTQ (Sheard et al., 2009) and the Big Five Inventory BFI (Avsec & Sočan, 2007 John et al., 1991). Consistent with previous research, we hypothesised and also found statistically significant (p < ,01) correlation between mental toughness and neuroticism (r = -,63), conscientiousness (r = ,44), and extraversion (r = ,39). We also found the hypothesised differences between the three groups involved, namely that men, those who train longer, and top athletes have higher levels of mental toughness and its domains than women, those who train shorter, and athletes who do not achieve top status. The results show the complexity of the mental toughness construct and support the proposition that it consists of both relatively stable and adaptive traits. Further research is needed to apply the construct in practise. In conclusion, we highlight the shortcomings of the study and make suggestions for future research in this area.

This study aimed to examine the reliability, validity, and usefulness of the smartphone-based application, My Jump 2, against Optojump in recreationally active adults. Participants (18 women, 28.9 &plusmn, 5.6 years, and 26 men, 30.1 &plusmn, 10.6 years) completed squat jumps (SJ), counter-movement jumps (CMJ), and CMJ with arm swing (CMJAS) on Optojump and were simultaneously recorded using My Jump 2. To evaluate concurrent validity, jump height, calculated from flight time attained from each device, was compared for each jump type. Test-retest reliability was determined by replicating data analysis of My Jump 2 recordings on two occasions separated by two weeks. High test-retest reliability (Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) &gt, 0.93) was observed for all measures in both male and female athletes. Very large correlations were observed between the My Jump 2 app and Optojump for SJ (r = 0.95, p = 0.001), CMJ (r = 0.98, p = 0.001), and CMJAS (r = 0.98, p = 0.001) in male athletes. Similar results were obtained for female recreational athletes for all jumps (r &gt, 0.94, p = 0.001). The study results suggest that My Jump 2 is a valid, reliable, and useful tool for measuring vertical jump in recreationally active adults. Therefore, due to its simplicity and practicality, it can be used by practitioners, coaches, and recreationally-active adults to measure vertical jump performance with a simple test as SJ, CMJ, and CMJAS.

Namen magistrske naloge je bil ugotoviti, kako se pri dijakih športnikih povezujeta socialna opora in psihološko blagostanje. Preverili smo tudi, kako se omenjena konstrukta povezujeta z razvitostjo kompetenc dvojne kariere. Ugotoviti smo želeli, ali obstaja razlika v zaznani socialni opori s strani staršev, učiteljev in sošolcev, učnem uspehu in razvitosti dvojnih kompetenc med dijaki športniki, ki obiskujejo športni oddelek gimnazije, in dijaki športniki, ki obiskujejo splošni oddelek gimnazije. Prav tako nas je zanimalo, ali obstajajo razlike v zaznani socialni opori med dijaki, ki tekmujejo individualno, in dijaki, ki tekmujejo ekipno. Vzorec je sestavljalo 247 dijakov športnikov, ki so bili vpisani v gimnazijsko izobraževanje ter obiskovali splošni ali športni oddelek gimnazije. Za merjenje konstruktov smo uporabili Lestvico socialne opore za otroke in mladostnike (CASSS), Vprašalnik duševnega zdravja – kratka oblika (MHC-SF) in Vprašalnik o dvojni karieri športnikov (DCCQ-A29). Rezultati so pokazali pomembne pozitivne povezave med socialno oporo, psihološkim blagostanjem in razvitostjo kompetenc dvojne kariere, kar kaže na to, da je za dijake športnike pomembna tudi socialna opora v šolskem kontekstu. Razlike med dijaki športniki, ki obiskujejo splošne oddelke gimnazij, in dijaki športniki, ki obiskujejo športne oddelke, se niso pokazale, kot tudi ne razlike med dijaki, ki tekmujejo individualno, in dijaki, ki tekmujejo ekipno. The purpose of this master's thesis was to examine the relationship between social support and psychological well-being in students’ athletes and to determine how these two constructs relate to the development of dual career competencies. We wanted to find out if there is a difference in perceived social support from parents, teachers, and classmates, grades, and developmental level of dual career competencies between students’ athletes attending the high school athletic department and students’ athletes attending the general high school department. We were also interested in whether there were differences in perceived social support between students who participate in individual competitions and students who participate in team sports. The sample consisted of 247 students’ athletes enrolled in high school and attending the high school's general or athletic department. We used the Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale (CASSS), Mental Health Continuum - Short Form (MHC-SF), and the Dual Career Competency Questionnaire for Athletes (DCCQ-A29) to measure the constructs. Results showed important positive correlations between social support, psychological well-being, and dual career competency development, suggesting that social support in the school context is also important for students’ athletes. Differences between students attending the general education department of high school and students attending the athletic department of high school were not found, nor were differences between students participating in individual competitions and students participating in team sports.

Uspešen nastop je rezultat premagovanja številnih izzivov, tako fizičnih kot psihičnih, s katerimi se glasbene in športne skupine na svoji poti srečujejo. Na prvi pogled se mogoče zdi, da teme z glasbenega področja nimajo veliko skupnega s temami s športnega področja, vendar pa obstaja kar veliko podobnosti. Naš namen raziskave je bil, da ugotovimo, ali obstajajo podobnosti med pripravami in izvedbo glasbenega nastopa v manjših skupinah v primerjavi s pripravami in izvedbo tekmovanja v ekipnih športih. Pri kvalitativnem delu raziskave so sodelovali trije priznani športni psihologi in trije priznani glasbeni psihoterapevti oziroma t. i. »performance coachi«, pri kvantitativnem delu raziskave pa je sodelovalo 51 glasbenikov in 54 športnikov − študentov Akademije za glasbo in Fakultete za šport Univerze v Ljubljani, ki so del manjših skupin do 12 članov. Skupni rezultati so pokazali, da med skupino glasbenikov in skupino športnikov obstajajo podobnosti pri dejavnikih, ki najpomembnejše vplivajo na delovanje manjše skupine, in pri dejavnikih, ki vplivajo na uspešnost izvedbe nastopa, ter podobnosti pri psihični pripravi na glasbeno oziroma športno izvedbo v manjših skupinah. Nekatere razlike so se pokazale pri prednostih in slabostih skupinske izvedbe pred individualno izvedbo. Rezultati so potrdili, da so situacijske izvedbe za manjše glasbene skupine bolj raznolike kot za manjše športne skupine. Musical and sports groups face many challenges on their way of performing successfully. At first glance, it may seem that music and sport do not have much in common. However, the aim of our research was to become aware of the similarities between the preparation and performance stages needed for a successful small group musical performance and the preparation and implementation of a team sport contest. Three renowned sports psychologists and three renowned musical psychotherapists, known also as “performance coaches”, participated in the qualitative part of our research while the quantitative part involved 51 musicians and 54 athletes, studying either at the Academy of Music or at the Faculty of Sport, who are members of musical or sports teams consisting of up to 12 members. As seen in the findings, the similarities between the groups of musicians and sportspeople are predominantly found in the factors affecting the small group’s operations, the success of the performance, and the mental preparation of both groups. Some differences were found in the perception of the advantages and the disadvantages of group over individual performances. Our findings confirm that situational performances in smaller music groups are more diverse than those in smaller sports teams.

Background Low energy availability in male athletes has gained a lot of attention in recent years, but direct evidence of its effects on health and performance is lacking. The aim of this research was to objectively measure energy availability (EA) in healthy male endurance athletes without pre-existing relative energy deficiency signs during pre-race season. Methods Twelve trained endurance athletes (performance level 3, 4, and 5) participated in the cross-sectional controlled laboratory study. Fat-free mass, exercise energy expenditure, and energy intake were measured to calculate EA. Resting energy expenditure was measured and estimated to assess energy conservation. Three specific performance tests were used to assess endurance, agility, and explosive strength performance. For psychological evaluation, the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire and a short Well-being questionnaire were completed. Results Mean EA was 29.5 kcal/kg FFM/day. The majority (66.6%) had EA under the threshold for low EA in females. Critical cognitive restraint (≥13) was reported by 75% of participants. There were no differences in performance, blood values, or psychological evaluation when subjects were divided into two groups divided by EA = 30 kcal/kg FFM/day. Cognitive restraint was negatively associated with measured resting energy expenditure and energy conservation (r = −.578, p = .025 and r = −.549, p = .032, respectively). Conclusions The mean EA measured in this study supports the theory that the threshold for low EA in endurance male athletes might be under the threshold for females. In addition, we confirmed cognitive restraint could be useful for early detection of energy conservation. The high cognitive restraint as measured in our sample stressed the need of eating behavior screening in endurance athletes in order to reduce risk of any disordered eating patterns. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12970-021-00419-3.

Monitoring core body temperature (Tc) during training and competitions, especially in a hot environment, can help enhance an athlete’s performance, as well as lower the risk for heat stroke. Accordingly, a noninvasive sensor that allows reliable monitoring of Tc would be highly beneficial in this context. One such novel non-invasive sensor was recently introduced onto the market (CORE, greenTEG, Rümlang, Switzerland), but, to our knowledge, a validation study of this device has not yet been reported. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the CORE sensor. In Study I, 12 males were subjected to a low-to-moderate heat load by performing, on two separate occasions several days apart, two identical 60-min bouts of steady-state cycling in the laboratory at 19 °C and 30% relative humidity. In Study II, 13 males were subjected to moderate-to-high heat load by performing 90 min of cycling in the laboratory at 31 °C and 39% relative humidity. In both cases the core body temperatures indicated by the CORE sensor were compared to the corresponding values obtained using a rectal sensor (Trec). The first major finding was that the reliability of the CORE sensor is acceptable, since the mean bias between the two identical trials of exercise (0.02 °C) was not statistically significant. However, under both levels of heat load, the body temperature indicated by the CORE sensor did not agree well with Trec, with approximately 50% of all paired measurements differing by more than the predefined threshold for validity of ≤0.3 °C. In conclusion, the results obtained do not support the manufacturer’s claim that the CORE sensor provides a valid measure of core body temperature.

Uvod: Športniki metalci in vsi športniki, ki pri svoji aktivnosti izvajajo ponavljajoče visoko obremenitveno gibanje zgornjega uda nad nivojem glave, so podvrženi skrajšanju posteriornih ramenskih struktur. Prilagoditve se kažejo kot zmanjšan obseg gibljivosti v smeri notranje rotacije in horizontalne addukcije v ramenskem sklepu. Z različnimi manualnimi postopki lahko vplivamo na izboljšanje omejenega obsega gibljivosti. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je bil na podlagi pregleda literature prikazati učinke manualnih postopkov na sklepno gibljivost pri osebah s skrajšavo posteriornih ramenskih struktur. Metode dela: Literaturo smo iskali v podatkovnih zbirkah PubMed, MEDLINE in PEDro z različno kombinacijo ključnih besed v angleškem jeziku. Rezultati: Analizirali smo deset raziskav, objavljenih od leta 2010 do 2020, v katerih so proučevali učinke mobilizacije mehkega tkiva s pomočjo pripomočkov, različne postopke raztezanja, mišično energijske tehnike in sklepno mobilizacijo. Največji učinek pri obravnavi skrajšanih posteriornih struktur na dominantnem ramenskem sklepu je imela kombinacija sklepne mobilizacije in raztezanja v smeri horizontalne addukcije. Kot uspešen postopek se je izkazala tudi mobilizacija mehkega tkiva s pomočjo pripomočkov, z večjim izboljšanjem obsega horizontalne addukcije kot notranje rotacije. Ugotovili smo, da ima raztezanje s stabilizirano lopatico večji vpliv na povečevanje obsega horizontalne addukcije. Razprava in zaključek: Sklepamo, da se lahko z izbiro proučevanih manualnih postopkov izboljša obseg gibljivosti horizontalne addukcije in notranje rotacije v ramenskem sklepu in s tem zmanjša skrajšanje posteriornih struktur pri simptomatskih ter tudi pri asimptomatskih osebah. Zdi se, da se s postopki lahko prepreči razvoj prilagoditev in zmanjša dejavnike tveganja za nastanek poškodb. Introduction: Athletic trowers and other overhead athletes are at high risk of developing posterior shoulder tightness because of their movement in overhead sport. Adjustments result as reduced range of motion in horizontal adduction and internal rotation of the shoulder. We can influence improvement of before mentioned reduced range of motion in the shoulder with different manual techniques. Purpose: With this literature review we wanted to show effects of manual therapy techniques on joint mobility in persons with posterior shoulder tightness. Methods: The literature was searched in data bases PubMed, MEDLINE and PEDro, with different combination of keywords in English language. Results: Ten articles published between 2010 and 2020 were included in the review. Analyzed studies included manual techniques such as instrument assisted soft tissue mobilization, different stretching techniques, muscle energy techniques and joint mobilization. Combination of joint mobilization with horizontal adduction stretch had the biggest effect for treating posterior shoulder tightness in dominant shoulder joint. Success was also found in instrument assisted soft tissue mobilization, more so for improving horizontal adduction range of motion than internal rotation of shoulder. We found that stretching with stabilized scapula had greater effect on horizontal adduction improvement. Discussion and conclusion: We concluded that the analised manual approaches can improve range of motion of horizontal adduction and internal rotation of the shoulder, which lessens posterior structure tigtness in asymptomatic and also symptomatic persons. It seems these procedures can prevent development of adjustments and reduce risk factors leading to injury.

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of drop height and selected somatic parameters on the landing kinetics of rebound jumps in force and power production, performed by male and female student athletes. Twenty female and forty male students with a sports background participated in the experiment (mean and standard deviation (&plusmn, SD): age 20.28 &plusmn, 1.31 years, height 166.78 &plusmn, 5.29 cm, mass 62.23 &plusmn, 7.21 kg and 21.18 &plusmn, 1.29, 182.18 &plusmn, 6.43, 78.65 &plusmn, 7.09). Each participant performed three maximal jumps on two independent and synchronized force platforms (Bilateral Tensiometric Platform S2P) at each of the two assigned drop-jump heights (20-, and 40-, cm for female and 30-, and 60-, cm for the male special platform). Significant between-sex differences were observed in all variables of selected somatics, with men outperforming women. Statistically significant differences were noted in four parameters, between men and women, in both DJs from 20/40 and 30/60 cm. The height of the jump was 6 cm and 4 cm higher for men. A slightly higher statistical significance (p = 0.011) was demonstrated by the relative strength (% BW) generated by the left limb in both men and women. Only women showed a significant relationship between body mass, body height, and five parameters, dropping off of a 20 cm box. In men, only the left leg&mdash, relative maximal F (p =&minus, 0.45)&mdash, showed a relationship with body mass. There were no relationships between the above-mentioned dependencies in both groups, in jumps from a higher height: 40 cm and 60 cm. From a practical application, the DJ with lower 20/30 cm or higher 40/60 cm (women/men) respectively emphasizes either the force or power output via an increase in the velocity component of the rebound action or increased height of the DJ jump.

V magistrski nalogi smo se ukvarjali z vprašanjem povezanosti samoregulacije emocij in prehranskega vedenja ter kakšno vlogo ima pri tem udejstvovanje v rekreativnem športu. V raziskavi je sodelovalo 380 udeležencev, od tega 187 rekreativnih športnikov in 193 posameznikov, ki se redko oziroma nikoli ne ukvarjajo s športom. Prehransko vedenje smo merili s SCOFF vprašalnikom za ocenjevanje tveganja za motnje hranjenja, Vprašalnikom prehranjevalnih navad in Vprašalnikom prehranjevalnega vedenja. Samoregulacijo emocij smo ocenjevali z Vprašalnikom kompetenc emocionalne regulacije, ki se je v naši raziskavi izkazal kot zanesljiv merski pripomoček. Rezultati so pokazali, da imajo rekreativni športniki manj težav s samoregulacijo emocij (predvsem negativnih) in je njihovo prehransko vedenje v primerjavi z ne-športniki bolj zdravo, kar pomeni, da hkrati bolj omejujejo svoje prehranjevanje z namenom nadzora nad telesno težo, pazijo na vnos maščob, svoje obroke večinoma načrtujejo in jih manj preskakujejo. Šport ima pomembno vlogo predvsem pri regulaciji negativnih emocij, saj je športna neaktivnost skupaj z zunanjim in čustvenim stilom prehranjevanja ter preskakovanjem obrokov pomemben prediktor težav z regulacijo negativnih emocij. Medtem ko se težave z regulacijo pozitivnih emocij, tako pri športnikih kot pri ne-športnikih, povezujejo z nezdravimi prehranskimi vedenji, se pri regulaciji negativnih emocij rekreativnih športnikov pojavi tudi omejevanje vnosa hrane in maščob. Pomembnost rezultatov se kaže predvsem v vlogi zdravega prehranskega vedenja in športne dejavnosti pri samoregulaciji emocij, ki spodbujata zdrav življenjski slog ter vplivata na zmanjševanje težav s samoregulacijo predvsem negativnih emocij. In our thesis, we discussed a question of the connection between self-regulation and eating behavior and the role of recreational sport within. The study involved 380 participants, including 187 recreational athletes and 193 non-athletes, who rarely practice sports or not at all. Eating behavior was measured using the SCOFF Questionnaire to determine the risk of eating disorders, the Eating Behavior Patterns questionnaire, and the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Self-regulation of emotions was assessed with the Perth Emotion Regulation Competency Inventory which was proved to be a reliable questionnaire in our research. The results showed that recreational athletes have fewer difficulties with self-regulation of emotions (especially negative ones) and that their eating behavior is healthier compared to non-athletes, which means that they restrict their food intake more often to control body weight, pay attention to low-fat intake, plan their eating regime, and skip their meals less. Sports play an important role in the regulation of negative emotions. Together with the external and emotional eating and skipping meals, sports inactivity is also an important predictor of difficulties with the regulation of negative emotions. While problems with the regulation of positive emotions in athletes and non-athletes are associated with unhealthy eating behaviors, the regulation of negative emotions in recreational athletes is also associated with limiting food and fat intake. The importance of the results is mainly reflected in the role of healthy eating behavior. Sports activity in the self-regulation of emotions promotes a healthy lifestyle and has the impact of reducing the difficulties with the self-regulation of negative emotions in particular.

V magistrskem delu nas zanima preživetje slovenskih olimpijcev v primerjavi s splošno slovensko populacijo in predvsem statistične metode, ki jih uporabljamo za ocenjevanje. Delo je razdeljeno na 3 pomembnejše sklope. V prvem delu je predstavljen postopek zbiranja podatkov, ki so potrebni za izvedbo analize preživetja. Zaradi narave osebno občutljivih podatkov je že samo zbiranje teh terjalo kar nekaj časa in napora, potrebnih pa je bilo precej različnih virov podatkov. V drugem delu predstavimo značilnosti analize preživetja, veje statistike, ki se ukvarja s posebno obliko nepopolnih podatkov. Opišemo značilnosti metod števila izgubljenih let in standardiziranega razmerje smrtnosti ter način izračuna ocen parametrov in intervalov zaupanja, kar implementiramo tudi v funkcijo v programskem okolju R. Za primer števila izgubljenih let uporabimo 2 načina izračuna intervalov zaupanja, in sicer teoretične, ki ne upoštevajo variabilnosti demografskih dejavnikov in intervale zaupanja po metodi samovzorčenja, ki odpravijo omenjeno pomanjkljivost. V zadnjem delu opisano teorijo uporabimo za ocenjevanje preživetja slovenskih olimpijcev v primerjavi s splošno slovensko populacijo. Preživetje nas zanima tudi glede na različna obdobja življenja in nekatere druge dejavnike (spol, leto nastopa, tip športne aktivnosti,...), pri čemer skušamo razumeti povezanost športa s pričakovanim trajanjem življenja. Ugotovimo, da slovenski olimpijci v vseh obdobjih življenja živijo bolje kot populacija. Obe statistični metodi se izkažeta kot primerni za oceno preživetja vzorca v primerjavi s populacijo. Teoretični intervali zaupanja za število izgubljenih let so primerni predvsem za ocenjevanje na območjih, kjer je število enot opazovanja in dogodkov dovolj veliko, sicer pa je bolj smiselna uporaba ocena intervalov zaupanja po metodi samovzorčenja. In the Master's thesis we are interested in the survival of Slovenian Olympians in comparison with the general Slovenian population and especially the statistical methods used for estimation. The work is divided into three major sections. The first part represents the process of collecting the data needed to perform a survival analysis. Due to the nature of sensitive personal data, the collection of data required considerable time, effort and usage of multiple data sources. In the second part we represent the characteristics of a survival analysis, a branch of statistics that deals with a specific form of incomplete data. We describe the characteristics of the methods of years lost and standardized mortality ratio, as well as the method of calculating parameter estimates and confidence intervals, which is also implemented in a function in software environment R. For the number of years lost we use theoretical confidence intervals, which do not take into account the variability of demographic factors, and bootstrap confidence intervals, which solve this problem. In the last part we estimate the survival of Slovenian Olympians compared with the general Slovenian population according to different periods of life and some other factors such as gender, year of appearance in olympic games, type of sports activity, etc., in order to understand the relationship between sports and life expectancy. It turns out that Slovenian Olympians live better than the population in all stages of life. Both statistical methods prove to be appropriate for estimating the survival of the sample relative to the population. The use of theoretical confidence intervals for the number of years lost is particularly suitable for estimation in areas where the number of observation and event units is large enough, otherwise it is more appropriate to use bootstrap confidence interval estimates.

V diplomski nalogi obravnavamo odnose med športnimi novinarji in športniki ter mnenje športnikov o poročanju športnih novinarjev. V študiji ugotavljamo, kako delo novinarjev ocenjujejo in doživljajo slovenski športniki. Uporabili smo spletno anketo 1ka. Na povabilo se je odzvalo 52 športnikov, vsi aktualni člani državnih reprezentanc. Od vseh je 45 (86%) športnikov iz ekipnih športov in 7 posameznikov (14%) iz individualnih športnih panog. 16 (31%) med njimi jih nastopa v mladinski kategoriji, ostalih 36 (69%) pa v članski. Izmed vseh anketiranih se jih 39 (75%) s športom ukvarja več kot 15 let. V prvem delu diplomske naloge je predstavljena teoretična podlaga športnega novinarstva. Na kratko je predstavljena tudi novinarska etika. V drugem, empiričnem delu so predstavljeni rezultati anketnega vprašalnika, na podlagi katerega smo ugotavljali, kako športniki zaznavajo poročanje novinarjev. 24 (46%) vseh športnikov spremlja poročanje novinarjev vsak dan, drugi občasno. Anketirani športniki so delo športnih novinarjev ocenili kot srednje, precej in zelo zahtevno. Večina (40, 77%) športnikov dojema poročanje športnih novinarjev kot pravično in verodostojno. Kritiko športnih novinarjev kot negativno doživlja 32 (62%) športnikov. Na osnovi poznavanja problematike in na osnovi odgovorov, bi zaključili, da je stanje poročanja novinarjev primerno in da športniki poročanje doživljajo kot dokaj korektno. Večjih težav ni zaslediti. Za konkretnejše zaključke bi potrebovali večje število merjencev in bolj poglobljeno študijo, ki bi zajemala tako športnike, kot tudi športne novinarje. This paper focuses on the relationship between sports´ journalists ans athletes, as well as exploring the opinions od athletes on the journalists´ reporting. The study reveals how Slovenian athletes rate and experience the work of the media. We used the online survey template 1ka. Fifty-two athletes responded they are all current members/representatives of national teams. From these, 45 (86%) are from team sports and 7 (14%) from individual sports. 16 (31%) of the selection are from youth sports and the remaining 36 (69%) are professionals. 39 (75%) of the athletes in the survey have been doing sport for over fifteen years. The first part of paper desribes sports´ journalism theory. We also briefly discuss press ethics. In the second, empirical part, the results of the anonymous survey are presented, on the basis of which we discover athletes´ opinions on the reporting of the media. 24 (46%) of all the athletes in the survey follow the media every day, the rest from time to time. According to the survey, they find the work of reporters as not so, very and extremely challenging. Most (40 or 77%) consider the reporting efforts as honest and factual, while 32 (62%) interpret the critique of sports´ journalists as negative. On the basis of being familiar with the difficulty of the subject matter and of the responses, we can conclude that the state of reporting is adequate and that athletes find it mostly apt. There are no major problems that we could find. For a more concrete study we would require a larger test group and further research, which should incorporate not only athletes but also journalists alike.

Letališče Jožeta Pučnika je največje slovensko letališče. Skozi njega letno potuje okoli 1,8 milijona potnikov. Zato si varnostni subjekti prizadevajo z varnostnimi ukrepi in predpisi zagotoviti potnikom, čimbolj varno in mirno pot. Letališče je sestavljeno iz zračnega in zemeljskega dela, za vsak del letališča so predpisani ter določeni varnostni ukrepi, ki jih morajo upoštevati vsi, tako potniki, kot zaposleni v različnih službah na letališču. Glavni subjekt varovanja Letališča Jožeta Pučnika je Fraport Slovenija d.o.o., ki skrbi za varovanje in upravljanje letališča, izvajanje oskrbe in varnosti potnikom, tovora ter drugih komercialnih dejavnost. Znotraj njegove organizacijske strukture se nahaja služba za varnost - Služba za varnost in zaščito. Fraport Slovenija d.o.o. je leta 2007 najel zasebnovarnostno službo G4S, ki je prevzela nadzor nad opravljanjem pomembnih nalog letališča, ki jih je do takrat opravljala policija. Postaja letališke policije Brnik izvaja na Letališču Jožeta Pučnika mejno kontrolo nad potniki ob njihovem prihodu in odhodu. V nalogi smo preučevali, kako športnik s svojim prihodom in množica navijačev vplivata na spremembo rutinskega delovanja letališča. Dogodek kot je prihod vrhunskih športnikov na letališče se ne obravnava kot javna prireditev, prav tako pa se varnostni ukrepi izvajajo za vse (navijače in športnike) enako. Takrat se letališki varnostni subjekti med seboj povežejo, izmenjajo si informacije, ocenijo tveganje in izoblikujejo načrt varovanja, kjer ima vsak subjekt svoje naloge. Poostrenost ukrepov, ki se izvajajo so odvisni od razpoznavnosti športnika, velikosti množice navijačev, ki je prišla podpret športnika/e in zaznavanja stopnje tveganja, ki ga tak dogodek predstavlja. Športniki so tisti, za katere je sprejem pripravljen, le ti pa se najpogosteje zaradi prisotnih emocij in neverjetnih občutkov ne zavedajo možnih varnostnih tveganj, ki jih povečano število navijačev prinaša, kakor tudi ne varnosti, ki jo jim zagotavlja varnostno osebje. Jože Pučnik Airport is the biggest Slovenian airport. Annually, around 1.8 million passengers travel through it. That is why security subjects try to secure the passengers with the safest and calmest travelling possible with the use of safety precautions and regulations. The airport consists of an air and land side. For each part of the aerodrome, there are certain safety precautions prescribed that have to be abided by all passengers, as well as those working at the airport. The main subject of security at Jože Pučnik Airport is Fraport Slovenija d.o.o. Its principal activity is protection and management of the airport, providing care and security to the passengers and the cargo, and other commercial activities. Within its organisation structure, there is a security service – Service for Safety and Protection. In 2007, Fraport Slovenija d.o.o. hired the private security service GS4, which took control over important tasks of the airport, previously controlled by the police. Aiport Police Brnik exercises border control over passengers at their arrival and departure. In this assignment, we focused on how an athlete’s arrival and the crowd of his/her supporters affect the ritual functioning of the airport. An event such as the arrival of a professional athlete is not considered a public event, and the safety precautions are the same for both the athletes and their supporters. At such an event, the airport security segments connect with one another, exchange information, assess the dangers and formulate a security plan. They arrange tasks for each individual subject. The extent of the rise in security precautions depends on the recognisability of the athlete, the size of the crowd of supporters that came to support the athlete, and the perception of the risk such an even represents. The athletes are the ones for who such a reception is prepared, and due to genuine emotion they are usually not aware of the safety risks from the side of the supporters and the protection that the security service provides them.

Namen magistrske naloge je bil razviti vprašalnik za merjenje konstruktov pri športnikih, ki pomembno vplivajo na športnikovo psihološko funkcioniranje. Manj optimalno psihološko stanje privede do slabših rezultatov v športu in predčasnega zaključka kariere mladih športnikov. Vprašalnik, v katerem so bili zajeti konstrukti tekmovalna anksioznost, izgorelost, perfekcionizem, motivacija, odnos s trenerjem in samoučinkovitost, so izpolnjevali športniki (N = 179, stari od 12 do 30 let), ki se v svojih športnih panogah udeležujejo tekmovanj. Konfirmatorna faktorska analiza ni potrdila obstoja šestfaktorske strukture, zato sem izvedla eksploratorno faktorsko analizo, ki je s tremi faktorji pojasnila 33 % skupne variance. Prvi faktor meri negativne vidike v športu, drugi pozitivne vidike, tretji pa tekmovalnost športnika. Vse tri lestvice imajo ustrezen koeficient zanesljivosti. V mojem vzorcu je glede na spol prišlo do razlik na lestvici Tekmovalna motivacija – tekmovalnost. Športniki iz ekipnih in individualnih športov pa so se statistično pomembno razlikovali na lestvici Pozitivni vidiki in Tekmovalna motivacija – tekmovalnost. V prihodnje bi bilo smiselno preverjanje veljavnosti in zanesljivosti na vprašalniku s popravljenimi in izločenimi postavkami. The purpose of the master's thesis was to develop the questionnaire for the measurement of constructs which significantly influence the athlete's psychological functioning. Less optimal psychological condition leads to dissatisfaction with the results and achievements in sports and, consequently, the early finishing of the young athletes' career. The athletes (N = 179, aged 12 to 30), who actively participate in competitions, have responded to a questionnaire measuring the following constructs: competition anxiety, burnout, perfectionism, motivation, athletes’ relationship with the coach, and self-efficiency. Confirmatory factor analysis rejected the expected six-factor model. The exploratory factor analysis showed a more acceptable division of items into three factors, explaining together about 33% of the total variance. The first factor is measuring the negative aspects of sport, the second positive aspects, and the third is measuring the athletes' competitive characteristics. All three factors have an adequate reliability coefficient. In the studied sample, the two genders differed only in the Competitive characteristics scale score. Results showed statistically significant differences between team and individual sports athletes on Positive aspects scale and Competitive characteristics scale. In the future, the validity and reliability of the questionnaire with corrected items will need to be checked.

Kot poročajo v raziskavah iz tujine, športniki uživajo veliko prehranskih dopolnil, ki vsebujejo snovi z nepotrjenim ugodnim učinkom na zmogljivost ali celo snovi, ki na zmogljivost učinkujejo negativno. Ker za slovenske športnike podatkov o uživanju prehranskih dopolnil še ni na voljo, smo v okviru magistrske naloge skušali zagotoviti prvi vpogled v razširjenost uporabe prehranskih dopolnil med slovenskimi športniki. V prvem delu raziskave smo razširjenost prehranskih dopolnil ocenili iz anonimiziranih podatkov, ki jih športniki navedejo v Obrazcu za kontrolo dopinga Slovenske antidoping organizacije, ki med drugim vključuje podatke o uživanju prehranskih dopolnil v zadnjih sedmih dneh pred doping kontrolo. V drugem delu naloge smo s pomočjo spletnega vprašalnika pridobili podatke o povprečnem številu uživanih prehranskih dopolnilih, vrsti dopolnil in druge specifične podatke o uživanju dopolnil pri slovenskih športnikih. Tretji del magistrske naloge je bil namenjen ugotavljanju smiselnosti uživanja dopolnil s pomočjo metode beleženja 3-dnevnega prehranskega dnevnika. Rezultati kažejo, da kar 69 % v raziskavo vključenih športnikov (N=389/561) uživa prehranska dopolnila. Športniki najpogosteje posegajo po beljakovinah (38 % N=148/389), mineralih (28 % N=107/389) in vitaminih (26 % N=103/389). Po združevanju beljakovinskih in vitaminskih prehranskih dopolnil v širše kategorije so še vedno v ospredju beljakovine (56 %), sledijo vitaminska prehranska dopolnila (43 %), tretja najpogostejša dopolnila pa so minerali (28 %). Največ športnikov vključenih v drugi del naloge (48 % N=39/81) se je za uživanje dopolnil odločilo na podlagi lastnega znanja, drug najpogostejši vzrok pa je, da jim je tako svetoval trener (32 %). Podatki analize upravičenosti uživanja prehranskih dopolnil pri treh športnikih, ki so natančno beležili prehranski dnevnik, kažejo, da bi nekatera izmed prehranskih dopolnil, ki jih uživajo, lahko bila koristna (v primeru njihove kakovosti in neoporečnosti), saj bi lahko ublažila pomanjkanje določenega hranila, ki se pojavi zaradi neustrezne športnikove prehrane očitno pa je bilo tudi, da športniki nekatera dopolnila uživajo neutemeljeno. Rezultati kažejo, da bi bilo športnike in njihove trenerje smiselno bolje izobraziti o različnih vidikih uporabe prehranskih dopolnil. As reported in research from abroad, athletes use many dietary supplements that contain substances with unconfirmed performance effect or even substances that have a negative effect on performance. Since there are no data available about the use of dietary supplements among Slovenian athletes, we tried to provide the first insight into the prevalence of dietary supplement use among Slovenian athletes. In the first part of the thesis, the prevalence of supplements was estimated from anonimised data stated on the Doping Control Form of the Slovenian Antidoping Organisation, which also includes information on the dietary supplement use in the last seven days prior to doping control. In the second part of the thesis we used an online questionnaire to obtain data about the average number of dietary supplements consumed by Slovenian athletes, type of supplements used, and other specific data about the dietary supplement use. In the third part of the thesis we examined whether the use of dietary supplements is grounded or not with the method of a 3-day nutritional diary. The results demonstrate that as much as 69 % of the athletes involved in the first part of the study (N = 389/561) used dietary supplements in the 7 days prior to completion of their Doping Control Form. The most commonly used supplements by the Slovenian athletes were proteins (38 % N=148/389), minerals (28 % N=107/389) and vitamins (26 % N=103/389). After grouping of protein and vitamin supplements to wider categories, proteins are still most commonly used (56%), followed by vitamin supplements (43%) and minerals as third most common supplement (28%). Most athletes included in the second part of the thesis (48 % N = 39/81) decided to use dietary supplements based on their own knowledge, while the second most common reason was the advice of their coach (32 % N=26/81). In the last part of the thesis we observed that some of the dietary supplements, used by the three athletes who completed their 3-day nutritional diary precisely enough, could be beneficial (provided they are of high enough quality and irreproachable) in counteracting the deficiency of a particular nutrient, present due to unbalanced diet yet, it was obvious that sportsmen used some of the dietary supplements groundlessly. The results of the thesis demonstrate that education of sportsmen and their coaches about different aspects of dietary supplement use should be improved.