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The linear model predictive control which is frequently used for building climate control benefits from the fact that the resulting optimization task is convex (thus easily and quickly solvable). On the other hand, the nonlinear model predictive control enables the use of a more detailed nonlinear model and it takes advantage of the fact that it addresses the optimization task more directly, however, it requires a more computationally complex algorithm for solving the non-convex optimization problem. In this paper, the gap between the linear and the nonlinear one is bridged by introducing a predictive controller with linear time-dependent model. Making use of linear time-dependent model of the building, the newly proposed controller obtains predictions which are closer to reality than those of linear time invariant model, however, the computational complexity is still kept low since the optimization task remains convex. The concept of linear time-dependent predictive controller is verified on a set of numerical experiments performed using a high fidelity model created in a building simulation environment and compared to the previously mentioned alternatives. Furthermore, the model for the nonlinear variant is identified using an adaptation of the existing model predictive control relevant identification method and the optimization algorithm for the nonlinear predictive controller is adapted such that it can handle also restrictions on discrete-valued nature of the manipulated variables. The presented comparisons show that the current adaptations lead to more efficient building climate control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern control methods such as Model Predictive Control (MPC) are getting popular in recent years in many fields of industry. One of the branches that have witnessed great increase of interest in use of the MPC over the last few years is the building climate control area. According to the studies, the energy used in the building sector counts for 20 – 40 % of the overall energy consumption. Almost half of this amount consists of heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) costs which implies that energy consumption decrease in this area is one of the most interesting challenges today. Besides enormous potential in reduction of energy consumed by heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems brought by such controller, it suffers from a bottleneck being the necessity of having a reliable mathematical model of the building at disposal. By finding a mathematical model appropriate for the MPC, it is meant to obtain such a model that is able to predict the behavior of the building sufficiently accurately for several hours ahead, which is an especially delicate task. This task is getting even more complicated in case of a real-life application. In this paper, we are looking for a reliable model of a huge three-storey office building in Hasselt, Belgium. For parameter estimation, an advanced identification approach is used – its advantage is that it attacks the problem of minimization of multi-step prediction error and in this way, it corresponds to MPC requirements for a good multi-step predictor. Moreover, we discuss not only the identification approach itself but we also focus on accompanying problems with real-operation data acquisition, processing and special treatment which is an indispensable step for achieving satisfactory identification results. The chosen model is now used in real operation with MPC at Hollandsch Huys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] We provided the MIM4DC, a new algorithm for dual control. [•] The proposed algorithm combines identification and control criteria. [•] The MIM4DC outperforms standard MPC formulation. [•] The result is a trade-off between the performance and persistent excitation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Model predictive control has become a widespread solution in many industrial applications and is gaining ground in the field of energy management and automation systems of buildings. A model with reasonable prediction properties is an ultimate condition for good performance of the predictive controller. This paper presents an approach in which a model of a building is selected by an iterative two stage procedure. In the first stage, a minimum set of disturbance inputs is formed so that the resulting model is the best with respect to a defined quality criterion; then the second stage comprises addition of the states to obtain the final minimum set of states maximizing the model quality. The procedure stops when it makes no sense to select more complex model as it brings no more quality improvements. Statistical tests such as the likelihood ratio test, the tests based on cumulative periodogram, the two-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov test as well as others (fit factor and coefficient of determination) are used to evaluate the relationship between the addition of inputs/states and the model quality. Three identification approaches, namely model predictive control relevant identification, deterministic semi-physical and probabilistic semi-physical modeling are used for estimation of building parameters. Finally, a case study is provided where all the above mentioned approaches are investigated and tested. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] The paper describes a real application of the MPC on an office building. [•] The complete process including the data collection and model acquisition is discussed. [•] For the model parameters estimation, a special approach called model predictive control relevant identification is used. [•] The ultimate result is a two-level controller which spares about 17% in average of energy compared to the original control strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Climate changes, diminishing world supplies of non-renewable fuels, as well as economic aspects are probably the most significant driving factors of the current effort to save energy. As buildings account for about 40% of global final energy use, efficient building climate control can significantly contribute to the saving effort. Predictive building automation can be used to operate buildings in an energy and cost effective manner with minimum retrofitting requirements. In such a predictive control approach, dynamic building models are of crucial importance for a good control performance. An algorithm which has not been used in building modeling yet, namely a combination of minimization of multi-step ahead prediction errors and partial least squares will be investigated. Subsequently, two case studies are presented: the first is an artificial model of a building constructed in Trnsys environment, while the second is a real-life case study. The proposed identification algorithm is then validated and tested. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Recent results show that a predictive building automation can be used to operate buildings in an energy and cost effective manner with only a small retrofitting requirements. In this approach, the dynamic models are of crucial importance. As industrial experience has shown, modeling is the most time-demanding and costly part of the automation process. Many papers devoted to this topic actually deal with modeling of building subsystems. Although some papers identify a building as a complex system, the provided models are usually simple two-zones models, or extremely detailed models resulting from the use of building simulation software packages. These are, however, not suitable for predictive control. The objective of this paper is to share the years-long experience of the authors in building modeling intended for predictive control of the building''s climate. We provide an overview of identification methods for buildings and analyze their applicability for subsequent predictive control. Moreover, we propose a new methodology to obtain a model suitable for the use in a predictive control framework combining the building energy performance simulation tools and statistical identification. The procedure is based on the so-called co-simulation that has appeared recently as a feature of various building simulation software packages. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Recently, there has been an intensive research in the area of Model Predictive Control (MPC) for buildings. The key principle of MPC is a trade-off between energy savings and user welfare making use of predictions of disturbances acting on the system (ambient temperature, solar radiation, occupancy, etc.). Usually, according to international standards, the thermal comfort is represented by a static range for the operative temperature. By contrast, this paper is devoted to the optimization of the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) index which, opposed to the static temperature range, describes user comfort directly. PMV index is, however, a nonlinear function of various quantities, which limits the applicability and scalability of the control problem formulation. At first, PMV-based formulation is stated, the main differences between typical MPC problem formulation and PMV based formulation are outlined, a computationally tractable approximation of the nonlinear optimal control problem is presented and its accuracy is validated. Finally, control performance is compared both to a conventional and predictive control strategies and it turns out that the proposed optimal control problem formulation shifts the savings potential of typical MPC by additional 10–15% while keeping the comfort within levels defined by standards. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]