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The aim of the study was to determine the value of the PCR-RFLP method on the part of the gene E1 for genotyping of the HPVs, compared to stendard RFLP method (primers MY09/MY11).

Otkriće izolata Staphylococcus aureus, intermedijarno osjetljivog na vankomicin (VISA), u Japanu 1997. godine, privuklo je veliku pozornost diljem svijeta. Nakon toga pojavilo se nekoliko izvješća o VISA u bolesnika s infekcijama koje nisu odgovarale na liječenje vankomicinom u u drugim krajevima svijeta. Takvi su izolati uglavnom bili heterogeni, tj. dio populacije takvog soja bio je osjetljiv, a dio intermedijarno osjetljiv prema vankopmicinu (hVisa). Cilj ove studije bio je utvrditi postojanje bio je utvrditi postojanje smanjene osjetljivosti na vankomicin u sojeva Staphylococcus aureus u Hrvatskoj rezistentnih na meticilin. 48 sojeva Staphylococcus aureus rezistentnih na meticilin (MRSA) iz 3 različite bolnice u Hrvatskoj ispitivano je na test ploči moždano-srčanog agara (BHIA) sa 4 mg/L vankomicina. 33 (68.7%) soja koja su rasli na test-ploči, presađena su na BHIA s rastućom koncentracijom vankomicina (skraćena populacijska analiza). Nakon pasaže i rasta na ploči BHIA bez vankomicina određivane su minimalne inhibitorne koncentracije (MIK) za sve sojeve, standardnom metodom dilucije u agaru prema NCCLS-u. Sojevi su zatim zamrznuti, oživljeni nakon 6 mjeseci, te je ponovljeno određivanje MIK-ova na vankomicin. Mu50 i Mu3 bili su uključeni u rad kao pozitivne kontrole. 14 od 48 (29.1%) sojeva imalo je MIK-ove vankomicina od 8 mg/L, 1/48 (2%) imao je MIK od 18 mg/L. U 3/48 (6.2%) soja MIK-ovi su ostali isti nakon pohrane u tekućem dušiku u trajanju od 6 mjeseci. MIK50 i MIK90 vankomicina tih sojeva na Mueller-Hintonovu agaru (MHA) prije rasta na BHIA s rastućom koncentracijom vankomicina bili su 1 i 2 mg/L, neposredno nakon toga 4 i 8 mg/L, a nakon šestomjesečne pohrane bili su 4 i 4 mg/L. Zaključujemo da je prevalencija hVISA u Hrvatskoj niska, ali sojevi sa smanjenom osjetljivošću na vankomicin postoje. U našoj studiji nismo imali podataka o kliničkoj korelaciji s laboratorijskim nalazima, tako da je o značenju heterorezistentnih subpopulacija u ovom slučaju teško govoriti.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) are a great public problem all over the world. Standard treatment of bacterial STDs usually consists of multidose regimens which diminish patient compliance and compromise treatment results. Azithromycin has distinctive pharmacokinetic advantages over other macrolides. Excellent bioavailability and long half life in tissues enables simple dosage regimens such as once a day for 3 days or even as a single dose. Because azithromycin is active against Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum, the greatest advantage of the azithromycin single dose regimen would be the treatment of the nongonorrheic urethritis syndrome. However, much more experience is needed for the use of azithromycin in the treatment of syphilis, chlamydial infections in pregnancy, gonorrhea and bacterial STDs in HIV-coinfected patients as the first choice agent in the treatment of bacterial STD syndrome.

Opportunistic screening based on the Pap smear has been undertaken in Croatia since 1953. However, cervical cancer remains an important health problem in Croatia when compared to European countries with organised screening programmes. In Croatia, in addition to screening based on well established cytology, Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing is widely used as secondary test as a triage to borderline cytology and as a follow-up after treatment of severe cervical lesions. Many different approaches for HPV testing arose in Croatia over the last decade depending on the needs of each medical institution involved. Presently, there is an urgent need for better networking between the laboratories, the implementation of quality assessment and the adaptation of a uniform system of referring to and reporting of HPV testing. In conclusion, the best possible organisation for HPV testing would be essential for implementation of HPV testing as primary screening test in Croatia, an thus ultimately and hopefully, the more successful cervical cancer control.