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Značajna (stara, vrijedna) stabla osim kulturološke vrijednosti, povećavaju i vrijednost „lokalne“ imovine te utječu na estetske vrijednosti prostora. Cilj rada bio je valorizirati (estetske i funkcionalne karakteristike značajnih stabala na javnim gradskim krajobraznim površinama Šibensko-kninske županije) u cilju izrade katastra značajnog drveća. Terensko istraživanje provedeno je na 10 mikrolokaliteta u razdoblju od 2019.do 2020. godine na području Šibensko-kninske županije. Odabrana značajna stabla (131 jedinki na 10 mikrolokaliteta, odnosno Knin 1 (21), Knin 2 (2), Primošten 1 (6), Primošten 2 (20), Šibenik 1 (9), Šibenik 2 (1) i Šibenik 3 (1), Zaton 1 (16) i Zaton 2 (6), Skradin (49) procijenjena su VTA metodom (Vizualno-kontrolna metoda). Rezimirajući istraživanja dalo se zaključiti da je većina stabala u relativno dobrom stanju. Anketno ispitivanje provedenoje na 102 ispitanika diljem županije. Prosječne ocjene ispitanika o estetskim i funkcionalnim karakteristikama značajnih stabala na javnim gradskim krajobraznim površinama bile su: Šibenik 1 (4,15), Zaton 2 (3,96), Zaton 1 (3,71), Šibenik 2 (3,61), Skradin 1 (3,53), Primošten 2 (3,49), Knin 1 (3,26), Primošten 1 (3,20), Šibenik 3 (3,10) i Knin 2 (2,93)., Significant (old, valuable) trees, in addition to their cultural value, they increase value of the “local” property and also affect the aesthetic values of the environment. The goal of this work was to was to valorize (aesthetic and functional characteristics of significant trees on public urban landscape areas of the Šibenik-Knin County), for the purpose of creation a cadaster of significant trees. Field research was conducted on 10 micro-locations during the period from 2019 to 2020, on the territory of Šibenik-Knin County. Selected significant trees (131 individuals in 10 micro-locations, i. e. Knin 1 (21), Knin 2 (2), Primošten 1 (6), Primošten 2 (20), Šibenik 1 (9), Šibenik 2 (1) and Šibenik 3 ( 1), Zaton 1 (16) and Zaton 2 (6), Skradin (49) were evaluated by the VTA method (Visual control method). When summarizing the conducted research, it was concluded that most of the trees are in relatively good condition. The survey was conducted on 102 respondents across the County. The average ratings obtained from the respondents on the aesthetic and functional characteristics of significant trees on public urban landscpe areas were as follows: Šibenik 1 (4,15), Zaton 2 (3,96), Zaton 1 (3,71), Šibenik 2 (3,61), Skradin 1 (3,53), Primošten 2 (3,49), Knin 1 (3,26), Primošten 1 (3,20), Šibenik 3 (3,10) and Knin 2 (2,93).

U zadnjih nekoliko desetljeća sve se više radi na istraživanju i uvođenju u uzgoj samoniklih i zaštićenih biljnih vrsta. Primjenom ovih vrsta u gradskim krajobrazima doprinosi se očuvanju biološke i krajobrazne raznolikosti. U nas još vlada trend nedovoljnog uzgoja ovih vrsta. Stoga je i cilj ovog rada bio, putem anketnog istraživanja istražiti percepciju i stavove ispitanika o ukrasnim karakteristikama i primjeni odabranih zaštićenih biljnih vrsta koje rastu na hrvatskom kršu (Por. Caryophyllaceae, Iridaceae, Liliaceae i Ranunculaceae). Kroz opći dio rada obrađuje se uvođenje novih vrsta u ukrasnu hortikulturu s naglaskom na zaštićene biljne vrste, kao i opisi odabranih potonjih vrsta s bioekološkog i zaštitarskog aspekta. Kao izvor primarnih podataka provedeno je anketno ispitivanje, u drugoj polovici 2019. godine. Rezultati pokazuju da ispitanici ukrasne karakteristike i primjenu odabranih vrsta uglavnom vrednuju s ocjenom dobar. Prosječne ocjene po vrstama su donekle približne promatrajući ukrasne karakteristike i primjenu. Razlog tome je kontinuirana uporaba alohtonih vrsta tijekom posljednjih decenija. Postoje i izuzetci u pogledu ukrasnih karakteristika i primjene kojima su dodijeljene vrlo dobre ocjene: zvjezdasti ljiljan, vele cvjetni kukurijek i velika šumarica. Način održavanja gore navedenih vrsta u uzgoju ispitanici percipiraju kao osrednje težak. Ovi preliminarni rezultati mogu se koristiti prilikom uvođenja novih vrsta u ukrasnu hortikulturu.

Uloga šuma hrasta crnike nije primarno gospodarska, iako djelomično može biti (ogrjevno drvo, biomasa), ali danas u okolnostima klimatskih promjena izraženija je njihova ekološka i socijalna uloga, posebno zato što prevladavaju šume niskoga uzgojnoga oblika (panjače). Površina uređajnoga razreda panjača hrasta crnike u Republici Hrvatskoj iznosi 21 216,63 ha, od toga je 8351,79 ha u redovitom gospodarenju poduzeća Hrvatske šume d.o.o. Površina od 12 740,18 ha nalazi se u šumoposjedničkim šumama. Zajedničko je obilježje panjača hrasta crnike izostanak bilo kakvih uzgojnih radova u mladosti i tijekom njihova razvoja, premda su u panjačama propisani šumskouzgojni radovi na čišćenju i prorjeđivanju te na obnovi. Budući da su prepuštene spontanu razvoju, razvio se čitav spektar, od onih najkvalitetnijih s relativno visokom drvnom zalihom dobro sklopljenih i suvislo obraslih sastojina pa do onih nekvalitetnih, razbijena sklopa, sa sitnim i kvalitetno lošim stablima male drvne zalihe. Istraživanjem su obuhvaćene samo plohe u okviru međunarodnoga projekta »Man and Biosphere« – MAB (Čovjek i biosfera), plohe Šumarskoga fakulteta te plohe Hrvatskoga šumarskoga instituta. Strukturna istraživanja radila su se u crnikovim šumama i uspoređivana su na trajnim pokusnim plohama s otoka Raba, Brijuna i otoka Mljeta (TPP br. 36, br. 56 i 57, br. 37). Na trajnim pokusnim plohama izoliranima od antropogenoga utjecaja u tijeku su progresivni sukcescijski procesi, iako je zabilježen intenzivan utjecaj divljači na Rabu i na Cresu, što će uvjetovati problem obnove. Sastojine poprimaju izgled jednodobne sastojine, stabilne su i buduća istraživanja trebala bi pratiti daljnju dinamiku razvoja sastojine. Eventualni poremećaji mogli bi biti izazvani ponajviše požarom.

Područje Brijunskog arhipelaga, zahvaljujući geomorfološko-hidrološkim, klimatskim, prirodnim i antropogenim utjecajima, tvori jedno od malobrojnih očuvanih jadranskih prirodnih, kulturnih i krajobraznih vrijednosti. Na području Velog Brijuna na relativno maloj površini izmjenjuju se elementi više šumskih stanišnih tipova. Antropogeni čimbenik je utjecao na nestanak dijelova šuma sječom i gradnjom infrastrukture. Drugi čimbenik je prekobrojno stanje divljači na otoku. Iz tih razloga formirane su dvije trajne pokusne plohe za praćenje ekosustava na Velikom Brijunu: jedna u ograđenom prostoru rezidencijalnog parka Bijele vile (br. 57) i druga u slobodnom prostoru u predjelu Mrtvi vrh (br. 56).Istraživanje na kojemu se temelji ovaj rad provedeno je u svibnju 2017. godine na obje trajne pokusne plohe, u sklopu čega su analizirana vegetacijsko-ekološka i strukturna obilježja tih sastojina. Dobiveni rezultati uspoređeni su s posljednjom cjelovitom izmjerom istih ploha iz 1988. godine. Na temelju obrađenih podataka utvrđene su velike razlike između mjerenih površina. Floristička slika dalje produbljuje razlike između ova dva lokaliteta. Na trajnoj pokusnoj plohi 56 gotovo uopće nema sloja grmlja, dok su na pokusnoj plohi 57 isti izrazito razvijeni. Nadalje, osim flornog osiromašenja na TPP 56 treba napomenuti i nemogućnost prirodnog pomlađivanja sastojine, dok je na TPP 57 evidentiran gust ponik i pomladak. S obzirom na mjerene elemente strukture sastojine 1988. i 2017. godine, sastojina na TPP 57 prirodno se razvija i raste dok je sastojina na TPP 56 zbog velikog utjecaja divljači u fazi regresije i degradacije.Ponajprije je potrebno na dijelu otoka smanjiti broj alohtone divljači i svesti njezin broj na održivost staništa. Površinu TPP 57 i okolno područje zaštititi kao posebni rezervat šumske vegetacije i provoditi mjere u okviru te kategorije zaštite., The area of the Brijuni archipelago, due to geomorphological-hydrological, climatic, natural and anthropogenic influences, makes up one of a few preserved natural, cultural and landscape values in the Adriatic. In the area of Veli Brijun, there are alternating elements of several forest stand types on a relatively small surface. The anthropogenic factor influenced the disappearance of parts of forests through logging and infrastructure construction. The second factor is excessive numbers of wildlife on the island. Consequently, two test surfaces were formed intended for ecosystem monitoring on the island of Veliki Brijun: one in the fenced area of the residential park of the White Villa (No. 57) and the other in the free space in the area referred to as the Dead Peak (No. 56). The research behind this paper was conducted in May 2017 on both permanent experimental plot within which vegetative-ecological and structural features of these stands were analysed. The obtained results were compared with the most recent previous measurement of the same surfaces conducted in 1988. Based on the processed data, huge differences were identified between the measured surfaces. The floristic aspect further accentuates the differences between the two localities. In the permanent experimental plot No. 56, there is hardly any shrub layer, while in the permanent experimental plot No. 57 the latter is extremely developed. Moreover, in addition to floral scarcity on the permanent experimental plot No. 56 it is important to highlight the impossibility of natural stand regeneration, while on the permanent experimental plot No. 57 dense sprouts and young growth were recorded. Considering the measured elements of stand structure in 1988 and in 2017, the stand in the permanent experimental plot No. 57 develops and grows naturally, while the stand in the permanent experimental plot No. 56 is undergoing a phase of regression and degradation due to a large influence of wildlife. First of all, the numbers of allochthonous wildlife in the specific part of the island need to be reduced to numbers that enable stand sustainability. The permanent test surface No. 57 and the surrounding area need to be preserved as a special forest vegetation reserve and measures need to be implemented within this protection category.

Dvorac Kulmer s posjedom Bračak smješten je kao samostalna građevina na zaravni brežuljka koji se uzdiže sjeverno od ceste koju prate željeznička pruga i rijeka Krapina. Okružen je perivojem koji prekriva cijelu južnu padinu do same ceste. Nova namjena ove građevine određena je da bude javna i to u funkciji edukacijsko-prezentacijskog centra s uredskim i ugostiteljskim prostorima. Kulmer, Bračak spada u kategoriju preventivno zaštićenih kulturnih dobara u kategoriji Perivoji i parkovi, predložen je za upis u registar nepokretnih kulturnih dobara Republike Hrvatske. Gubitak izvornog identiteta perivoja događa se tijekom minulog stoljeća uslijed širenja bolničkog kompleksa i uslijed neadekvatnog održavanja, što uvjetuje njegovu degradaciju i gubitak kompozicijske osnove. Prilikom izrade ovog rada korištene su metode analize, sinteze i komparativne metode. Cilj rada je bila biološko-ekološka i krajobrazna valorizacija i ukazati na smjernice uređenja perivoja Kulmer-Bračak. Istraživanja su obavljena 2011., 2015. i 2016. godine. U radu se ujedno kao cilj provela revitalizacija prostora perivoja kao metodu vraćanja života u zapuštene perivoje u cilju vraćanja prvobitne ili pridavanjem neke druge primjerene funkcije. Kako su u vrijeme obavljanja naših istraživanja započeti radovi na obnovi dvorca i znala se njegova buduća funkcija kao sjedišta Regionalnog energetskog centra predložene smjernice uređenja i vrednovanja perivoja vođene su tom činjenicom. Kod odabira vrsta za sadnju predviđene su autohtone vrste i vrste koje su kroz povijest evidentirane u perivojima na području Hrvatskog zagorja. U smislu revitalizacije pojedinih funkcionalnih sadržaja i njihovo lociranje je predviđeno u odnosu na postojeći dvorac, povijesnu matricu perivoja te spomenutu buduću namjenu dvorca, a time i korištenje perivoja. Regionalni energetski centar u dvorcu Kulmer-Bračak otvoren je u ožujku 2017. godine dok radovi na potpunom funkcionalnom uređenju perivoja nisu urađeni.

Na osnovu njihovog habitusa, sobno bilje se dijeli na šest skupina: vrste koje izgledom podsjećaju na trave, biljke uspravnog rasta, penjačice i puzavice, rozetaste biljke i loptaste biljke. Unutar općeg dijela ovog rada obrađuju se ekološki i uzgojni zahtjevi sobnog bilja, kao i opća saznanja o njihovim različitim skupinama. Anketno istraživanje provedeno je tijekom mjeseca travnja i svibnja 2018. godine na uzorku od 60 ispitanika (učenika srednje škole) s područja grada Knina, njegove okolice i susjednih mjesta. Svrha navedenog istraživanja bila je istražiti stavove i percepcije kninskih srednjoškolaca o nabavi, uzgoju i primjeni sobnog bilja. Temeljem anketnog istraživanja ustanovljeno je da ispitanici (učenici kninskih srednjih škola) najviše nabavljaju sobno bilje u vrtnim centrima i supermarketima Knina. Najveći broj ispitanika godišnje izdvoji do 100 kn za nabavu i njegu sobnog bilja. Manji broj ispitanika se često bavi uzgojem lončanica aromatičnog bilja u interijeru. Najvažnija im je ukrasna karakteristika kod sobnog bilja cvijet. Mali broj ispitanika se bavi i uzgojem sobnog bilja. Najveći broj sobnog bilja im se nalazi u dnevnoj sobi. Za uzgoj i njegu sobnog bilja učenike su najviše zainteresirali njihovi roditelji i rodbina.

U novije vrijeme zbog suvremenog načina života i troškova održavanja u gradskom i prigradskom okruženju na submediteranu smanjila se brojnost i veličina klasičnih vrtova s ukrasnim biljem. Ipak, u zadnje vrijeme mogli bismo reći da raste trend osnivanja samoodrživih vrtova i misija kako očuvati biološku raznolikost na krajobraznim površinama. U ovom radu se razmatraju mogućnosti primjene i opisuju neke jestive alohotne i autohtone vrste za održive vrtove na submediteranskom kršu. Cilj rada je odabrati adekvatne biljne vrste da budu dekorativne i iskoristive za ljudsku prehranu (kao voće, povrće, ljekovito i aromatično bilje). Obrađuju se vrste iz različitih porodica: Aliaceae, Asparagaceae, Berberidaceae, Brassicaceae, Cactaceae, Cupressaceae, Campanulaceae, Ericaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Orchidaceae, Portulaceae i Rosaceae. U nekim vrtovima na submediteranu tako se mogu pronaći divlje jagode, maline ili kupine koje se mogu lijepo ukomponirati na ukrasnu kamenjaru ili na ukrasnu gredicu. Aromatične i ljekovite vrste: kadulja, lavanda, smilje, ružmarin, timijan, paprena metvica, ružmarin i slično. itekako su poželjne u formiranju održivih vrtova na kršu. U ukrasnoj hortikulturi česta je primjena vrsta s krša (osobito onih nižeg rasta) i na dekorativnim kamenjarama u vrtovima ili na nekim drugim krajobraznim površinama. Određene biljne vrste s većih nadmorskih visina se ne mogu zbog loše prilagodbe na agroekološke uvjete uzgajati u nižim područjima. U nekim planinskim područjima česti su primjeri uporabe alpinetuma koji se uređuju sa vrstama s viših nadmorskih visina.

Vjetrozaštitni pojasi uspostavljaju se kao barijere od redova stabala ili grmlja koje se sade s namjenom reduciranja brzine vjetra, smanjenja evapotranspiracije, zaštite od eolske erozije, istovremeno izravno se koriste za zaštitu kultura i nasada te osiguravaju povoljnije stanišne uvjete. Jedna od bitnih pretpostavki uspjeha podizanja pojasa je korištenje autohtonih vrsta drveća i grmlja prilagođenih na stanišne uvjete. Tehnologije i postupci zaštite mogu biti usmjerene na biološko-tehničke postupke pošumljivanja i podizanja nasada s ciljem ublažavanja udara vjetra. Izbor biljnih vrsta za podizanje nasada uvjetovan je različitim klimatskim zonama, biološko-ekološkim značajkama vrsta, ali i kompoziciji s ostalim elementima krajobraza. Zaštita od vjetra postavlja se prema pravcu udara glavnog vjetra. Uspostava vjetrozaštitnih pojasa ponajprije smanjuje snagu vjetra i reducira njegovu brzinu. Na taj način ublažavaju se klimatski ekstremi povezani s olujnim vjetrom (na kršu se ponajprije radi o buri) i utječe na mikroklimatske uvjete, što u konačnici može osigurati zaštitu poljoprivrednog i šumskog zemljišta., Windbreaks are established as barriers of rows of trees or shrubs that are planted to reduce wind speed, reduce evapotranspiration, protect against aeolian erosion, while being used directly to protect crops and plantations and provide favorable habitat conditions. One of the essential preconditions for the success of belt raising is the use of indigenous species that are adapted to habitat conditions. Technologies and protection procedures can be focused on biological-technical procedures of afforestation and raising plantations with the aim of mitigating wind gusts. The goal of windbreaks and raising plantations with different species is shown in the following figures (Figures 3,4,5,6,7). The choice of plant species for raising plantations is conditioned by different climatic zones, biological and ecological characteristics of the species, but also the composition with other elements of the landscape. An important feature of windbreaks is their wind permeability and impact on wind speed. Permeability depends on the habitus of the plant, and the type of trees and shrubs. The density of the windbreak changes its impact and effectiveness; the permeable belt ensures a balanced distribution as part of the wind skips it and part passes through the belt. The wind protection is placed in the direction of the main wind. Technical wind protection procedures include the construction of barriers made of building materials such as brick, stone, timber, glass, hard plastic or a combination of several types of materials (Figures 1 and 2). Biological procedures in terms of species selection and consideration of habitat conditions are much more complex. All this in the context of frequent changes in the “wind structure” in the karst area. Belt lifting can be differentiated according to purpose and expected performance as follows: impermeable belt, semi-permeable and permeable belt. The establishment of windbreaks primarily reduces wind strength and reduces its speed. In this way, the climatic extremes associated with the stormy wind are alleviated (the karst is primarily a bora) and it affects the microclimatic conditions, which can ultimately ensure the protection of agricultural and forest land.

Žižula (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) je mediteranska voćna vrsta koja svojim ukrasnim i oblikovnim karakteristikama upotpunjuje pejsažnu sliku urbanog prostora grada Skradina. Na području Skradina ova kultura je posađena u sklopu kućnih vrtova i samostalnih voćnjaka. Danas na području grada Skradina kuća s vrtom sve više poprima gradska obilježja i udaljava se od tradicionalnog seoskog vrta. Tradicija uzgoja žižule je prvenstveno u gospodarske svrhe (radi ploda), premda je poznato da se zbog izuzetne ljekovitosti od žižule mogu još koristiti listovi i kora. Cilj rada bila je valorizacija utilitarnih i ukrasnih vrtova te voćnjaka (sveukupno 36) na području grada Skradina u kojima je posađena žižula. Kroz anketno istraživanje u uzorku od 50 ispitanika s područja grada Skradina istražili su se stavovi i percepcije o ukrasnim karakteristikama, primjeni, održavanju i ulozi žižule u gospodarstvu Skradina. Terenskim istraživanjima je utvrđeno da su za krajobrazno uređenje i oblikovanje vrtova s žižulom najveće ocijene postigli ukrasni vrtovi u sklopu stambenog objekta. U pogledu zastupljenosti (pojavnosti) u vrtovima na ovom području prevladavaju utilitarne vrste. Najveći broj stabala žižule zabilježen je u voćnjacima bez stambenog objekta. Izvrsne ocijene su dodijeljene stablima žižule u okviru voćnjaka u sklopu stambenog objekta i utilitarnim vrtovima u sklopu stambenog objekta. Rezultati anketnog istraživanja pokazuju da je vegetativnim organima ove voćke u pogledu uresnosti dodijeljena ocjena izvrstan kao i njenoj ulozi u krajobraznoj slikovitosti. Ocjenjivači atraktivnijim smatraju primjenu žižule u vrtovima nego na javnim krajobraznim površinama i parkovima. Smatraju da ova kultura treba postati i skradinski brend., Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is a Mediterranean fruit species that with its ornamental and design characteristics completes the landscape image of the urban space of the town of Skradin. In the area of Skradin this species has been planted in family house gardens and independent orchards. Nowadays family houses in the territory of the town of Skradin have been increasingly assuming urban features and departing from the traditional rural garden. The tradition of jujube cultivation is primarily for sale (for its fruit), although it is known that its leaves and bark can also be used because of their extremely beneficial medicinal properties. The specific objective of the paper was valorisation of utilitarian and decorative gardens and orchards (a total of 36) in the territory of the town of Skradin in which jujube had been planted. A survey research using the sample of 50 respondents from the territory of the town of Skradin explored attitudes and perceptions about ornamental characteristics, application, maintenance and the role of jujube in the economy of Skradin. According to field research findings, it was determined that ornamental gardens adjacent to a residential facility were given the highest grades for landscape architecture and garden design using jujube. According to prevalence in the gardens, utilitarian species prevail in this area. The highest number of jujube trees was recorded in orchards without an adjacent residential facility. Excellent grades were given to jujube trees in orchards adjacent to a residential facility and utilitarian gardens with an adjacent residential facility. According to survey research findings, vegetative organs of this fruit were given excellent grades in terms of ornamental features and its role in landscape picturesqueness. The evaluators deemed jujube tree more attractive in gardens rather than in public landscape spaces and parks. They believe that this species needs to become a Skradinian brand.

Od 20. stoljeću pa do danas poznat je veliki broj kultivara afričke ljubičice. Ova vrsta ubrzo je zauzela mjesto među najomiljenijim kućnim biljkama. Afričku ljubičicu karakteriziraju dekorativni srcoliki listovi na dugim peteljkama i cvjetovi koji mogu biti različito obojani. Za njezin rast i razvoj najpogodniji su gotovi supstrati. Tijekom ljetnog perioda vrsta preferira osvijetljeni dio interijera bez direktne sunčeve svjetlosti. Za vrijeme cvatnje ljubičicu je potrebno umjereno zalijevati, a nakon cvatnje ona zahtjeva manju količinu vode. Afričku ljubičicu je tijekom cvatnje dovoljno gnojiti jednom tjedno. Vrsta se uglavnom razmnožava lisnim reznicama ili sjemenom. U radu je kao izvor primarnih podataka korišteno i anketno ispitivanje čiji je cilj bio istražiti percepciju i stavove ispitanika o ukrasnim karakteristikama i primjeni različitih kultivara afričke ljubičice. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da se ispitanicima u pogledu ukrasnih karakteristika nešto više sviđaju kultivari s posebnijim izgledom listova i cvjetova, a s gledišta primjene ljubičice u različitim interijerima ispitanici bi više koristili klasičnije tipove kultivara afričke ljubičice. Održavanje vrste percipiraju kao uglavnom lagano. Navedeno preliminarno istraživanje može poslužiti prilikom krajobraznog oblikovanja interijera i tehnolozima s aspekta proizvodnje i prodaje.

Sustavnih istraživanja biološko-ekoloških obilježja cjelokupnog područja i same park-šume Hober nije bilo do sada. Strukturna obilježja sastojine nalazimo tek u Planu gospodarenja za park-šumu Hober (2006-2015). Šumarsku problematiku nalazimo u radu Vojinovića (1997). Dendrološka istraživanja imamo u radovima Denich i Draganović (1985), Vojinović (1997),Fabris (2001), Onofri (2002). Izostala je njegova cjelovita inventarizacija.Današnje stanje park-šume Hober karakterizira njegova zapuštenost i neuređenost kako šumske vegetacije i dendrološko-hortikulturnih, tako i vrtno-arhitektonskih sadržaja. Prisutna je koncepcijska nedefiniranost cjelokupnog područja Hobera.Park-šuma Hober u vegetacijskom smislu pripada šumskoj zajednici šuma alepskog bora i hrasta crnike (Querco ilicis – Pinetum halepensis Loisel 1971). Upravo iz razloga vegetacijske i strukturne neujednačenosti, postavljeno je 7 pokusnih ploha u samoj park-šumi, te još 4 izvan nje. Cilj je detaljnom vegetacijskom i strukturnom analizom izdvojiti pojedina područja, dati njihov opis i prikazati njihovo stanje, što se kasnije može upotrijebiti u svrhu zoniranja prostora.Analizirana istraživanja pokazuju da u sloju drveća alepski bor prevladava na plohama 1,2,3 i 9; crnika na plohama 4 i 5 te obični čempres na plohama 6 i 7. U sloju grmlja najzastupljenija je lemprika koja dolazi na svim plohama. Zatim su tu širokolisna zelenika i tršlja. Iz tablice 2 vidimo da je na svim plohama pokrovnost vegetacijom potpuna osim na plohi 6, gdje je rijetka makija. Sloj drveća je prevladavajući osim na plohama 8, 10 i 11, gdje je prisutna makija. Zamjetno je da je kod razvijenih sastojina podjednako gust sloj drveća i grmlja. Tu odstupaju plohe 6 i dijelom ploha 9 te plohe 10 gdje je makija te ploha 11 koja je prirodna sukcesija šumske vegetacije na zapuštenim poljoprivrednim površinama. Osim kod makije imamo vrlo visok drvni volumen (drvna zaliha) koji se ovisno o razvoju sastojine kreće od 100 do čak 270 m3/ha. Broj stabala je isto vrlo velik i kreće se od 1000 do 2700 po ha. Svi ti podaci ukazuju na neuređenost i izostanak bilo kakvih uzgojnih radova. Cilj ovog rada je istražiti vegetacijska, dendrološka, šumsko-uzgojna i strukturna obilježja cjelokupnog područja Hober. Ona su primarni pokazatelj stanje i dat će smjernice za njegovu buduću biološku i prostornu valorizaciju., A systematic research of biological and ecological characteristics of the overall Hober area and Hober forest park itself has not been performed thus far. Structural characteristics of the stand were included only in The Management Plan for Hober Forest Park (2006-2015). Forestry issues were addressed in the paper by Vojinović (1997). Dendrological research was included in the papers by Denich and Draganović (1985), Vojinović (1997), Fabris (2001) and Onofri (2002). Its overall inventory records are missing.The current condition of Hober forest park is characterised by its neglect and no landscape design in terms of both forest vegetation, dendrological, horticultural and garden and architectural content. Moreover, there is conceptual indefiniteness of the overall Hober area.Hober forest park in terms of vegetation belongs to the forest community of the Aleppo pine and Holm oak (Querco ilicis – Pinetum halepensis Loisel 1971). It is primarily due to vegetative and structural unevenness that 7 experimental surfaces were placed in the forest park itself and 4 more outside of it. A comprehensive vegetation and structural analysis was intended for the selection of individual areas, in order to provide their description and present their condition, which can subsequently be used for the purpose of zoning the area.According to the analysed research the Aleppo pine prevails in the layer of trees on the surfaces 1, 2, 3 and 9; Holm oak on the surfaces 4 and 5 and Common cypress on the surfaces 6 and 7. Laurestine is the most common species in the shrub layer, which appears on all the surfaces. Then there are green olive trees with broad leaves and mastic trees. The tree layer prevails with the exception of the surfaces 8, 10 and 11 where there is maquis. It is evident that in developed stands the tree layer and the shrub layer are almost equally dense. The latter is not the case on the surface 6, partially on the surface 9 and the surface 10 where maquis prevails and the surface 11, which is a natural succession of forest vegetation on abandoned agricultural surfaces. With the exception of maquis, there is a very high wood volume which, depending on stand development, ranges from 100 to even 270 m3/ha. The number of trees is also very large and it ranges from 1,000 to 2,700 per hectare. All this data indicates no landscape design and absence of any silvicultural work. The objective of this paper is to explore vegetative, dendrological, silvicultural and structural characteristics of the overall Hober area. They are the primary indicators of the condition and will provide the guidelines for its future biological and spatial valorisation.

U zadnjih nekoliko desetljeća sve se više radi na istraživanju i uvođenju u uzgoj samoniklih i zaštićenih biljnih vrsta. Primjenom ovih vrsta u gradskim krajobrazima doprinosi se očuvanju biološke i krajobrazne raznolikosti. U nas još vlada trend nedovoljnog uzgoja ovih vrsta. Stoga je i cilj ovog rada bio, putem anketnog istraživanja istražiti percepciju i stavove ispitanika o ukrasnim karakteristikama i primjeni odabranih zaštićenih biljnih vrsta koje rastu na hrvatskom kršu (Por. Caryophyllaceae, Iridaceae, Liliaceae i Ranunculaceae). Kroz opći dio rada obrađuje se uvođenje novih vrsta u ukrasnu hortikulturu s naglaskom na zaštićene biljne vrste, kao i opisi odabranih potonjih vrsta s bioekološkog i zaštitarskog aspekta. Kao izvor primarnih podataka provedeno je anketno ispitivanje, u drugoj polovici 2019. godine. Rezultati pokazuju da ispitanici ukrasne karakteristike i primjenu odabranih vrsta uglavnom vrednuju s ocjenom dobar. Prosječne ocjene po vrstama su donekle približne promatrajući ukrasne karakteristike i primjenu. Razlog tome je kontinuirana uporaba alohtonih vrsta tijekom posljednjih decenija. Postoje i izuzetci u pogledu ukrasnih karakteristika i primjene kojima su dodijeljene vrlo dobre ocjene: zvjezdasti ljiljan, vele cvjetni kukurijek i velika šumarica. Način održavanja gore navedenih vrsta u uzgoju ispitanici percipiraju kao osrednje težak. Ovi preliminarni rezultati mogu se koristiti prilikom uvođenja novih vrsta u ukrasnu hortikulturu., Over the last several decades, there has been an increase in research of wild and protected plant species and in their introduction into growing. The use of these species in urban landscapes contributes to the conservation of biological and landscape diversity. In our country, there is still a trend of insufficient growing of these species. Consequently, the specific objective of this paper was to explore the perceptions and attitudes of survey respondents concerning ornamental features and the use of selected protected plant species growing in the Croatian karst (Fam. Caryophyllaceae, Iridaceae, Liliaceae and Ranunculaceae). The general part of the paper focused on the introduction of new species into ornamental horticulture with an emphasis on protected plant species, as well as the descriptions of the selected latter species from the bio-ecological and the conservation aspect. A survey research was a primary data source and it was conducted in the second half of 2019. According to the findings, the respondents normally evaluated the ornamental features and the use of the selected species with the grade good. The average grades for different species are considerably similar in terms of ornamental features and the use. This is due to a continuous use of allochthonous species during the last several decades. There are also exceptions concerning ornamental features and the use that have been evaluated with very good grades: orange lily, black hellebore and snowdrop anemone. The respondents perceived the maintenance of the above mentioned plant species as medium. These preliminary findings can be used upon the introduction of new species into ornamental horticulture.

Maquis and garrigue are the most common degradation stages of Holm oak forests in Croatia. Disorganized and uncontrolled cutting degrades forests and changes their microclimates. Measurements were conducted in a Holm oak forest in the maquis and garrigue degradation stages, and in an Aleppo pine forest with Holm oak. The highest variations of microclimate elements were measured in the degradation stages of Holm oak. The average air and soil temperatures, precipitation, and potential evapotranspiration were highest in the garrigue stage and lowest in the maquis stage. The average volumetric soil water content was highest in the maquis stage (14.28%) and lowest in the garrigue stage (9.46%). The dry season water deficit was highest in the garrigue stage (-73.95 mm) and lowest in the maquis (-60.38 mm). Microclimate conditions in the garrigue degradation stage are less favorable for the growth and development of Holm oak than in high forest stands. The average values of microclimate elements in the Aleppo pine forest stand with Holm oak were within the average range of the microclimate elements of garrigue and maquis., Hrast crnika (Quercus ilex L.) je temeljna autohtona šumska vrsta eumediteranskog područja Hrvatske. Hrast crnika pridolazi u svim uzgojnim oblicima i degradacijskim stadijima, a makije i garizi su najčešći degradacijski stadiji crnikovih šuma. Nekontroliranim sječama sastojina sjemenjača i njihovim prevođenjem u degradacijske stadije, mijenjamo mikroklimu određene sastojine. Mikroklimatska istraživanja obavljena su na području otoka Mljeta. Mjerenja su obavljena u šumi hrasta crnike, u degradacijskim stadijima makija i garig te u šumi alepskog bora s hrastom crnikom. Tijekom dvije godine mjerena je temperatura zraka (°C), temperatura tla (°C), oborine (mm), relativna vlaga zraka (%) te volumetrijska vlaga tla (%). Potencijalna evapotranspiracija je izračunata prema metodi Blanea i Criddle. Vodni deficit tijekom sušnog perioda izračunat je kao razlika mjesečne količine oborine (mm) i potencijalne evapotranspiracije (mm). Najveća kolebanja mikroklimatskih elemenata su izmjerena u degradacijskim stadijima hrasta crnike. Najveća apsolutna maksimalna temperatura zraka izmjerena je u stadiju garig, a najveća minimalna u stadiju makije.Prosječne vrijednosti temperatura zraka i tla, oborine i potencijalne evapotranspiracije su bile najveće u stadiju gariga, a najmanje u stadiju makije. Prosječna vrijednost relativne vlage zraka je imala najveću vrijednost u visokoj šumi hrasta crnike. Prosječna volumetrijska vlaga tla je bila najveća u makiji (14,28 %), a najmanja u stadiju gariga (9,46 %). Vodni deficit u sušnom peridou bio je najveći u stadiju gariga (-73,95 mm), a najmanji u stadiju makije (-60,38 mm). Mikroklimatske prilike u degradacijskom stadiju gariga su nepovoljne za rast i razvoj hrasta crnike u odnosu na mikroklimatske prilike u sastojini visokog uzgojnog oblika. Prosječne vrijednosti mikroklimatskih elemenata u sastojini alepskog bora s hrastom crnikom bile su između prosječnih vrijednosti mikroklimatskih elemenata sastojine gariga i makije. Analiza ovih podataka mikroklime služi boljem poznavanju ekoloških prilika šumskih staništa.

U radu su navedene biološke i ekološke značajke, rasprostranjenost, primjena u krajobrazu i gospodarstvu te šumsko-uzgojne karakteristike za odabrane vrste čempresa i cedrova koji se najviše koriste u šumarstvu i hortikulturi. Rezimirajući navedeno došli smo do sljedećih činjenica: stablo običnog čempresa je heliofitna vrsta visoka do 30 m. Kserofitna je vrsta. Kod nas se može uzgajati u arealskim razmjerima rasprostranjenja masline. Uzgaja se u hortikulturi i u svrhu šumskih melioracija. Sjeme mu je adaptirano na požare pa se dobro samoobnavlja nakon požara. Arizonski čempres naraste od 12-15 m i nije zahtjevan prema tlu. Pogodan je za podizanje vjetrobranih pojaseva, šumskih melioracija i u svrhu pošumljavanja. Atlaski cedar je stablo visine do 40 metara, aridnih područja te za rast i uzgoj treba obilje svjetla. U meliorativnom smislu je značajna četinjača. Stablo libanonskog cedra doseže i do 40 metara visine te raste u aridnim područjima. Heliofitna je vrsta. U meliorativnom pogledu je značajna četinjača. Himalajski cedar je do 50 m visoko stablo. U nas se često uzgaja u primorskim nasadima. Kod nas su cedrovi sađeni gotovo isključivo kao dekorativne, hortikulturne vrste dok ih vrlo malo ima, uglavnom u mješovitim, kulturama s borovima, pretežito u Istri i rijetko na obalnom području (Musapstan-Zadar) ili otocima. Općenito sažimajući, ove perspektivne mediteranske vrste bi se trebale više koristiti u melioracijama krša, sanaciji izgorenih površina, u šumarstvu kao gospodarske vrste u mješovitim kulturama, pa i u hortikulturi., he paper lists biological and ecological features, distribution, use in landscape and economy, as well as forest growth characteristics for selected species of cypress and cedar trees that are the most frequently used in forestry and horticulture. Upon summing up the previously mentioned the following facts were identified: a common cypress tree reaches up to 30 m in height and is a heliophyte. It is a xerophyte species. In our country it can be grown on a scale of areal distribution of olive growing areas. It is grown in horticulture and is intended for forest melioration. Its seed is fire-adapted and hence it is easily restored after a fire. The Arizona cypress reaches from 12 to 15 m in height and it is not demanding in terms of soil. It is suitable for windbreak, forest meliorations and for the purpose of afforestation. The Atlas cedar is a tree that reaches up to 40 meters in height, growing in arid areas and hence it needs huge quantities of light for growth. It is an important conifer from the aspect of melioration. The cedar of Lebanon reaches up to 40 meters in height and grows in arid regions. It is a heliophyte species. From the aspect of melioration it is an important conifer. The Himalayan cedar (Deodar cedar) tree reaches up to 50 meters in height. In our country it is frequently grown in coastal tree nurseries. Moreover, in our country cedar trees are planted almost exclusively as ornamental horticultural species, while they are very scarce primarily in mixed cultures with pine trees, primarily in Istria and seldom also in coastal areas (Musapstan-Zadar) or on the islands. Summing up in general, these promising Mediterranean species need to be used more frequently in karst melioration, burned area restoration, in forestry as economically important species in mixed cultures and even in horticulture.

Osim razumijevanja i poznavanja biološko-ekoloških posljedica šumskih požara, kao i metoda sanacije i obnove opožarenih površina, poznavanje čimbenika koji uvjetuju nastanak šumskih požara te čimbenika koji uzrokuju početno širenje vatre bitno je zbog smanjenja opožarenih površina te pripreme i vođenja preventivnih aktivnosti. Stoga, bolje razumijevanje parametara zapaljivosti i gorivosti može doprinijeti poboljšanju spoznaja o protupožarnoj problematici i identificirati kritična razdoblja visokog rizika od šumskih požara. Za testiranje parametara zapaljivosti i gorivosti korištena je propisana metodologija. Rezultatima ovih istraživanja utvrđene su točne vrijednosti pojedinih istraživanih varijabli za vrstu našeg podneblja. Oni bi trebali pomoći kao smjernice u što boljoj protupožarnoj stategiji, a na korist potrajnog gospodarenja i očuvanja općekorisnih funkcija., In addition to understanding and knowing the biological and ecological consequences of forest fires as well as methods of recovery and restoration of fired surfaces, the knowledge of factors that cause the occurrence of forest fires and the factors causing initial spread of fire is essential due to the reduction of burned surfaces and the preparation and management of preventative activities. Therefore, a better understanding of flammability and fuel parameters can contribute to improve the knowledge of fire hazard issues and identifying critical periods of high risk of forest fires. The prescribed methodology was used to test the flammability and fuel parameters. The results of these studies have determined the exact values of the individual investigated variables for the type of our environment. They should serve as guidelines for a better firefighting policy, in favor of sustainable management and preservation of general-interest functions.

Rod borova je izrazito raznolik, broji oko 90 vrsta s velikim brojem varijeteta i hibrida. Borovi kao šumske vrste predstavljaju značajnu biološku, gospodarsku i hortikulturnu vrijednost. Na području Dalmacije borovi su u prošlosti korišteni i kao drvna građa te za dobivanje smole. Svojim karakterističnim izgledom daju autentičnost mediteranskom pejsažu. Posjeduju dekorativne osobine poput ukrasne kore, habitusa, krošnje i iglica, koje mogu biti od svjetlo do tamnozelene boje, ovisno o vrsti. Na kršu služe za pošumljavanje goleti i degradiranih terena. Dobro uspijevaju na tlima sa slabim bonitetom te daju dobru proizvodnu sposobnost. U svrhu uzgoja borova za hortikulturne namjene, oni se trebaju uzgajati na kvalitetnijim pedološkim podlogama. U radu se daju biološke, hortikulturne i gospodarske karakteristike tri vrste bora Pinus pinea L-pinjol, Pinus halepensis Mill-alepski bor i Pinus nigra Arnold.-crni bor, koji se koriste na području krškog dijela Hrvatske.

U radu se opisuju biološke i ekološke karakteristike te šumsko uzgojne značajke crnog jasena, crnog graba i bjelograbića kao važnih mediteranskih vrsta za šumske melioracije na kršu. Crni jasen je u Hrvatskoj rasprostranjen u području šuma na toplim i sušim položajima, pogotovo na čistinama južnih ekspozicija. Na submediteranu se javlja od mora do iznad 1000 metara nadmorske visine. Pošumljivanje ove vrste se obavlja sjetvom i sadnjom. Crni grab zauzima sličnu ekološku nišu u Sredozemlju, kao i hrastove šume. Heliofilna je termofilna i kserofitna vrsta. Nalazimo ga zajedno s termofilnim hrastovima. Značajna je vrsta za pošumljivanje krša. Bijeli je grab raširen u jugoistočnoj Europi i zapadnoj Aziji, od Italije do Male Azije i Kavkaza. Vrsta je toplije submediteranske klime. Bjelograbić je vrsta termofilne submediteranske zajednice Carpinetum orientalis H-ić. Značajan je za povećanje plodnosti degradiranih šumskih tala i šumskih melioracija na području krša., This article provides an overview of biological and ecological traits and forest tree breeding features of Manna Ash, Hop Hornbeam and Oriental Hornbeam as important Mediterranean species for forest melioration in karst areas. In Croatia, Manna Ash (Fraxinus ornus L.) is common in forest areas located in warm and dry regions, especially in clearings with southern exposure, while in the Sub-Mediterranean it is identified in the area from the sea up to 1,000 meters above sea level. It is not a tall tree (reaching from 8 m to 15 m) and it grows in karst limestone terrains. Its bark is grey and smooth and it produces whitish tears (manna). It is a deciduous pioneer tree species, which renews itself quickly and effectively in burned areas. Manna Ash is not frequently used for the purpose of afforestation, as the latter is normally performed through sowing seeds and planting trees. Manna Ash stands play an important role in protection of habitat, soil fertility and erosion prevention. Ash wood is used by wheelwrights, as well as for making walking sticks and as fuelwood, to name a few. Hop hornbeam (Ostrya carpinifolia Scop.) occupies a similar ecological niche in the Mediterranean region as oak forests. It is a deciduous shrub or a tree reaching up to 20 m in height. Moreover, it is a heliophilic, thermophilic and xerophytic tree species and it grows with thermophilic oak trees. Hop Hornbeam habitats have high ecological value in the Mediterranean region where they exert a positive impact in terms of soil erosion prevention. Simultaneously Hop Hornbeam stands do not have a significant economic importance, but they do have ecological significance. It is an important species in terms of karst afforestation. As is the case with Manna Ash, Hop Hornbeam, as a common species in climazonal deciduous forest communities, is an integral part of black pine forest cultures, primarily in the phase of seedlings and young saplings. It plays a significant role in post-fire succession, soil erosion prevention and habitat amelioration. Oriental Hornbeam (Carpinus orientalis Mill.) is widespread in Southeast Europe and West Asia, from Italy to Asia Minor and the Caucasus. It is a species typical of warm Sub-Mediterranean climate. Oriental Hornbeam is a species of a thermophilic Sub-Mediterranean forest community Carpinetum orientalis H-ić. It reaches 10 m to 15 m in height as a tree or it is a shrub in karst and limestone terrains in the Mediterranean region. It is a thermophilic and xerophytic tree species and it appears in terrains of different genesis. As is the case with the previously mentioned species, it is an integral part of climazonal vegetation and pine tree cultures. It renews effectively after forest fires and plays a significant role in natural post-fire succession in burned areas and in their amelioration. It is an important species in terms of karst afforestation. According to research findings, forest floor of Oriental Hornbeam mineralises quickly.

Današnje okolnosti u kojima požari otvorenog prostora, posebno šumski požari uzrokuju iznimno velike ekološke i materijalne štete zahtijeva drugačiji pristup u obnovi šuma i šumskog zemljišta. Revitalizacija prostora koji su stradali požarima utječe na cjelokupni ruralni razvoj lokalnih sredina. U radu će se analizirati i povezati metode učinkovitije obnove šumskog zemljišta. Naime, šumarska struka suočena je s izazovima u smislu izbora vrsta za pošumljivanje, načinima sanacije požarišta i postavljanju ciljeva gospodarenja u budućnosti. Nužne promjene osigurale bi bolje i kvalitetnije vrednovanje šuma i šumskog zemljišta. U uvjetima pritiska urbanizacije i infrastrukture na mediteranski dio krša u Hrvatskoj biće potrebno provesti određene prilagodbe s ciljem osiguravanja budućnosti šumarstva na kršu. Dosadašnji pristup razdvajanja primarnih djelatnosti nije pogodan za ruralni razvoj. U takvim uvjetima bilo bi ključno pronaći mogućnosti suradnje posebno na državnom zemljištu s ciljem podizanja ekonomske vrijednosti uz zadržavanje ekološke i zaštitne uloge.

One of the suggested management options for reducing fire danger is the selection of less flammable plant species. Nevertheless, vegetation flammability is both complex and dynamic, making identification of such species challenging. While large efforts have been made to connect plant traits to fire behavior, seasonal changes and within species variability of traits are often neglected. Currently, even the most sophisticated fire danger systems presume that intrinsic characteristics of leaf litter stay unchanged, and plant species flammability lists are often transferred from one area to another. In order to assess if these practices can be improved, we performed a study examining the relationship between morphological characteristics and flammability parameters of leaf litter, thereby taking into account seasonal and local variability. Litter from six Mediterranean tree species was sampled throughout the fire season from three different locations along a climate gradient. Samples were subjected to flammability testing involving an epiradiator operated at 400 °C surface temperature with 3 g sample weight. Specific leaf area, fuel moisture content, average area, and average mass of a single particle had significant influences on flammability parameters. Effects of sampling time and location were significant as well. Due to the standardized testing conditions, these effects could be attributed to changes in intrinsic characteristics of the material. As the aforementioned effects were inconsistent and species specific, these results may potentially limit the generalization of species flammability rankings. Further research is necessary in order to evaluate the importance of our findings for fire danger modeling.

Stočarska proizvodnja na našim krškim pašnjacima orijentirana je na ovčarsto, a u novije vrijeme i na pčelarsku proizvodnju. Porodica Fabaceae igra značajnu ulogu za navedene gospodarske grane. Kod gospodarenja mediteranskih pašnjaka najbolji rezultati su dobiveni ako se pravilna ispaša kombinira s gnojidbom. Na Mediteranu može biti vrlo vrijedna i pčelinja paša. Colutea arborescens - pucavac je samonikla trajnica porijeklom s Mediterana. To je listopadni grm visok od 2 do 4 metra s vitkim i uspravnim izbojcima. Ova leguminoza pokazuje učinkovitost u rastu novih izboja nakon rezidbe te ima veliku važnost u zaštiti tla od erozije vodom, a dobra je i za pošumljavanja područja nakon požara. Sjeme joj klija u roku od 1 do 2 tjedna i klijanci brzo rastu. Pucavac se može razmnožavati i reznicama. U radu su prikazane biološke, ekološke i gospodarske vrijednosti navedene vrste., Animal husbandry on Croatian karst pastures primarily focuses on sheep husbandry and more recently on beekeeping. The Fabaceae family plays an important role in the above mentioned economic branches. This is the third highest ranked family according to species abundance (18,000 described species). The stems of specific species from this family can be ligneous (woody), herbaceous, or twining. Various interventions are required in order to increase their amounts on pastures, including the use of fertilisers, primarily through the use of phosphate fertilisers, sowing, planting (particularly the ligneous species), and field burning. In most cases, the best results are achieved when proper grazing is combined with fertilisers. The Colutea genus consists of around 26 species of deciduous shrubs or small trees, with a distribution range from the Mediterranean region and Southeast Europe to Northwest Africa and the Western Himalayas. C. Arborescens – Bladder Senna is a wild perennial plant that originates from the Mediterranean. Its closest kin is the Greek Bladder Senna (Colutea cilica). The Colutea genus contains various shrubs, and they were given their common name because of their large puffy fruits. The largest quantities of this plant can be found in Southern and Central Europe, Asia Minor, and North Africa. Bladder Senna (Colutea arborescens L.) is a deciduous shrub between 2 and 4 metres high with slender and straight shoots. Its few flowers (butterfly-shaped) are yellow and are located in the axils of the leaves grouped into clusters. It blooms during the period from May to August. The fruit includes up to 30 bladder-like hard greyish-black seeds. It grows on degraded stony soils, pastures, coppices, and on forest edges. For the nursery production of plants, the Bladder Senna seeds are stratified and sown in spring. They germinate within 1 to 2 weeks and the seedlings grow fast. Bladder Senna may also be propagated by cuttings. Summer (green) cuttings need to treated with IBA. This leguminous plant shows great effectiveness in the growth of new sprouts after cutting, its importance is immense in the protection of soil against erosion by water, and it is also useful for afforestation after a forest fire. In ecological animal husbandry, Bladder Senna can be used as an alternative fodder and hence wild plants can be protected, primarily in locations where the natural vegetation is quickly destroyed. It is a melliferous species. Scarcely any research has been completed concerning the use of Bladder Senna in forest melioration, both in Croatia and at the global level. Various technologies can be used and modified in accordance with related herbaceous and woody species from the family of leguminous plants. This survey presents the biological, ecological, and economic values of the species in question.

In the recent decades changes in fire regimes led to higher vulnerability of fire prone ecosystems, with vegetation being the only component influencing fire regime which can be managed in order to reduce probability of extreme fire events. For these management practices to be effective reliable information on the vegetation flammability is being crucial. Epiradiator based testing methods are one of the methods commonly used to investigate vegetation flammability and decrease in ignition frequency is always interpreted as a decrease in flammability. Furthermore, gathered information is often combined into a single flammability score. Here we present results of leaf litter testing which, together with previously conducted research on similar materials, show that material with very low ignition frequency under certain testing conditions can be extremely flammable if testing conditions are slightly changed. Additionally, our results indicate that combining measured information into one single flammability score, even though sometimes useful, is not always meaningful and should be performed with caution.

Nacionalni park Mljet, naše prvo zaštićeno morsko područje, zauzima zapadnu trećinu otoka u obuhvatu od gotovo 5400 ha zaštićenog kopna i okolnog mora. Zaštićen je 1960. godine zbog svoje prirodne kulturne baštine, sa šumama hrasta crnike (Quercus ilex L.) i alepskog bora (Pinus halepensis Mill.) kao temeljnim fenomenom. Cilj istraživanja, a time i metoda postavljanja pokusnih ploha je utvrditi kakvo je stanje istraživanih šumskih sastojina: broj stabala, temeljnica, volumen, stanje ponika, pomlatka i stanje vegetacije na plohama gdje se šumska vegetacija razvila prirodnom sukcesijom nakon požara i usporedno sa stanjem šumske vegetacije na kontrolnim plohama koje su dio ostataka šumske sastojine koje nije zahvatio požar. U svim istraživanim područjima nije bilo izvođenje nikakvih uzgojnih radova. Na osnovu ostvarenih rezultata koji su postignuti u protupožarnoj zaštiti u NP Mljet i vidljivih statističkih trendova nameće se jasna koncepcija zaštite šuma od požara u NP Mljet. Istraživanja u radu su pokazala da su se površine koje su tijekom posljednja četiri destljeća stradale u požaru potpuno obnovile prirodnom sukcesijom, zadržale svoja vegetacijska i floristička obilježja, a time i biološku i ekološku stabilnost i raznolikost. Jedino što bi se, sukladno zakonskoj zaštiti, trebali obaviti minimalni, ali dovoljni uzgojni radovi na njezi i čišćenju, kako izgorenih stabala tako i u kasnijoj fazi mlade sastojine. Sve to se provodi u svrhu veće preventivne zaštite šuma od fitopatogenih organizama i požara, boljeg razvoja sastojine te ljepše slike ovog prirodnog krajobraza., Mljet National Park, our first marine protected area, occupies the western third of the island in the coverage of almost 5400 hectares of protected land and surrounding sea. Protected in 1960 because of its natural, cultural heritage, with oak woods (Quercus ilex L.) and Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) As a fundamental phenomenon. The aim of research and thus the method of setting up experimental plots to determine what the situation is investigated forest stands: the number of trees, basal area, volume, status of seedlings, training and state of vegetation on the plots where the forest vegetation developed through natural succession after fire and in parallel with the state of forest vegetation on control surfaces that are part of the remains of forest stands that are not affected by the fire. In all study areas was not carrying out any cultivation work. Based on the actual results achieved in the fire protection in the Mljet National Park and the apparent statistical trends imposes a clear concept of the protection of forests against fire in the National Park Mljet. Research work has shown that the surface that over the last four decades destroyed by fire completely restored natural succession, maintain their vegetation and floristic characteristics, and thus the biological and ecological stability and diversity. The only thing that would be in accordance with legal protection, should be done minimal but sufficient breeding work on the care and cleaning as burnt trees and in a later stage of the young stands. All this in order to more preventive forest protection from plant pathogenic organisms and fire, stands a better development and brighter picture of this natural landscape.

U radu je prikazano istraživanje na pokusnim plohama postavljenim u šumskim kulturama i manjim dijelom u prirodnim sastojinama crnoga bora. Cilj je istraživanja bio da se utvrde stanišni čimbenici koji imaju najveći utjecaj na razvoj crnoga bora, odnos kultura crnoga bora na povratak klimatskozonske vegetacije listača i razlike s obzirom na pošumljavanje crnim borom, zatim razlike između šumskih kultura u melioracijskom smislu, da se utvrde vrijednosti šumske prostirke u borovim sastojinama i odnos prema tlu i zaustavljanju degradacije staništa. Na terenu su izdvojene plohe veličine 625 m2 i napravljeni su vegetacijski snimci te istraženi strukturni elementi crnoga bora. Laboratorijskim su analizama obrađeni uzorci šumske prostirke i humusno-akumulativni horizonti. Dobiveni su podaci analizirani statističkim metodama. Utvrđeno je multivarijantnom analizom da su nadmorska visina i nagib dvije varijable koje najviše pozitivno koreliraju s flornim sastavom vegetacije. Šumska prostirka s obzirom na svoju količinu uglavnom ima pozitivan utjecaj na sprečavanje degradacije tla i zaustavljanje erozije. Negativan je utjecaj povezan sa sušnim razdobljem u kojem je šumska prostirka goriva tvar. Istraživanjem strukture sastojine utvrđena je vrijednost sastojina crnoga bora ne samo u ekološkom i zaštitnom smislu već na dijelu ploha i u gospodarskom., The article deals with forest cultures of black pine. Experimental plots were taken in fourteen Forest Offices in the area of Senj Forest Administration, Delnice Forest Administration and Buzet Forest Administration. Climate conditions were shown with climatodiagrams for Senj and Rijeka (Fig. 2 and Fig. 3). This multiple research was aimed at: identifying the site factors that exert the greatest influence on the growth of black pine; analyzing the impact of black pine cultures on the return of climatozonal deciduous vegetation; studying the differences resulting from afforestation with black pine; determining differences between forest cultures in the ameliorative sense. Field plots of 625 m2 were selected, vegetational relevés were made and structural elements of black pine were investigated. Samples of the forest floor (Fig. 1) and the humus-accumulative horizon were analyzed in the laboratory. The obtained data were processed using statistical methods. The research results showed that forest litter and edafic factors have positive impact on amelioration process (Fig. 4, 5, 6, 7). Multivariate analyses revealed that altitude and slope were the two variables that correlated most positively with the floral composition of the vegetation (Fig. 10). Values of the forest floor in terms of quantity were found to have a positive effect on soil degradation and on decreasing erosion processes. Negative impacts were connected with dry periods when the forest floor represents flammable material. Research on the stand structure confirmed the value of black pine stands and not only in the ecological and protective sense but also in the economic sense (Fig. 8, 9). Economic role would be even bigger under conditions of regular silvicultural treatment. Regular thinnings may support successional processes from pine toward decidous vegetation by promoting already established decidous understorey. Nevertheless, silvicultural strategies for conversion of black pine are necessary in the Croatian Mediterannean karst area. In the chapter Conclusions three ways of silvicultural conversion of black pine forest cultures are presented: • Shelterwood system on small groups under the cover of tree crowns, left over as a shelter. Conversion focusing on structural change aiming at group selection method. • Conversion under continous cover schemes, focusing on mixed species forests between coniferous and broadleaves with rich structural diversity. • Plain conversion followed by artificial regeneration, situation in the field suggests new rotation period.

Degradation of forest sites on the island of Rab goes back several hundred years. The causes include in the first place negative anthropogenic impacts, followed by climatic conditions that are hostile to natural regeneration of climatozonal vegetation. In a part of the island, devastation has led to the disappearance of forests or the preservation of only degraded forms of the basic autochthonous forest vegetation, the forest of holm oak and manna ash (Fraxino orni‐Quercetum ilicis H‐ic/1956/1958). The beginning of the twentieth century saw intensive reforestation activities aimed at halting site degradation processes. The main task of the pines was to create site conditions for the return of climatozonal vegetation. The paper examines the correlation between pine cultures and the return of autochthonous vegetation. Differences were found among forest cultures of maritime (Pinus pinaster Aiton), black (Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold) and Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis L.). Moreover, the results confirm th...

Posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća na području Mediterana, uslijed povećanja temperaturnih ekstrema i povećanja učestalosti toplinskih valova s maksimalnom dnevnom temperaturom zraka većom od 30 °C, prisutan je generalni trend povećanja opožarene površine, učestalosti požara, njihovog intenziteta i žestine. U Hrvatskoj je taj trend također uočljiv, a osobito na području krša. U radu je prikazana i prostorna razdioba područja ugroženih toplinskim stresom na području Hrvatske koja potvrđuje da je upravo jadransko područje najugroženije s obzirom na klimatske promjene kod nas. Dodatno zabrinjava činjenica da se područje ugroženosti od požara za vrijeme sušnih i vrućih razdoblja širi od jadranske obale prema unutrašnjosti Hrvatske. Analiza klimatskih pokazatelja prikazana u radu ukazuje na činjenicu da u budućnosti možemo očekivati sve veću opasnost od požara otvorenog prostora u Republici Hrvatskoj po prostornoj i sezonskoj ugrozi. Prema raznim klimatskim scenarijima u Europi se očekuju intenzivniji, češći i dugotrajniji valovi vrućine u drugoj polovici 21. stoljeća pa će zasigurno najveći izazov održivog gospodarenja šumskim ekosustavima na području Mediterana biti borba protiv šumskih požara., The past few decades in the Mediterranean, due to the increase of temperature extremes and increased frequency of heat waves with maximum daily air temperature above 30 ° C, there is a general trend of increasing fire-affected areas, the frequency of fire, their intensity and severity. In Croatia, this trend is also evident, especially in the field of rubble. The paper describes the spatial distribution of the areas at risk of heat stress on the Croatian territory which confirms that it was the Adriatic region the most vulnerable with respect to climate change in our country. An additional problem is the fact that the area of fire risk in dry and hot period extending from the Adriatic coast to the Croatian inland. Analysis of climate indicators presented in the paper indicates that in the future we can expect an increasing risk of fire of open space in the Republic of Croatia in terms of spatial and seasonal endanger. According to various climate scenarios in Europe are expected to be more intense, more frequent and longer-lasting heat waves in the second half of the 21st century and will certainly the greatest challenge of sustainable management of forest ecosystems in the Mediterranean will be the fight against forest fires.

The paper investigates the ameliorative properties of pine cultures in their site conditions on the island of Rab. Pines, as allochthonous and pioneer species, were used to afforest degraded and devastated areas on the island because of their important role in the process of progressive vegetation succession. Twelve sample plots were established in the forest pine cultures. They encompassed various pine cultures (maritime pine, Aleppo pine and black pine) in diverse parent substrates (limestone, reddish-brown quartz sand, Flysch) and different soil types (eutric cambisol, cambisol on limestone, red soil and rendzina). To process the data, the following multivariate analyses were used: Two Way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN), Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) and Indicator Species Analysis. The research results showed differences among the forest cultures of black pine, Aleppo pine and maritime pine. A relationship was found between the quantitative environmental variables (slope, pH, humus, the C/N ratio, age and the quantity of leaf litter) and the vegetation. As well as the relationship of the species towards qualitative variables (type of pine culture, parent substrate, soil type, exposition).

Općekorisne funkcije šuma glavni su nosioci vrijednosti mediteranskih šuma. Osnovni cilj provedenog istraživanja bio je utvrditi ulogu šuma i šumarstva u turizmu i zaštiti prirode. Pozornost je usmjerena na turističko-rekreativnu funkciju šuma kao sastavni dio općekorisnih funkcija šuma, koje svojim položajem, izgledom ili nekim drugim funkcijama povećavaju turistički promet. U radu je izvršena valorizacija općekorisnih funkcija šuma u Zadarskoj županiji, te valorizacija turističko-rekreativne funkcije i ostalih općekorisnih funkcija šuma uzimajući u obzir sve relevantne parametre za ocjenjivanje prema Pravilniku za uređivanje šuma (111/06.) i Pravilnika o utvrđivanju naknade za prenesena i ograničena prava na šumi i šumskom zemljištu (NN 131/06), na izabranim turističkim lokalitetima (Hotel Alan, Starigrad – Paklenica; TN Zaton, Zaton; TN Crvena Luka, Biograd i Hotel Kolovare u Zadru) u kojima je obavljeno i anketiranje turista. Odabrana metoda anketiranja je samostalno popunjavanje upitnika od strane turista. Anketa je bila podijeljena u četiri tematske cjeline: sociodemografski profil turista, motivacija za dolazak i zadovoljstvo ponudom u Zadarskoj županiji kao turističkom odredištu, te stav o šumi. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da turisti na odmoru u Zadarskoj Županiji najviše žele upoznati prirodu (68 %) i zaštićene objekte prirode (53 %), a najzadovoljniji su ljepotom prirode i ekološkom očuvanosti. Šuma im je privlačna kao ambijentalni ugođaj i prostor za rekreativne aktivnosti. Obilježje ispitanika kao što je zemlja stalnog boravka, zanimanje i dob utjecali su na njihovo isticanje važnosti za pojedine faktore. Temeljem istraživanja na kraju rada dati su prijedlozi poboljšanja dijela šumskog prostora u turističke i rekreativne svrhe, uključivanje u turističku ponudu Zadarske županije, te stvaranje novog prihoda za mediteransko šumarstvo., General forest functions are the key holders of the value of Mediterrainean forests. The basic aim of the implemented research was to determine the role of forests and forestry in tourism and nature protection. The attention is drawn to the tourist-recreative function of forests as the elemental component of forest functions of general benefit which, by their position, appearance or some other functions, increase the tourist business.Assessment of forest functions of general benefit was done in Zadar county together with the evaluation of the tourist-recreative function and other forest functions of general benefit, taking in consideration all the relevant parameters for assessment according to the Book of rules on forest management (111/06.) and the Book of rules on determination of the fee for transferred and limited rights on forest and forest land (NN 131/06), in chosen tourist localities (Hotel Alan, Starigrad – Paklenica; Holiday village Zaton, Zaton; Holiday village Crvena Luka, Biograd and Hotel Kolovare in Zadar) where the tourist survey was implemented.The chosen method of survey is individual filling in of a questionnaire on the side of tourists. The survey was divided in four thematic units: socio-demographic profile of a tourist, motivation to come and satis- faction with the offer of Zadar county as a tourist destination, and attitude toward forests. Research results have shown that tourists on vacation in Zadar county mostly desire to see the nature (68 %) and protected nature objects (53 %), and they are most satisfied with the beauty of nature and ecological preservation. Forest attracts them as ambiance-atmosphere and place for recreation activities. The examinee characteristics like the country of permanent staying, occupation and age had affected their pointing out of relevance for certain factors.Based on the research at the end of the work, there are propositions for the improvement of a part of forest space for tourist and recreation purposes, inclusion into the tourist offer of the Zadar county and making new incomes for the Mediterranean forestry.

Svaki požar može se ugasiti kantom vode ako vatrogasac dovoljno brzo stigne do njega. Navedena tvrdnja upućuje na ključnu povezanost vremena reakcije na pojavu požara i utroška resursa za gašenje. U nastojanju smanjivanja broja početaka požara, uspješna služba zaštite od požara je ona koja ugasi sve požare dok još ne zahvate veliko područje. Požar ima kumulativno djelovanje, ne ponaša se i ne širi kao linearna funkcija, kako vremena tako i prostora. Požar nastaje kao posljedica zapaljivosti neke tvari koja se nalazi u povoljnim uvjetima za gorenje (toplina i kisik). On može izbiti na nepristupačnu terenu gdje ga je teško pravodobno uočiti, samim tim i dojaviti, a vatrogasac ne može stići do njega (u RH je više takvih područja -Velebit, Biokovo). Tada je nužna uporaba zrakoplova za gašenje požara koji imaju veliku pokretljivost i sposobnost brzog doleta i do najnepristupačnijih područja požara, pristupaju gašenju znatno prije dolaska zemaljskih snaga. Pravodobnom uporabom zračnih snaga dostiže se brža reakcija i napadanje vatre kako bi joj se usporilo ili zaustavilo širenje čime se stvaraju uvjeti za organizaciju, gašenje i čuvanje požarišta od zemaljskih vatrogasnih snaga. Pored aviona, helikopteri u ovoj fazi pružaju potporu zračnim prijevozom vatrogasaca i sredstava za gašenje požara na teško pristupačna područja. Posebnost našeg gašenja je ‘hrvatska taktika gašenja požara’ kod koje se odmah angažira velik broj zrakoplova kako bi se što prije ugasio požar i spriječilo njegovo kumulativno širenje., Each fire can be put out a bucket of water if a firefighter fast enough to reach it The above statement points to the crucial connection between the reaction time to the spread of fire and resource-extinguishing. In an effort to reduce the number of beginnings fire, successful service of fire protection is the one that goes out all fires, while still not a large area of operations. The fire has a cumulative effect, does not act and does not spread as a linear function of both time and space. A fire resulting from the flammability of a substance which is in favorable conditions for combustion (heat and oxygen). The fire could break out on rugged terrain, where it is difficult to timely notice, thus communicate to, and a firefighter can not reach it (in the RH is more such areas -Velebit, Biokovo). Then is necessary to use an aircraft for fire extinguishers that have great mobility and the ability to quickly haul up to the most inaccessible areas of fire, extinguishing the approach well before the arrival of terrestrial forces. Timely use of air force reaches a faster reaction and attacks on fire to get her to slow down or stop the spread, which creates conditions for the organization, fire and keeping the fire site from ground fire power. In addition to aircraft, helicopters at this stage provide support for air transportation and firefighters to extinguish fires in inaccessible areas. The uniqueness of our extinguishing the ‘Croatian firefighting tactics’ at which immediately engages a large number of aircraft in order as soon extinguished the fire and prevent cumulative expansion itself.

U radu je prikazana problematika šumskih požara i izgorene površine na području uprave šuma Podružnica Senj, promatrana s nekoliko stajališta. Analiza je provedena na području cijele uprave šuma Podružnica (UŠP) Senj. Ova uprava šuma Podružnica sastavni je dio tvrtke Hrvatske šume d.o.o.. UŠP Senj podijeljena je na sedam šumarija. To su kontinentalne šumarije Novi Vinodolski, Krasno, Senj i Crikvenica, te otočne šumarije Krk, Rab i Pag.Provedenom analizom na području UŠP Senj u razdoblju od 1991. do kraja 2009. godine ustanovljena su 126 požara. Najviše požara dogodilo se u šumariji Senj, njih 57, zatim slijede šumarija Crikvenica s 23 požara i šumarija Krasno s 19 požara. Veličina izgorene površine iznosi 3 940,93 ha, a godišnji prosjek iznosi 29,37 ha po požaru. Uzročnici nastanka požara u većini slučajeva su nepoznati, kao i izazivači. U 19,8 % slučajeva kao izazivač utvrđen je ljudski čimbenik, a u dva slučaja utvrđeno je namjerno izazivanje požara., This paper presents the problem of forest fires and burnt areas on the Forest Administration Senj observed from several aspects. The analysis was conducted on the entire territory of the Forest Administration (FA) Senj. The Forest Administration is an integral part of the company Croatian Forests. FA Senj is divided into seven forest districts. These are continental forestry office Novi Vinodolski, Krasno, Senj and Crikvenica and forestry office on island of Krk, Rab and Pag.The analysis was conducted in the FA Senj in period from 1991. until the end of 2009. In this time was established 126 fires. Most fi res occurred in the forestry office Senj, 57, followed by forestry office Crikvenica with 23 fire and forest office Krasno with 19 fires. Size burned area is 3 940.93 ha, and the annual average is 29.37 ha per fire. The causes of fi re in most cases is unknown, as and challengers. In 19.8% of cases as a challenger to the established human factor, and in two cases it was found intentionally causing fire.

Šumski požari značajno utječu na degradaciju staništa u Hrvatskoj i na cijelom Sredozemlju. Od 1995. godine do 2012. godine na krškom području Hrvatske bilo je 4 279 požara. Ukupna izgorena površina iznosila je 242 690 ha, odnosno 56,70 ha po požaru. U Hrvatskoj alepski bor (Pinus halepensis Mill.) dolazi u različitim vegetacijskim zonama koje imaju različite klimatske karakteristike. Istraživanja su provedena na tri jadranska otoka. Otok Rab nalazi se u eumediteranskoj vegetacijskoj zoni, dok se otoci Brač i Korčula većim dijelom nalaze u stenomediteranskoj vegetacijskoj zoni. Ukupna količina oborina u Rabu iznosi 1087 mm, u Sutivanu (Brač) 716 mm te u Korčuli 1000 mm godišnje. S obzirom na uvjete podneblja tijekom ljetnih mjeseci povećava se opasnost od nastanka i širenja šumskih požara. Rizik je najveći u šumskim kulturama ili autohtonim sastojinama alepskog bora, posebno ako se ne provode šumsko-uzgojni radovi. U pravilu to se odnosi na radove čišćenja u prvim godinama, te na prorede u kasnijim godinama. Na temelju odgovarajućih klimatskih parametara dobivene su mjesečne (Mounthly Severity Rating, MSR) i sezonske (Seasonal Severity Rating, SSR) potencijalne žestine. Ocjena potencijalne žestine izračunata je primjenom kanadske metode Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System, odnosno njegovog podsustava meteorološkog indeksa požara (Fire Weather Indeks, FWI). Cilj istraživanja je analizirati klimatske parametre i njihov utjecaj prema sastojinama alepskog bora u različitim stanišnim uvjetima, sa svrhom korištenja dobivenih žestina kao preventivnih mjera u zaštiti šuma, kao i odnos klimatskih parametara prema temeljnim obilježjima (odgoda zapaljivosti, trajanje gorenja, sadržaj vlage) finog šumskog goriva alepskog bora. Rezultati sugeriraju da su bitno veće vrijednosti MSR za kolovoz nego za srpanj. Iz srednjih sezonskih ocjena žestina vidljivo je da su one niže na otocima Korčuli i Rabu u odnosu na otok Brač. Klimatski parametri različito koreliraju s temeljnim obilježjima finoga goriva, odnosno s odgodom zapaljivosti (DI), trajanjem gorenja (DC) i sadržajem vlage živoga goriva (LFMC)., Forest fires significantly affect the degradation of habitats in Croatia and in the whole Mediterranean. From 1995. until 2012. years in the Croatian karst was 4279 fire. The total burned area amounted to 242,690 ha and 56,70 ha per fire. In Croatia, the Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) comes in different vegetation zones that have different climatic characteristics. Investigations were carried out on three Adriatic islands. The island of Rab is in eumediterranean vegetation zone, while the islands of Brač and Korčula mostly found in stenomediterranean vegetation zone. Total rainfall on the island of Rab is 1087 mm, 716 mm of Brač and 1000 mm of Korčula per year. Given the climate conditions during the summer months increases the risk of developing and spreading wildfires. The risk is greatest in forest plantations and native stands of Aleppo pine, especially if they are not implemented silvicultural work. In general, this refers to the cleaning work in the early years, and thinning in later years. Based on the relevant climate parameters were obtained monthly (Mounthly Severity Rating MSR) and seasonal (Seasonal Severity Rating SSR) potential severity. Potential severity score was calculated using the methods of the Canadian Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System and its subsystems Fire Weather Index (Fire Weather Index, FWI). The aim of the research is to analyze the climatic parameters and their influence towards Aleppo pine stands in different site conditions with the aim of using the obtained intensity as a preventive measure to protect the forests, as well as the relationship between climatic parameters of the fundamental characteristics (delay flammability, flame duration, moisture content) of fine forest fuels Aleppo pine. The results suggest that significantly higher values ​​MSR for August than for July. From secondary seasonal score intensity is evident that they are lower on the islands of Korčula and Rab in relation to the island of Brač. Climatic parameters differently correlate with the basic characteristics of fine fuels – ignition (DI), burning (DC) and the moisture content of the live fuel (LFMC).

Šumski požari predstavljaju veliku opasnost za šumska zemljišta i šume u Republici Hrvatskoj, a naročito u Dalmaciji, na otocima i u Dalmatinskoj zagori. Sve veći broj požara u značajnoj mjeri degradira ekosustav i narušava njegovu stabilnost što dovodi do smanjenja bioraznolikosti i povećanja opustošenih prostora. U posljednja dva desetljeća 20. stoljeća, godišnja izgorena površina u mediteranskim zemljama procijenjena je na oko 600 000 ha, što je gotovo dvostruko više nego tijekom 1970-tih godina. U razdoblju od 1998. do 2004. godine bilo je ukupno 115 666 požara kojim je bilo obuhvaćeno ukupno 1 250 892 ha. Od 1996. godine do 2005. godine u Republici Hrvatskoj bilo je ukupno 3 324 šumskih požara, od čega su na krškom području bila 2 792 šumska požara ili 84,00 %. Ukupna izgorena površina na krškom i kontinentalnom području Hrvatske je 183 015 ha, od čega na krško područje otpada 175 199 ha ili 95,73 %. Prosječna izgorena površina po požaru na krškom području iznosi 62,75 ha. U istom razdoblju na području Dalmatinske zagore (šumarije: Drniš, Vrgorac, Knin, Sinj, Imotski) bio je ukupno 831 požar, odnosno 29,76 % od ukupnog broja požara na krškom području, a čime je izgoreno 44 164 ha površine, odnosno 25,21 % od ukupno izgorene površine krškog područja u promatranom razdoblju. Usavršavanje metoda prevencije i borbe protiv šumskih požara omogućuje bitno smanjenje opožarenih površina. Poznavati čimbenike koji uvjetuju nastanak šumskih požara kao i čimbenike koji započinju širenje vatrene stihije bitno je zbog pripreme i vođenja preventivnih aktivnosti. Jedna od najvažnijih preventivnih mjera jest poznavanje obilježja šumskih goriva, u prvom redu njihove zapaljivosti, gorivosti i sadržaja vlage. Uzroci nastanka požara mogu biti različiti, od prirodnih (suša, visoka temperatura, niska relativna vlaga zraka, vjetreni režim, udar groma) do onih uzrokovanih ljudskim nemarom (paljenje korova na poljoprivrednim površinama, bačen neugašen opušak, neugašena izletnička vatra, razni ekološki incidenti) koji su i najčešći. Dosadašnjim spoznajama vezanim uz problematiku šumskih požara utvrđeno je da pozornost treba posvetiti pedološkim, klimatskim i vegetacijskim uvjetima nastanka i širenja požara, te svekolikim uvjetima obnove šuma poslije požara. Odluka o tome kako pristupiti obnovi šuma ili šumskog zemljišta koje je bilo zahvaćeno šumskim požarom ili je njime uništeno, ovisi o nizu biološko-ekoloških i gospodarskih činitelja. Sam požar, u pravilu, uzrokuje regresiju vegetacije te se na opožarenim površinama, ovisno o tipu vegetacije prije požara i biološko-ekološkim uvjetima javljaju specifični degradacijski tipovi vegetacije. Međutim, na brzinu, kvalitetu i uspjeh progresivne sukcesije izgorenih površina pozitivno može utjecati čovjek u vidu izbora vrsta i metoda sanacije. Uvažavanjem svega navedenog zasigurno bi se znatno pridonijelo očuvanju biološke i krajobrazne raznolikosti uz načelo održivog razvoja prirodnih ekosustava., Forest fires represent a major threat to forests and forest land in Croatia, especially in Dalmatia, the islands and the Dalmatian hinterland. An increasing number of fires significantly degrade the ecosystem and disrupt its stability, leading to a decrease in biodiversity and increase the devastated area. In the last two decades of the 20th century, the annual burned areas in Mediterranean countries is estimated at around 600 000 ha, which is almost twice as much during the 1970's. From 1998 to 2004. there were a total of 115 666 fire which included a total of 1,250,892 hectares. Since 1996. year until 2005. in the Republic of Croatia had a total of 3324 forest fires, of which the karst area was 2792 forest fire, or 84.00%. The total burned area in the continental karst and Croatian territory is 183 015 ha, of which the karst area of waste 175 199 hectares or 95.73%. The average area burned per fire in the karst area is 62.75 hectares. In the same period in the Dalmatian hinterland (Forestry office: Drniš Vrgorac, Knin, Sinj, Imotski) was a total of 831 fires, or 29.76% of the total number of fires in the karst area, which burned 44 164 ha, or 25 , 21% of total burn surface area of the karst areas in the period. Improving methods of prevention and fight against forest fires allows significantly reducing the burnt areas. Knowing the factors that condition the occurrence of forest fires as well as factors that start spreading the blaze is essential for the preparation and conduct of preventive activities. One of the most important preventive measure is to know the characteristics of forest fuels, primarily their flammability, combustibility, and moisture content. Causes of fire may be different from natural (drought, high temperatures, low relative humidity, wind regime, lightning) to those caused by human negligence (burning weeds on agricultural land, thrown unquenched butt, unquenched fire excursion, various environmental incidents) which are most common. Current state of knowledge concerning the problem of forest fires has been found that attention should be paid pedological, climatic and vegetation conditions of occurrence and spread of fire, and the overall conditions of regeneration after fire. The decision on how to approach restoration of forests or forest land that was affected by forest fires or it is destroyed depends on a number of biological, ecological and economic factors. The fire, normally, causing regression of the vegetation on the burnt areas, depending on the type of vegetation before the fire and the biological and ecological conditions occurring specific degradation of vegetation types. But, however, the speed, quality and success of the progressive succession of burned areas can positively affect a man in mind the choice of types and methods of rehabilitation. Appreciating all this would certainly contribute significantly to the preservation of biological and landscape diversity with the principle of sustainable development of natural ecosystems.

Osim što ugrožavaju proizvodnju šumske biomase, požari mogu poremetiti i ekološku ravnotežu te narušiti trajno održivi razvoj. Uz to mogu imati i tragičnije posljedice kao što je to bilo na Kornatima u ljeto 2007. godine. U vezi s tim obavljena su istraživanja vegetacije i testiranje njene zapaljivosti i gorivosti. Testiranje zapaljivosti obavljeno je u laboratoriju u Makarskoj prema metodologiji koju je opisao Valette (1990). Samim uzorkovanjem na terenu odmah je uočeno da grmlje nije izgoreno, odnosno drvenasti dijelovi vegetacije debljine iznad 5 mm ostali su vitalni i živi. Suhi dijelovi travne vegetacije koji su zaklonjeni kamenom ostali su također neizgoreni. Iz rezultata testiranja vidljivo je da je vegetacija bila krajnje zapaljiva. Travna vegetacija imala je sadržaj vlage od 10 do 16 %, a vrijeme zapaljenja je bilo 2 s. Kod drvenaste vegetacije vrijeme zapaljenja kretalo se od 18 do 22 s, dok je sadržaj vlage bio od 13 do 53 %. Pokrovnost vegetacijom kretala se od 3425 kg/ha do 4948 kg/ha kod travne vegetacije i od 2180 kg/ha do 3425 kg/ha kod drvenaste vegetacije., Apart from endangering the production of forest biomass, fires may also disturb the ecological balance and disrupt permanent sustainable development. However, fires may have even more tragic consequences, as it was in the case of Kornati in the summer of 2007. Vegetation was investigated and its ignitability and flammability were tested. Ignitability was tested in the laboratory in Makarska using the methodology described by Valette (1990). Field sampling revealed that the shrubs were not burnt and that woody vegetation parts exceeding 5 mm in thickness remained vital and alive. The dry parts of grass vegetation sheltered by stones were also unaffected. Test results showed that the vegetation was extremely flammable. The humidity content of grass vegetation ranged from 10 to 16 % and the ignition time was 2 s. In woody vegetation the ignition time oscillated from 18 to 22 s, with humidity ranging from 13 to 53 %. Vegetation cover ranged from 3,425 kg/ha to 4,948 kg/ha in grass vegetation and from 2,180 kg/ha to 3,425 kg/ha in woody vegetation.

Požari u znatnoj mjeri ugrožavaju i narušavaju stabilnost šumskog ekosustava na mediteranskom području koji je u uskoj vezi s biološkom raznolikošću i trajno održivim razvojem. Poznavati čimbenike koji uvjetuju nastanak šumskih požara kao i čimbenike koji uzrokuju početno širenje vatre, bitno je zbog smanjenja izgorenih površina te pripreme i vođenja preventivnih aktivnosti. Jedan od najvažnijih faktora jest poznavanje obilježja šumskih goriva. Početak znanstvenoistraživačkog pristupa šumskim požarima od strane šumarskih stručnjaka vezan je uz doajena požarne znanosti u Republici Hrvatskoj gospodina Tomislava Dimitrova, dipl.ing. i njegova nastojanja da se problematici šumskih požara pristupi znanstvenoistraživačkim metodama. Novi pristup problematici šumskih požara s aspekta znanstvenoistraživačkog rada u našoj zemlji ostvaruje se Projektom Ministarstva znanosti, obrazovanja i športa pod nazivom „Biotehničke mjere u zaštiti i obnovi šuma od požara“. Kao produkt znanstvenoistraživačkog rada, pored objavljenih više desetaka znanstvenih radova na Šumarskom fakultetu, obranjeno je nekoliko disertacija, magistraskih radova i diplomskih radova. Problematika šumskih požara implementirana je u nastavni plan i program za studente u okviru kojih se izvodi i terenska nastava. Sav znanstvenoistraživački rad treba usmjeriti izradi integralnog modela zaštite šuma od požara koji bi imao praktičnu primjenu. Izrada takvog kompleksnog integralnog modela temelj je uspješne borbe sa šumskim požarima koji može polučiti dobre rezultate u cilju očuvanja materijalnih dobara, prirodnih vrijednosti i napose ljudskih života., Fires in significantly threaten and undermine the stability of forest ecosystems in the Mediterranean region, which is closely related to biodiversity and permanently sustainable development. Knowing the factors that condition the occurrence of forest fires as well as the factors that caused the initial fire spread is important in reducing burned area and the preparation and conduct of preventive activities. One of the most important factor is the knowledge of the characteristics of forest fuels. Beginning of the scientific approach to forest fires by forestry professionals associated with the doyen of fire science in the Republic of Croatia Mr. Tomislav Dimitrov, B.Sc. and his efforts to the issue of forest fire approaches scientific research methods. A new approach to forest fires in terms of scientific research in our country realizes the Ministry of Science, Education and Sports under the name " Biotechnical measures in forest fire protection and regeneration." As a product of scientific research in addition to published several scientific papers on the Faculty of Forestry defended several dissertations, master papers and theses. The issue of forest fires was implemented in the curriculum for students within which runs the fieldwork. All scientific research should be directed preparation of an integrated model of forest fire that had practical application. Making such a complex integrated model is the foundation of a successful fight with forest fires that can achieve good results in order to preserve the material goods, natural resources and especially of human life.

Republiku Hrvatsku jedinstvenom čine prirodne ljepote i njihova raznolikost te prirodni i ljudski potencijal. Svaka pojedina županija odlikuje se specifičnim i divljenja vrijednim krajobrazima i prirodnim vrijednostima, a takve su i županije u sjeverozapadnoj Hrvatskoj. Iznimna je vrijednost zaštiće­nih dijelova prirode ponajprije u proučavanju građe, sastava, opstanka i raz­voja prirodnih ekosustava. Provedeno istraživanje dalo je temeljne podatke koji se mogu vrednovati u nekim gospodarskim djelatnostima i razvojnim modelima. Nadalje, bitno je upozoriti i na potrebu aktivne zaštite, korištenja i unaprjeđiva­nja stanja u okolišu. Veliko značenje prirodne vrijednosti imaju i u turističkoj, rekreativnoj i zdravstvenoj valorizaciji, jer se ona kao gospodarska i duhovna vrijednost oslanja i ostvaruje u prvom redu na primarnim vrijednostima priro­dne sredine. S obzirom na ograničene mogućnosti korištenja zaštićenih dijelova prirode, te na njihovu opću, odnosno specifičnu zaštitu proizlazi da se zaštićeni dijelovi prirode mogu koristiti samo na strogo kontroliran i umjeren način. U sjeverozapadnoj Hrvatskoj zaštićen je velik broj prirodnih vrijednosti. Za­štita obuhvaća gotovo sve kategorije zaštite. Navedeni dijelovi prirode kao i svi ostali koji su Zakonom zaštićeni u sjeverozapadnoj Hrvatskoj prikazani su ta­blično te su navedene njihove osnovne značajke i kratak opis. U Zagrebačkoj županiji je zaštićeno približno 11,52 % od njezine ukupne površine, dok je u gradu Zagrebu ukupna zaštićena površina 21,4 %. Varaždin­ska županija ima 1,7 % zaštićenih površina. Bjelovarsko-bilogorska županija ima najmanju zaštićenu površinu, a ona iznosi manje od 1 %. Koprivničko-križevačka županija ima zaštićeno 2,36 %, Međimurska 19,87 %, Krapinsko-za­gorska 5,1 %, a Sisačko-moslavačka 15,34 % od ukupne površine županije., The Republic of Croatia is unique in terms of its natural beauty and diversity, as well as natural and human potential. Every county in Croatia, including the counties in the north of the country, boasts of distinctly specific landscapes and natural values. Specially protected sites of exceptional value provide an inexhaustible sub­ject of research into the structure, composition, survival and development of natural ecosystems. They supply basic information on syndynamic patterns; in turn, this information is used in the management procedures and developmental models that guarantee their survival and ensure active protection, uti­lization and improvement of the natural environment. These sites play an im­portant role in the tourist, recreational and health valorisation based on primary values of the natural surrounding. In view of the limited possibilities of utilizing the protected parts of nature and of their general and specific pro­tection, these sites may only be used in a strictly controlled and moderate manner. There is a large number of protected natural values in the northwest part of Croatia. Almost all categories of protection are present. Protected natural va­lues are shown in the tables with their basic features and a brief description, by counties. Aproximately 11.52% of the total area in Zagreb county is protected, while in the City of Zagreb 21.4% of the total area is under protection. Bjelovar and Bilogora county has the least protected area, less than 1% of the total area. Protected natural values in Koprivnica and Križevci county cover 2.36%, in Međimurje county 19.87%, in Krapina and Zagorje county 5.1%, and in Sisak and Moslavina county 15.34% of the total county area.

Šume prekrivaju približno četvrtinu zemljine površine, i kao jedan od najvećih izvora kisika u prirodi važne su za opstanak života na Zemlji. Šumski požari kao vrlo važan fenomen za sam opstanak šuma, uz šumarstvo i ekologiju počeli su se proučavati i u fizici. U fizici je šumski požar prepoznat kao primjer kompleksnog sustava na velikim, kilometarskim skalama. Računalne simulacije omogućile su nova saznanja o šumskim požarima. U radu su korišteni podaci o broju požara i opožarenoj površini, prikupljeni u šumarijama Brač, Korčula i Rab, u razdoblju od 1991. godine do 2000. godine, koji su obrađeni primjenom fizikalnih modela, pomoću kojih se može saznati kako se požari šire, koji sve parametri i u kojoj mjeri utječu na širenje požara, te naj važnije – kako predvidjeti požare određenih razmjera. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da kumulativna raspodjela spaljenih površina na izabranim otocima slijedi zakon potencije u skladu s modelom Malamuda i drugih (1998). Logaritamski prikaz rezultata je pravac u najvećem dijelu. Nagib odgovara eksponentu a, jer je – dNCF/dAF~AFa. Prema navedenom modelu, ako su poznati zadani parametri nekog sustava možemo odrediti frekvenciju širenja požara, koja nam govori kolika je vjerojatnost pojave požara na nekoj površini. Skup podataka za naša tri otoka pokazuje da je s obzirom na dobiven nagib pravca za ukupan broj požara a = 1.02 ± 0.02 frekvencija širenja velika, što govori da je vjerojatnost širenja požara manja. Međutim, detaljnijom analizom dvije grupe podataka za veće požare dobije se veći nagib, što govori da je u idućih nekoliko godina rizik od požara velik, i to točno na područjima na kojima su izgorjele velike površine (na Korčuli čak do 55 km2). Iz dobivenih rezultata moguće je zaključiti da se vrijednosti nagiba pravca podudaraju za male i srednje požare, odnosno za veće frekvencije širenja kod primijenjenog modela, dok za veće požare postoje odstupanja kod primjene modela zbog konačnih dimenzija prostora. Dobiveni rezultati su poticaj za daljnja istraživanja, jer je pokazano da se poznavanjem utjecaja različitih parametara po vezanih sa širenjem požara na nekom prostoru mogu odrediti područja povećanog rizika od požara. Posebice ako je poznata raspodjela malih i srednjih požara., Forests cover approximately one fourth of the land’s surface. As one of the largest oxygen sources in the nature, they are very important for the survival of life on Earth. Forest fires have become an increasingly interesting issue not only for forestry and ecology, which study them as an important phenomenon for the survival of forests themselves, but also for physics. Physics perceives forest fires as an example of a complex system on large, kilometer-long scales. Faithful computer simulations can answer different questions, such as how fires behave, what influences their propagation, how they follow the power law and most importantly, how fires of different sizes can be predicted. In our work we used the data from the forest administrations of Brač, Korčula and Rab. The data, collected over the time period 1991 – 2000, relate to the number of fires and the size of the burned area. We began with a model in which a fire spreads in a two-dimensional (2D) grid developed by Malamud et al. (1998). There is an accurately defined number of boxes in the grid (Ng), the number of time steps (NS) and the number of fires (NF) for a given fire ignition frequency. Computer simulation modeling provides a burned area AF (AF is the number of trees destroyed in each fire). A non-cumulative number of fires in a defined time period is NF/NS and is given as a function of AF on a 2D grid of 128 x 128 for three frequencies: fS = 1/125, fS = 1/5000, fS = 1/2000. The slope of direction represents the exponent a (the power law applies) which de pends on the frequency. The number of fires for every time interval is the function of the number of trees burned in each of the fires. For every fire propagation frequency there was the NS = 1.638x 109 of time intervals. There is also a range from small to large fires, with the number of small fires far exceeding that of large ones. Small and medium fires satisfy the power law, with . = -1.02 to 1.09, while large fires exhibit bigger deviations (. = -1.16), as manifested at frequency 1/2000 due to the finite grid dimensions. This is the li mited size effect, since the fire stops after it has spread across the entire grid. In our application of the model to the data for Brač, Korčula and Rab, due to the relatively small number of data we used cumulative distribution in order to obtain qualitatively good results. By increasing the initial area interval that contains a given number of fires (A1,………A10), the fire affected area increa ses and so does the number of fires. This provided a distribution of the cumu lative area number NCF for an interval. The results of our research show that the cumulative distribution of burned areas in the selected islands follows the power law in accordance with the model by Malamud et al. (1998). A logarithmic presentation of the results is a direction in its major part. The slope corre sponds to the exponent ., because – dNCF/dAF.AF-.. According to the above model, if we know the parameters of the system we can determine fire propa gation frequency, which indicates the probability of fire occurrence in an area. A data set for the three Croatian islands shows that, in relation to the obtained slope of direction for the total number of fires . = 1.02 ± 0.02, the fire propa gation frequency is high, meaning that the probability of fire propagation is lower. However, a more detailed analysis of the two data sets for larger fires results in a greater slope, indicating a high risk of fire in the next several years, particularly in the areas that have already been severely burned (e.g. as many as 55 km2 on the island of Korčula). The obtained results allow us to conclude that in the applied model, the direction slope values coincide for small and medium fires, i.e. for higher spread frequencies, while the model used for larger fires exhibits deviations due to the finite space dimensions. The results provide a stimulus for further research, because it has been shown that if the impact of different parameters related to fire spread in an area is known, it is possible to identify areas with an increased fire risk, particularly in case of small and medium fire distribution.

In this paper, we investigate the natural regeneration of Aleppo pine stand after forest fire. A permanent experimental plot was established on a burnt area in 2001 (forest fire in 1999), and the dynamics of the natural regeneration was monitored during five years (2001-2005). The appearance of young growth was monitored by species composition, abundance and height classes of the plants. The impact of the intervention works after fire was also evaluated. Soil samples from the experimental plot were analyzed to establish chemical and mechanical properties of the soil. Results suggest natural, aggressive, almost weed-like spread and regeneration of Aleppo pine plants over the burnt area. Six years after the forest fire the young plants of Aleppo pine with their height had overgrown the burnt material and with 103 563 plants per ha (10.3 plants/m2) completely covered the burnt area. This experiment implies the need for different way of intervention works after the forest fires in the Aleppo pine stands. Unnecessary and expensive gathering of burnt material into the strips should be avoided. Strips of burnt material formed in this way are very slowly decomposing given the climatic conditions of the Mediterranean area. Moreover, they contribute to the constant danger of forest fire and degrade the landscape aesthetically. The suggested way for sanation of burnt areas is chipping of burnt material with chain saw, and laying it on the ground. Soil moisture and microclimatic conditions of the young Aleppo pine stand will accelerate the development of micro-organisms, decomposition of the burnt material and the process of humification. The Aleppo pine, as a pioneering tree species in the eu-Mediterranean area, has an important and irreplaceable role in restoring devastated green areas, as well as in the preparation of site conditions for the accession of autochthonous vegetation and the basic species for this region, which is the Holm oak.

The Croatian Adriatic region is subject to seasonal wildfires that inflict serious damage on the already unstable Mediterranean system. Degradation of agricultural and forestland sites is particularly grave. Autochthonous forest vegetation has in part adapted to the occurrence of forest fires ; however, the problem is more complex. As a rule, forest fires trigger a number of adverse ecological factors. The first to occur is wind or water erosion. The vegetation structure and climatic and weather conditions are among the root factors that pose a greater or lesser risk of fire. The goal of this paper is to analyse monthly severity rating (MSR) estimates in the period from May to September, when the risk of forest fires is the greatest. MSR values are one of the results of the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System method. MSR estimates were made for the meteorological station Hvar (20 m a.s.l.), where meteorological data have been collected since 1867. Hvar is situated on the island of the same name in the central part of the Croatian Adriatic Sea. The results were compared with the coastal meteorological station Split– Marjan(122 m a.s.l.) during the period 1948– 2005. The analysis of the secular linear MSR trend for Hvar and the application of non-parametric Mann–Kendall rank test indicate a significant increase in MSR in June and July. The progressive test was used to obtain an increase in MSR, which began in the early 1980s and became significant at the beginning of the 21^st century. The MSR increase was even more distinct in Hvar in the short period of 1948– 2005. A significant MSR increase for Split– Marjan is observed only in July. One of the reasons accounting for increased MSR in July is attributed to a rise in extreme daily air temperatures. This is also confirmed by a rising linear trend of growing degree days (GDD) above the threshold of 20 ºC. The increase in GDD in Hvar became significant in the early 21^st century.