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Currently, in the building sector there is an increase in energy use due to the increased demand for indoor thermal comfort. Proper energy planning based on a real measurement data is a necessity. In this study we developed and evaluated hybrid artificial intelligence models for the prediction of the daily heating energy use. Building energy use is defined by significant number of influencing factors, while many of them are difficult to adequately quantify. For heating energy use modelling, the complex relationship between the input and output variables is hard to define. The main idea of this paper was to divide the heat demand prediction problem into the linear and the non-linear part (residuals) by using (Afferent statistical methods for the prediction. The expectations were that the joint hybrid model, could outperform the individual predictors. Multiple linear regression was selected for the linear modelling, while the non-linear part was predicted using feedforward and radial basis neural networks. The hybrid model prediction consisted of the sum of the outputs of the linear and the non-linear model. The results showed that both hybrid models achieved better results than each of the individual feedforward and radial basis neural networks and multiple linear regression on the same dataset. It was shown that this hybrid approach improved the accuracy of artificial intelligence models.

У контексту повећања ефикасности и одрживости енергетског сектора, један од најзначајнијих проблема представља рационализација и оптимизација потрошње енергије у зградама, јер oко 32% глобалне потрошње енергије је у сектору зграда [1]. Значајни напори на глобалном и ло- калном нивоу улажу се у повећање енергетске ефикасности у зградама, укључујући унапре- ђење индустријских стандарда, међународних уговора, законске регулативе и инвестирање у енергетске санације постојећих зграда и енергетски ефикасне технологије..., In contexts of sustainability and energy efficiency, one of the most important topics is rationalization and optimization of building energy consumption, since about 32% of total energy consumption in the world is from the building sector [1]. Significant efforts and resources on global and local level are invested in order to increase energy efficiency of the buildings, including improving industrial standards, international agreements, legislation and investment in energy efficient technology, and energy retrofits of existing buildings...

The comprehensive survey on the sample of 1857 elementary and high schools in Serbia was done during 2016 and 2017. These questionnaires required general data on each institution, as well as answers to 48 questions related to architectural building characteristics and HVAC and electrical systems used. This paper presents the results of the analysis of the gathered answers to sections related to installed HVAC equipment and building characteristics that affect functionality and energy efficiency of HVAC systems. The elaborated questions are related to heating, ventilation, air-conditioning and DHW systems coverage in schools, type of heating system, age of heating system, primary fuel used and the users` satisfaction with the heating system. The correlation between heating system and the users` evaluation of the installed heating, as well as the correlation between the used energy fuel and the users` rating of heating are presented. Different forms of energy and emissions are evaluated: energy needed for heating and DHW, delivered (final) energy, primary energy and CO 2 emission. The results obtained for each typical school building (representative building defined in school typology) in specified construction period (also defined in typology) are expanded to whole school building stock in Serbia. Three different levels of improvements are evaluated. These improvements include increasing of thermal insulation of buildings and interventions on HVAC systems and estimation of possible energy savings., Obimna anketa sprovedena tokom 2016. i 2017. godine na uzorku od 1857 osnovnih i srednjih škola na teritoriji Republike Srbije obuhvatila je opšte podatke o svakoj instituciji, kao i 48 pitanja o arhitektonskim karakteristikama zgrada i primenjenim sistemima iz domena mašinskih i elektro instalacija. U radu su prikazani rezultati obrade ankete za termotehničke instalacije, kao i za arhitektonske karakteristike koje su bitne za funkcionalnost termotehničkih instalacija i energetsku efikasnost škola. Pored obrade pojedinačnih pitanja u anketi: zastupljenost uređaja za grejanje, ventilaciju, klimatizaciju i pripremu sanitarne tople vode, vrsta sistema za grejanje, starost uređaja za grejanje, korišćeni primarni energent i zadovoljstvo korisnika instalisanim sistemom za grejanje, utvrđena je i korelacija između sistema za grejanje škole i ocene neposrednih korisnika o kvalitetu grejanja, kao i korelacija između dominantno korišćenog energenta i zadovoljstva korisnika grejanjem u školi. Analizirana je potrebna energija za grejanje prostora i pripremu STV, finalna (isporučena) energija, primarna energija i emisija ugljen-dioksida od rada KGH postrojenja. Rezultati dobijeni za svaki tipsku zgradu (prema usvojenoj tipologiji školskih zgrada) i kategorijama po periodu izgradnje škola, prošireni su na celokupni školski fond u Srbiji. Analizirano je 3 nivoa unapređenja zgrada poboljšanjem termičkog omotača školskih zgrada i termotehničkih instalacija u njima uz procenu mogućih energetskih ušteda.

Дисертација се односи на вегетационе (зелене) кровове као на један од сегмената зелене инфраструктуре у градовима, који представљају савремени приступ у проналажењу одрживих решења развоја, побољшањa енергетске ефикасности и заштите животне средине. Вегетациони кровови користе се не само за враћање природног елемента у урбано окружење, већ и за пружање реалних решења за важне проблеме као што су ефекат урбаних топлотних острва и високе концентрације CO₂ у градовима..., The dissertation refers to vegetative (green) roofs as one of the segments of green infrastructure in cities that represent a modern approach to finding sustainable solutions, improving energy efficiency and protecting the environment. Vegetative roofs are used not only to return a natural element to the urban environment, but also to provide realistic solutions for important problems such as the effect of urban heat islands and high concentrations of CO₂ in cities...

Предмет спроведеног истраживања су енергетске перформансе традиционалне војвођанске кућа од набоја. Под појмом традиционалне војвођанске куће, за потребе спроведеног истраживања, подразумева се јединствен архитектонски феномен: троделна кућа од набоја, која је настајала и развијала се у периоду од краја XVIII, цео XIX и почетак XX на простору целе покрајине..., The subject of the research is the energy performance of traditional rammed earth house in Vojvodina. Under the concept of a traditional house in Vojvodina, for the purposes of the conducted research, a unique architectural phenomenon is accepted: the tree-part rammed earth house that has been created and developed in the period from the end of XVIII, during the XIX and in the early XX century in the entire province of Vojvodina...

The conducted research examines the thermal behaviour of the rammed earth walls, which is the basic structural and façade element of traditional Vojvodina house. The traditional rammed earth house represents an important part of the total building stock of Vojvodina. Earth is a locally available, cheap, natural, environmentally friendly building material and has been used extensively for traditional family houses in Vojvodina. It has ecological and “green” characteristics, which can be assessed as very high quality, and they are of significant importance in the context of sustainable development and striving to reduce energy consumption today. The research examines thermal behaviour of rammed earth wall, including theoretical analysis of: the heat transfer coefficient, U, the thermal resistance, R, and thermal conductivity, λ. One of the basic elements of thermal behaviour, the thermal mass, has been analyzed both theoretically and by measuring in situ. The in situ measurements were conducted on the traditional house in Vojvodina by measuring inside and outside surface wall and air temperature in summer. Analyses of rammed earth wall thermal performances have shown that the wall has low thermal conductivity, high heat capacity and significant thermal mass effect which is the key element enabling thermal stability. The research indicates rather good thermal properties of the rammed earth walls. Potential of rammed earth wall in Vojvodina should be an issue of further analysis, although the possibility of improvement of existing facilities to meet current standards in terms of energy efficiency should be considered.

Book 1 School and Kindergarten Buildings – A methodological framework for the formation of typology and the improvement in energy effi ciency includes the analysis of regulations relating to these types of buildings, explains the methodological approach and presents the defined typological matrices. Besides, it provides the results of the calculations for the improvements in energy performance of buildings and for the possible energy savings as well as the reductions in carbon dioxide emissions that can be applied to the territory of the Republic of Serbia (the study does not include the territory of Kosovo and Metohija)., Knjiga 1 - Zgrade školskih i predškolskih ustanova - metodološki okvir fomriranja tipologije i poboljšanja energetske efikasnosti obuhvata analizu propisa koji se odnose na ove tipove zgrada, objašnjava metodološki pristup i prezentuje definisane tipološke matrice. Takođe, u ovom delu studije, prezentovani su rezultati proračuna unapređenja energetskih karakteristika zgrade i izračunate moguće uštede u energiji, kao i smanjenje emisije ugljen-dioksida koje se na taj način postiže za teritoriju Republike Srbije (u studiji nije obuhvaćena teritorija Kosova i Metohije).

Book 2 Typology of School Buildings presents the defi ned matrix following the insight into the principles and limitations of its formation, and provides the calculations for energy performance for selected typological representatives. The calculations were carried out in accordance with the current regulations, and were followed by recommendations for improving the energy effi ciency of buildings. In comparison with the National Typology of Residential Buildings, there are three proposed scenarios for improvement by the application of the appropriate package of measures. Taking into account the applicability of the methodology, the proposed technical and technological solutions were adjusted to the characteristics of buildings and the market potential, i.e. economic parameters. The potential for reducing the required heating energy and CO2 emissions was calculated for all levels of improvement, both for the individual building types and for the entire segment of the building stock in the Republic of Serbia., Knjiga 2 Tipologija školskih zgrada koja je posvećena školskim zgradama, daje principe i ograničenja pri formiranju tipološke matrice škola, definisanu matricu, kao i proračune energetskih karakteristika za odabrane tipološke reprezente. Proračuni energetskih performansi su izvršeni u skladu sa važećom regulativom, uz definisanje preporuka za poboljšanje energetske efikasnosti zgrada. U ovom slučaju su, za razliku od Nacionalne tipologije stambenih zgrada, unapređenja predviđena korz tri moguća nivoa primenom odgovarajućih paketa mera. Imajući u vidu primenljivost metodologije, uzeta su u obzir tehničko-tehnološka rešenja prilagođena karakteristikama zgrada i mogućnostima tržišta, to jest ekonomskim parametrima. Za sve nivoe unapređenja izračunat je potencijal redukcije potrebne energije za grejanje, to jest smanjenja emisije ugljen-dioksida, kako za pojedinačne tipove, tako i za celokupan segment građevinskog fonda na nivou Republike Srbije.

Book 3 Typology of Kindergarten Buildings considers the buildings used by childcare institutions and has the same structure as Book 2., Knjiga 3 Tipologija zgrada predškolskih ustanova je posvećena zgradama koje koriste ustanove dečije zaštite i ima istu struktutu i sadržaj kao i Knjiga 2

Prediction of a building energy use for heating is very important for adequate energy planning. In this paper the daily district heating use of one university campus was predicted using the support vector machine model. Support vector machine is the artificial intelligence method that has recently proved that it can achieve comparable, or even better prediction results than the much more used artificial neural networks. The proposed model was trained and tested on the real, measured data. The model accuracy was compared with the results of the previously published models (various neural networks and their ensembles) on the same database. The results showed that the support vector machine model can achieve better results than the individual neural networks, but also better than the conventional and multistage ensembles. It is expected that this theoretically well-known methodology finds wider application, especially in prediction tasks.

This paper presents the results on reducing CO2 concentration with green roofs implementation in a densely populated urban area in Belgrade city centre. The buildings on which green roofs are implemented have an average height of 15 meters. In order to investigate the impact of existing residential urban blocks and potential retrofitting model on CO2 concentration, base model was designed (the model fully complied with the actual status and real conditions in the location) as well as retrofitting models (which present base model with added elements of extensive and intensive green roofs) and numerical simulations of CO2 concentrations for all presented models were done. Differences in CO2 concentrations at height of 1.5 m (pedestrian level), 7.5 m and 17.5 m at 7 am and 7 pm, on a typical summer day in Belgrade were investigated. ENVI-met software was used to perform the simulations. The resultant data of numerical simulation showed that utilizing the green roofs instead of classical flat roofs in Belgrade climatic area could reduce atmospheric concentration of CO2 around the building up to 11%, average 2.3%. By using proposed strategy, it is demonstrated that applying vegetative roofs could be valuable instrument for noteworthy contribution to environmental protection in Belgrade and for climate change mitigation, both local and global.

Предмет истраживања је дефинисање адекватних модела обнове стамбеног грађевинског фонда Србије у циљу унапређења његових енергетских перформанси. На основу претходних истраживања уочен је значај типова породичног становања у стамбеном грађевинском фонду Србије, као и изразито негативне карактеристике у погледу њихових енергетских перформанси. Куће изграђене у периоду 1946-1970 осим што представљају најзаступљенији тип породичних кућа у стамбеном грађевинском фонду Србије (35% укупног броја кућа, и 31% од укупног брoја зграда), такође представљају и тип кућа на коме је могуће испитивање утицаја примене разноврсних модела обнове на унапређење енергетских перформанси, због уочених изразито хомогених карактеристика. Адекватно дефинисани модели унапређења енергетских перформанси представљају значајан инструмент у планирању активности обнове грађевинског фонда. Модели обнове који су коришћени у досадашњим истраживањима представљају јединствено дефинисане моделе на нивоу целог грађевинског фонда, без усклађивања са специфичним карактеристикама појединих типова или групама сличних типова. Примећена је неадекватност појединих предложених мера унапређења за одређене типове зграда, и препозната потреба за иновацијом методологије обнове развојем модела обнове који би поштовао специфичне карактеристике појединих типова. Проблем истраживања представља управо дефинисање и испитивање комплексног модела обнове, који укључује и мере унапређења енергетских перформанси које произилазе из уочених недостатака функционалних карактеристика анализираних типова, а које укључују интервенције на просторној концепцији зграда и примену пасивних мера унапређења енергетских перформанси. Уочени недостаци које елиминише примена комплексног модела обнове могу представљати препреке остваривању значајних уштеда енергије кроз процес обимне обнове (deep refurbishment). Енергетске перформансе које се постижу применом комплексног модела обнове испитују се и пореде са постојећим перформансама 5 карактеристи, The main objective of this research is definition of adequate models for refurbishment of residential building stock in Serbia with the aim of improving its energy performance. Significance of single family housing types was established during previous researches, as well as their highly negative energy performance characteristics. Single family houses built between 1946-1970 represent one of the most common single family housing types, making 35% out of total number of single family buildings, and 31% out of total number of residential buildings. They also represent type of houses which are suitable for a research of diverse energy performance improvement models, due to their expressed homogenous characteristic. Adequatelly defined models for energy performance improvements of buildings represent a significant instrument in planning building stock refurbishment activities. Refurbishment models used in recent researches are uniquely defined for all building types within the building stock, without ajustments to specific characteristics of each type or group of similar types. Inadequacy of certain energy conservation measures within defined models for some housing types was noticed, and a need for inovating methodology for refurbishment model definition by introducing and examining a model which is sensitive to specific characteristics of building types was recognized. Problem of this research is the definition and investigation of a complex refurbishment model, which includes energy conservation measures which are derived from the noted limitations and malfunctions in the buildings’ layout and functional organization. These measures include interventions in the spatial structure of the building and introduction of passive design measures. Noted limitations which are eliminated through the complex refurbishment model definition may represent obstacles for achieving significant energy savings in the process of deep refurbishment of buildings. Energy performance achiev

In this paper, feedforward neural network, one of the most widely used artificial intelligence methods, was proposed for the prediction of hourly heating energy use of one university campus. Two different approaches were presented: network that provides one output (heating energy use for selected hour) and network with 24 outputs (daily profile of heating energy use). The proposed models were trained and tested using real measured hourly energy use and meteorological data. It has been shown that both models can be used for the prediction with satisfying accuracy. This kind of prediction can be used for calculating accurate energy bills, which is very useful considering that the significant part of the campus is being leased. Estimating energy use for different weather conditions can help in energy planning.

Traditional Vojvodina house represents an important part of the building stock of the northern Serbian province of Vojvodina. The research examines the thermal transmittance of the walls of rammed earth, which is the basic structural and façade element of traditional Vojvodina house, in two ways: by calculations in accordance with Serbian regulations and by measuring in situ. Parameters obtained from the measurements are compared with the calculated values for the three typical traditional Vojvodina rammed earth single family residential houses. The comparison between the values of the heat transfer coefficient, obtained by the calculation, and the results determined by in situ measurements show significant differences. It indicates that the thermal characteristics are better than calculated ones according to national regulations, but at the same time that, due to the complexity of the rammed earth walls and differences in the rammed earth structures, the results differ from case to case and can not be standardized.

Energy performance of a building is a result of various impact factors throughout its whole lifecycle: from laws and codes regulating its design and construction, build quality and materials application all the way to the occupant behaviour, maintenance and potential upgrades and adaptations. Establishing the current condition and real energy performance of buildings is necessary in the process of creating strategies for building fond management based on the postulates of sustainable development and energy efficiency of buildings. The subject of this dissertation is research of structure and energy performance of Serbian multifamily housing built after the World War II. The starting point of the research is the analysis of material characteristics of these buildings as well as relevant codes and regulations with establishing appropriate periodization. Typical façade assemblies are determined for each period, to be explored in detail by studying the technical documentation, calculating and simulating energy performance and on-site explorations using the infrared thermography method. The specifics of infrared thermography method are thoroughly researched and described both through theoretical and practical aspects. All relevant input factors are identified and explained, the possibilities for application in architecture are determined and explored, including the constraints and the most common mistakes and misinterpretations. The adequate procedures are determined and a set of recommendations is defined in order to provide proper application of the method. Energy performance of buildings is explored by calculating relevant parameters based upon current regulations, by computer simulations and by infrared thermography. The results are cross-compared and thoroughly interpreted, and a catalogue of typical cases is provided..., Енергетске перформансе зграда представљају резултат утицаја више различитих фактора током њиховог животног века: од закона и прописа према којима су пројектоване и грађене, преко квалитета извођења и употребљених материјала па све до одржавања, односно евентуалних унапређења. У циљу формирања стратегија газдовања грађевинским фондом базираних на постулатима одрживог развоја и енергетске ефикасности неопходно је испитати стање и, нарочито, утврдити реалне енергетске карактеристике зграда. Предмет докторске дисертације представља истраживање структуре и енергетских перформанси омотача вишепородичних стамбениих зграда Србије изграђених у периоду после Другог светског рата. Полазиште рада представља анализа материјално конструктивних карактеристика зграда као и регулативе релевантне за ову област уз установљење одговарајуће периодизације. За сваки дефинисани период утврђени су карактеристични фасадни склопови који су детаљно истраживани проучавањем техничке документације, прорачунавањем енергетскких перформанси и истраживањем на терену применом методе термовизијског снимања. Специфичности коришћене методе су детаљно истражене и описане како на теоретском тако и на практичном плану. Идентификовани су релевантни утицајни фактори, могућности примене у архитектури и назначена ограничења са објашњењима најчешћих грешака и неодговарајућих тумачења. У циљу правилне примене методе дефинисане су процедуре и дате одговарајуће препоруке. Истраживање енергетских перфоманси је остварено прорачуном релевантних параметара на основу важеће законске регулативе, применом симулационих метода и термовизијским снимањем. Извршена је компарација добијених резултата уз одговарајући коментар и формиран је каталог карактеристичних случајева...

Redebining the scope of architecture and urban planning in context of sustainable development during the last two decades, the building fond is now considered to be a man-­‐made resource, that we leave as a legacy for the future generations. When buildings are seen as a resource, numerous questions rise regarding their rational exploitation: how can we use them, how can we adjust them to our contemporary needs, how to extend their lifespan. Housing has a major share in the building fund, thus adaptation of this sector holds huge potential for upgrading not just the dwelling units themselves, but our built environment in general. Energy performance is the key issue in ecological evaluation of buildings, so this work was focused on improving the energy efbiciency of multifamily housing. After the extensive analyses of Serbian building fond, the portion of housing stock constructed between 1960 and 1990 was singled-­‐out as the most productive period, with unprecedented variety in architectural types and construction technologies that has practically vanished from building practice during the last decades. In order to provide for wider scope of individual improvement measures than the one presented in National Typology of Residential Buildings in Serbia, a critical analysis of key thermal envelope elements was carried out. The cases when generic, model improvements can be applied were identibied, while for certain case-­‐specibic options, alternative solutions were proposed and analysed..., Преиспитујући делатност архитектуре и урбанизма у контексту премиса одрживог развоја, током последње две деценије формирано је становиште да постојећи грађевински фонд заправо представља својеврсни створени ресурс који, заједно са корпусом знања и достигнућа остављамо у наслеђе будућим генерацијама. Када изграђене објекте посматрамо на овај начин, неминовно се отварају питања везана за њихову рационалну експлоатацију: како их користимо, како их можемо прилагодити реалним потребама, како им можемо продужити животни век. Највећи део грађевинског фонда представљају стамбене зграде чијом адаптацијом можемо квалитативно унапредити не само стамбене јединице унутар њих, већ и целокупно створено урбано окружење. Енергетске перформансе данас представљају једну од кључних ставки када желимо да проценимо еколошке карактеристике зграде, било да се ради о новопројектованим или постојећим објектима, те је у фокусу овог рада побољшање енергетске ефикасности зграда вишепородичног становања. На основу темељне анализе постојећег грађевинског фонда, за непосредан предмет рада усвојен је сегмент изграђен у периоду од 1960. до 1990. године, када је изграђен највећи део стамбених зграда, уз типолошку и технолошку разноврсност каква раније није била присутна на нашем подручју и која је, током последњих неколико деценија, готово у потпуности ишчезла из станоградње...

С обзиром да је сектор зградарства у Европи одговоран за 40% укупне потрошње енергије, као и за 36% укупне емисије СО2, енергертска ефикасност, а самим тим и анализа потрошње енергије су теме од великог значаја..., Due to the fact that in Europe buildings account for 40% of total energy use and 36% of total CO2 emission estimation or prediction of building energy consumption is lately topic of greatest interest. This research filed involves various scientific domains. The main idea of this dissertation is to investigate application of artificial intelligence in building energy use prediction. In the statistical (data-driven) approach it is required that the input and output variables are known and measured, and the development of the “black box” model consists in determination of a mathematical description of the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent one...

Циљ истраживања је утврђивање односа уграђене и оперативне енергије током животног циклуса породичнe кућe на коју су примењене мере унапређења енергетских својстава. Mодел за процену енергије животног циклуса кућа, формиран је и примењен на типичну породичну кућу у Сомбору, Србија. Модел се састоји из пет парцијалних модела са математичким једначинама и инвентарима улазних и излазних података. За процену иницијалне уграђене, накнадне уграђене и енергије рушења зграде преузимају се подаци из базе Екоинвент (енг. Ecoinvent). Оперативна енергија пре и након унапређења процењује се применом компјутерског програма Пакет за планирање пасивне куће (енг. Passive House Planning Package - PHPP), а уведени су термини иницијалнa и накнаднa оперативна енергија. Комбиновањем итерација пасивних мера (унапређење топлотног омотача) и активних мера унапређења (примена техничких инсталација), утврђени су бројни нивои унапређења енергетских својстава референтне породичне куће. Поређењем вредности накнадне оперативне енергије референтне куће, одабрана су три карактеристична нивоа унапређења. Одабир је заснован на испитивању испуњености услова о енергетској ефикасности утврђених националном регулативом (минимални захтеви за постојеће куће), стандардом без обавезе примене - пасивна кућа (нем. Passivhaus) и европском регулативом (зграде близу нулте енергије, енг. nearly zero energy building - NZEB). Модел за процену енергије животног циклуса примењује се на дванаест варијанти референтне породичне куће, постојећих и унапређених енергетских својстава. Предвиђени животни век куће је 100 година, а унапређења су примењена 30, 40 и 50 година након изградње куће..., The aim of the research is to determine the ratio between the embodied and operational energy during the life cycle of family house which was subject to energy performance improvement measures. The life cycle energy estimate model for houses was created and applied to a typical family house in Sombor, Serbia. The model includes five partial models with mathematical equations and input-output inventories. The data for the initial, recurring and demolition energy estimates were obtained from the Ecoinvent database. The prior and post improvement operational energy was estimated by using the Passive House Planning Package - PHPP computer programme and the concepts initial and recurring operational energy were introduced. By combining the iterations of passive (improvement of thermal envelope) and active (application of technical installations) energy-saving measures a number of energy performance improvement levels of the reference family house were defined. Three characteristic improvement levels were selected through a comparative analysis of the recurring operational energy results of the reference house. The selection was made in accordance with energy efficiency requirements stipulated by the national regulations (minimal requirements for the existing houses), the non-mandatory standard - passive house (ger. Passivhaus) and the EU Regulation (nearly zero energy building - NZEB). The model for life cycle energy estimate was applied to twelve variants of the reference family house with the existing and improved energy performance. The predicted lifecycle of the house is 100 years and the improvement is conducted in the periods of 30, 40 and 50 years after the construction...

Преиспитујући делатност архитектуре и урбанизма у контексту премиса одрживог развоја, током последње две деценије формирано је становиште да постојећи грађевински фонд заправо представља својеврсни створени ресурс који, заједно са корпусом знања и достигнућа остављамо у наслеђе будућим генерацијама. Када изграђене објекте посматрамо на овај начин, неминовно се отварају питања везана за њихову рационалну експлоатацију: како их користимо, како их можемо прилагодити реалним потребама, како им можемо продужити животни век. Највећи део грађевинског фонда представљају стамбене зграде чијом адаптацијом можемо квалитативно унапредити не само стамбене јединице унутар њих, већ и целокупно створено урбано окружење. Енергетске перформансе данас представљају једну од кључних ставки када желимо да проценимо еколошке карактеристике зграде, било да се ради о новопројектованим или постојећим објектима, те је у фокусу овог рада побољшање енергетске ефикасности зграда вишепородичног становања. На основу темељне анализе постојећег грађевинског фонда, за непосредан предмет рада усвојен је сегмент изграђен у периоду од 1960. до 1990. године, када је изграђен највећи део стамбених зграда, уз типолошку и технолошку разноврсност каква раније није била присутна на нашем подручју и која је, током последњих неколико деценија, готово у потпуности ишчезла из станоградње..., Redebining the scope of architecture and urban planning in context of sustainable development during the last two decades, the building fond is now considered to be a man-­‐made resource, that we leave as a legacy for the future generations. When buildings are seen as a resource, numerous questions rise regarding their rational exploitation: how can we use them, how can we adjust them to our contemporary needs, how to extend their lifespan. Housing has a major share in the building fund, thus adaptation of this sector holds huge potential for upgrading not just the dwelling units themselves, but our built environment in general. Energy performance is the key issue in ecological evaluation of buildings, so this work was focused on improving the energy efbiciency of multifamily housing. After the extensive analyses of Serbian building fond, the portion of housing stock constructed between 1960 and 1990 was singled-­‐out as the most productive period, with unprecedented variety in architectural types and construction technologies that has practically vanished from building practice during the last decades. In order to provide for wider scope of individual improvement measures than the one presented in National Typology of Residential Buildings in Serbia, a critical analysis of key thermal envelope elements was carried out. The cases when generic, model improvements can be applied were identibied, while for certain case-­‐specibic options, alternative solutions were proposed and analysed...

Енергетске перформансе зграда представљају резултат утицаја више различитих фактора током њиховог животног века: од закона и прописа према којима су пројектоване и грађене, преко квалитета извођења и употребљених материјала па све до одржавања, односно евентуалних унапређења. У циљу формирања стратегија газдовања грађевинским фондом базираних на постулатима одрживог развоја и енергетске ефикасности неопходно је испитати стање и, нарочито, утврдити реалне енергетске карактеристике зграда. Предмет докторске дисертације представља истраживање структуре и енергетских перформанси омотача вишепородичних стамбениих зграда Србије изграђених у периоду после Другог светског рата. Полазиште рада представља анализа материјално конструктивних карактеристика зграда као и регулативе релевантне за ову област уз установљење одговарајуће периодизације. За сваки дефинисани период утврђени су карактеристични фасадни склопови који су детаљно истраживани проучавањем техничке документације, прорачунавањем енергетскких перформанси и истраживањем на терену применом методе термовизијског снимања. Специфичности коришћене методе су детаљно истражене и описане како на теоретском тако и на практичном плану. Идентификовани су релевантни утицајни фактори, могућности примене у архитектури и назначена ограничења са објашњењима најчешћих грешака и неодговарајућих тумачења. У циљу правилне примене методе дефинисане су процедуре и дате одговарајуће препоруке. Истраживање енергетских перфоманси је остварено прорачуном релевантних параметара на основу важеће законске регулативе, применом симулационих метода и термовизијским снимањем. Извршена је компарација добијених резултата уз одговарајући коментар и формиран је каталог карактеристичних случајева..., Energy performance of a building is a result of various impact factors throughout its whole lifecycle: from laws and codes regulating its design and construction, build quality and materials application all the way to the occupant behaviour, maintenance and potential upgrades and adaptations. Establishing the current condition and real energy performance of buildings is necessary in the process of creating strategies for building fond management based on the postulates of sustainable development and energy efficiency of buildings. The subject of this dissertation is research of structure and energy performance of Serbian multifamily housing built after the World War II. The starting point of the research is the analysis of material characteristics of these buildings as well as relevant codes and regulations with establishing appropriate periodization. Typical façade assemblies are determined for each period, to be explored in detail by studying the technical documentation, calculating and simulating energy performance and on-site explorations using the infrared thermography method. The specifics of infrared thermography method are thoroughly researched and described both through theoretical and practical aspects. All relevant input factors are identified and explained, the possibilities for application in architecture are determined and explored, including the constraints and the most common mistakes and misinterpretations. The adequate procedures are determined and a set of recommendations is defined in order to provide proper application of the method. Energy performance of buildings is explored by calculating relevant parameters based upon current regulations, by computer simulations and by infrared thermography. The results are cross-compared and thoroughly interpreted, and a catalogue of typical cases is provided...

Feedforward neural network models are created for prediction of heating energy consumption of a university campus. Actual measured data are used for training and testing the models. Multistage neural network ensemble is proposed for the possible improvement of prediction accuracy. Previously trained feed-forward neural networks are first separated into clusters, using k-means algorithm, and then the best network of each cluster is chosen as a member of the ensemble. Three different averaging methods (simple, weighted, and median) for obtaining ensemble output are applied. Besides this conventional approach, single radial basis neural network in the second level is used to aggregate the selected ensemble members. It is shown that heating energy consumption can be predicted with better accuracy by using ensemble of neural networks than using the best trained single neural network, while the best results are achieved with multistage ensemble.

The chapter gives an overview of cold thermal energy storage (CTES) technologies. Benefits as well as classification and operating strategies of CTES are discussed. Design consideration and sizing strategies based on calculated load profile for design day is presented. Some recommendation concerning designing of CTES equipment are given. Special attention was paid to the analysis of specific features of heat transfer phenomena in ice storage tank including the assessment of the duration and the rate of ice formation and melting. The methodology of sizing components of the ice thermal storage system included in an air conditioning system for an office building situated in hot wet and dry climate are presented. Based on hourly cooling load calculation that was carried out using Carrier's Hourly Analysis Program, sizing of ice thermal storage system for different operating strategies included full, chiller priority and ice priority storage operation for the design day are presented. Finally, an analysis of some operational characteristics of the system are analyzed.

S obzirom da je sektor zgradarstva u Evropi odgovoran za 40% ukupne potrošnje energije, kao i za 36% ukupne emisije SO2, energertska efikasnost, a samim tim i analiza potrošnje energije su teme od velikog značaja..., Due to the fact that in Europe buildings account for 40% of total energy use and 36% of total CO2 emission estimation or prediction of building energy consumption is lately topic of greatest interest. This research filed involves various scientific domains. The main idea of this dissertation is to investigate application of artificial intelligence in building energy use prediction. In the statistical (data-driven) approach it is required that the input and output variables are known and measured, and the development of the “black box” model consists in determination of a mathematical description of the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent one...

Considering that our previous research has indicated some positive effects of probiotics used in nutrition of sows and suckling piglets, as well as piglets in rearing, investigation designed in this case had the objective to investigate the effect of introduction of probiotic Paciflora-C-10, based on Bacillus spp C.I.P. 5832 in nutrition of fattening pigs. Investigations were carried out on Experimental pig farm of the Institute for Animal Husbandry, Belgrade-Zemun. Crietria for evaluation of obtained results were production performance, degree of use of nutritious substances slaughter parameters and economical analysis determined as price of gain of 1 kg of body mass. It was established that introduction of probiotics has induced the increase of body mass gain by 3,88%, feed conversion by 2,81% degree of utilization of dry and organic matter as well as crude proteina in mixtures. Also, in regard to slaughter traits, it was established that use of probiotic had positive effect on dressing percentage. No effect on food consumption, meatiness in warm carcasses or price of body mass gain was determined on experimental animals., Rezultati ispitivanja nutritivne vrednosti probiotika zasnovanog na Bacillus spp. u ishrani svinja u tovu pokazali su da je ispitivani probiotik imao pozitivne efekte na prirast, konverziju hrane, iskorišćavanje suve, organske materije i proteina kao i na randman. Nije utvrđen uticaj probiotika na konzumaciju hrane, mesnatost u polutkama svinja i cenu prirasta kod životinja u eksperimentu.

Considering the constant growth of interest in energy efficiency in the building sector, it is necessary to apply and improve existing and also to develop new methods for prediction and analysis of building energy consumption. In this paper cooling consumption of the model of a typical commercial building in Belgrade is analyzed. Detailed energy simulation is done using software HAP (Hourly Analysis Program). The influence of various building characteristics is investigated, and for creating building consumption database, three variables that most largely affect the cooling consumption are chosen: specific lighting power, window area and window shade coefficient. Those three parameters are varied and 245 simulations in total are used for creating and testing the prediction models. The multiple linear model is created and the obtained equation is used for cooling consumption evaluation taking these three building parameters as input. The artificial neural network and support vector machine (SVM) models are also developed for prediction and their results are compared with linear regression model. It has been shown that the statistical methods, such are neural networks and support vector machines can achieve much higher accuracy in prediction than the linear regression model, gaining almost perfect match with simulated values (mean absolute percentage error for testing the SVM model 0,26%)., S obzirom na stalni porast interesovanja za povećanje energetske efikasnosti u zgradarstvu, neophodno je primenjivati i unapređivati postojeće i razvijati nove metode za predviđanje i analizu potrošnje zgrada. Na modelu tipične poslovne zgrade u Beogradu ispitivan je uticaj različitih karakteristika zgrade. Simulacija potrošnje energije na časovnoj bazi urađena je korišćenjem programa HAP (Hourly Analysis Program). Za dalju analizu izabrana su tri faktora koja u najvećoj meri utiču na potrošnju energije za hlađenje: specifična instalisana snaga osvetljenja, udeo prozora u spoljašnjem zidu i koeficijent propustljivosti Sunčevog zračenja kroz prozore. Analiza je vršena za različite vrednosti ova tri parametra. Za kreiranje i testiranje višeparametarskog modela korišćeno je 245 simulacija. Predložen je višestruko linearni model koji može da se koristi za određivanje potrošnje energije za hlađenje, a koji kao ulazne veličine koristi pomenuta tri parametra. U cilju predviđanja potrošnje, razvijeni su modeli primenom metode potpornih vektora (support vector machine) i veštačkih neuronskih mreža i izvršeno je poređenje rezultata sa višestruko linearnim modelom. Pokazano je da modeli zasnovani na metodi potpornih vektora i neuronskim mrežama postižu veću tačnost predvidjanja u odnosu na linearni višeparametarski model.

Tehničko rešenje pripada oblasti termotehnike i automatskog upravljanja i odnosi se na rešavanje problema predviđanja potrošnje toplote. Nova metoda predstavlja rešenje problema predviđanja potrošnje daljinskog grejanja na primeru jednog univerzitetskog kampusa. Implementirane su tri različite topologije neuronskih mreža, a kao metod za poboljšanje rezultata, predložen je inovativni pristup, kreiranje njihovog ansambla. Eksperimentalni rezultati su pokazali da sve pojedinačne mreže mogu sa velikom tačnošću da predvide potrošnju toplote, dok predloženi algoritam u obliku ansambla postiže najbolje rezultate. Uz odgovarajuće nmodifikacije, ova metoda se može uspešno koristiti za zadatke predviđanja u različitim tehničkim oblastima.

For prediction of heating energy consumption-of a university campus, various artificial neural networks are used: feed forward backpropagation neural network (FFNN), radial basis function network (RBFN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy interference system (ANFIS). Actual measured data are used for training and testing the models. For each neural networks type, three models (using different number of input parameters) are analyzed. In order to improve prediction accuracy, ensemble of neural networks is examined. Three different combinations of output are analyzed. It is shown that all proposed neural networks can predict heating consumption with great accuracy, and that using ensemble achieves even better results.

The chapter gives an overview of cold thermal energy storage (CTES) technologies. Benefits as well as classification and operating strategies of CTES are discussed. Design consideration and sizing strategies based on calculated load profile for design day is presented. Some recommendation concernig designing of CTES equipment are given. Special attention was paid to the analysis of specific features of heat transfer phenomena in ice storage tank including the assessment of the duration and the rate of ice formation and melting. The methodology of sizing components of the ice thermal storage system included in an air conditioning system for a office building situated in hot wet and dry climate are presented. Based on hourly cooling load calculation that was carried out using Carrier's Hourly Analysis Program, sizing of ice thermal storage system for different operating strategies included full, chiller priority and ice priority storage operation for the design day are presented. Finally, an analysis of some operational characteristics of the system are analyzed.