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Background/Aim. The studies of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and growth factors as the materials used for direct pulp capping have produced conflicting results for both the issue of the inflammatory response and the issue of calcified bridge formation. Hap/poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (HAp/PLGA) is a bioresorbable polymer with demonstrated good characteristics as the carrier for the bone morphogenetic protein necessary in bone tissue regeneration. The role of growth factors in dental tissue reparation (in both reactionary and reparative dentinogenesis) represents the new foundation and provides a different approach to dental pulp treatment. Growth factors – transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β-1) – directly induce morphological and functional differentiation of neo-odontoblasts. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of calcium HAp/PLGA and growth factors (TGF β-1) in the formation of a calcified tissue – dentine bridge – on the teeth of our experimental model. Methods. In this experimental study, rodent (rabbit) teeth were used as the animal model. After the trepanation of pulp space with sterile steel drills, the pulp was capped with calcium HAp/PLGA (experimental group I; n = 60); calcium HAp/PLGA combined with TGF β-1 growth factor (experimental group II; n = 60), and there was a control group of intact teeth (n = 20). The experiment was performed in general anesthesia. The animals were kept alive for 1, 3, and 6 months. The extracted teeth were adequately prepared for scanning electron microscopy. Results. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the number of teeth with calcified tissue in the form of dental bridges in the HAp/PLGA+TGF β-1 group, 6 months after the treatment, was statistically significantly greater (66.67%) than after 3 months (26.67%), at the statistical significance level of p < 0.05. Conclusion. Direct pulp capping covers the artificially exposed dental pulp and makes possible the formation of a dentine bridge (a tubular structure composed of reparative dentine) in the period of 3 months.

Background/Aim. Although apicoectomy is performed routinely and yields excellent results, a close patient observation during the postoperative course is desirable in order to avoid possible complications. The aim of this study was to investigate the adequacy of postoperative control visits a day after surgery using the store-and-forward telemedicine method compared to the clinical in-person controls. Methods. A total of 122 apicoectomies were performed during 115 dental surgery interventions. The follow-up dental ex-amination a day after apicoectomy consisted of reviewing extraoral and intraoral photographs on the internet and re-viewing responses to the questionnaire. After that, patients were examined in-person. Cohen’s kappa („store-and-forward” method) coefficient, diagnostic sensitivity (SE), sensitivity (SP), and efficiency (EFF) were determined. Statistical comparisons were performed using the Z-test, and nonparametric characteristics were tested using McNemar’s χ2-test at the statistical significance cut-off value of p = 0.05. Results. There were 106 (92%) patients seen at the control dental examination. The agreement between in-person and store-and-forward telemedicine method was found in 104 (98%) cases. The obtained agreement values (K = 0.85, S = 0.99, SP = 0.86, EFF = 0.98) indicated an almost complete diagnostic agreement. Conclusion. Based on the internet transmission of patients’ digital photographs and ac-companying patient medical history records, the study showed that the in-person control dental examinations a day after surgery can be successfully replaced with the remote store-and-forward method of telemedicine.

Background/Aim. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is one of the most commonly used calcium phosphate bioceramics with osteoconductive properties. Growth factors are capable of directly inducing morphological and functional differentiation of neodontoblasts. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of HAp-based biomaterial in combination with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in the creation of new dentine and obturation of the root canal apex in the teeth of an experimental animal model. Methods. Rodent (rabbit) teeth were used as the experimental animal model. After pulp removal with a pulp extirpator in vital pulpectomy, the biomaterial was applied using a Lentulo spiral in the apex portion at the level of the physiological foramen apicale. The experiment was performed in general anesthesia. Animals were kept alive for 3, 6, and 12 months after the treatment. The extracted teeth were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results. Using SEM, it was found that the number of teeth with newly created dentine and apex canal obturation was greater 12 months after the treatment. Conclusion. Apex obturation of the dental root canal with newly created dentine took place in our experimental groups treated by biomaterial with or without TGF-β1.

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The trial was designed in order to examine the impact of flax seed in the nutrition of young cattle/bulls, in the final stage of the fattening. In the trial, 30 bulls of Simmental breed of uniform initial weight were selected, divided into 2 groups (control and experimental). The control animal group did not consume flax seed as a food supplement. Cattle of the experimental group consumed flax seed in an amount of 3.75% (300 g per day) of concentrated meal in the last 90 days of fattening, i.e. 300 g per day. The study included the examination of the fattening performance, slaughter traits and the composition of the bovine carcass. After slaughtering, warm carcass sides, with and without kidneys, were measured individually. Subsequent to period of cooling, the left carcass side it was cut into the main carcass parts according to the Rulebook. The results of the study showed that the addition of flax seed in the diet did not have a statistically significant effect on the body weight of bulls at the end of the trial. It was found that the addition of flax seed in the feed during the final stage of fattening did not have an impact on the differences in the average overall gain of bulls and the feed conversion ratio. Based on the data obtained by cutting of carcass sides to main parts, it was established that feeding with flax seeds had no significant effect on the share of carcass parts.

The aim of this study was to determine the extent of changes in physico-chemical and sensory properties of dry fermented sausages where pork backfat was partly replaced by flaxseed oil used as liquid (FXL), after encapsulation (FXE), and pre-emulsified with alginate (FXA) and soy protein isolate (FXI). During production and storage, similar pH values of all products were observed. FXL sausages had significantly lower (p0.05) in any of the observed sensory characteristics.

Introduction: Direct and indirect pulp capping is a therapeutic procedure to preserve the tooth's vitality. The aim was to scan electron and polarization microscopy: analyze changes in cellular and extracellular components of dental pulp after direct and indirect overlay with glass-ionomer cement (GIC), determine the appearance of the dentine surface after direct and indirect pulping overlap with GIC and forms a proposal for a clinical application of preparations if it provides good and effective dentingenesis. Methods: The experiment was performed on experimental animals (domestic swine). For this research, alkaline cement was used ALFAGAL* bejz. On the teeth of the experimental group, preparations of the V class were made from the vestibular side. Twenty-two teeth were made indirectly, and twenty -two teeth directly covered with pulp. After completion of the preparation, dentin is directly covered with glass-ionomer cement (GIC) Alfagal* bejz. Through the ALFAGAL material for definitively closing cavities ( amalgam) is l aid. On the teeth where the perforation of the pulp chamber was made, ALFAGAL bejz was loaded directly into the pulp chamber, and through this the cavity was definitely sealed with GIC FUJI IX (GC Japan). Suitably prepared teeth and pulp were observed by SEM and a polarization microscope. Results: By observing and analyzing the obtained results, on a polarization and scanning electron microscope compared to the control group, results were obtained which can have a significant clinical implication in the biological treatment of the pulp. Alfagalbejz is directly applied in the pulp chamber: the boundary between newly developed reparative dentine is detected in the normal dentine structure, amorphous dentine, reproduction of connective tissue cells without pro inflammatory reactions and initial dedifferentiation in odontoblast, young blood vessels and cells (fibrocytes, histiocytes and fibroblasts) are observed. Indirectly applied Alfagal* bejz indicates the presence of different maturation stages of dentin, dentinal canals are clearly visible with a normal dentin structure, zero amorphous dentine and immature dentine structure are observed as well. The presence of an amorphous calcite of the dentine structure indicates the initial creation of a solid tissue barrier, which is the goal of the experiment. Conclusion: The results obtained by experimental research suggest ALFAGAL bejz as a good material for the direct and indirect overlap of the pulp.

Correlation of fillings on the tooth and changes in the tissues having direct contact with the tooth aroused keen interest amongst many professionals. Irregularly shaped fillings can damage the periodontal tissues. The primary indicator of the validity of the dental work is its ability to ensure the preservation of normal physiological status of the tissue, primarily gingival, alveolus and periodontum. The main purpose of this paper is to make histological assessments of the tissue of the interdental region before and after correction of irregular filling in experimental animals. The research was conseived as a histological study with experimental animals ( rabbits). The tested teeth were divided into two groups: a) the experimental group consisted of teeth with irregular fills, and b)the control group consisted of teeth with regular fillings and healthy teeth. The experiment carried out under general anesthesia. The experiment was being monitored over 12-month period. Having been expired the first part of the experiment , after 6-month period, in experimental animals, it was carried out the second part of the one consisting of the correction of irregular fillings. The second part of the experiment was closely monitored a month, three and six months after the correction of irregular filings. After sacrificing the animals, tissue was prepared for histological analysis. Histological analysis showed changes in the periodontal tissues prior to correction of irregular fillings and significant improvement of the tissue of the interdental region after correction of the same ones. The pathological changes occuring in the periodontal tissues are not irreversible since after correction of irregular filligs are being lost mainly.

Teledentistry is an applied discipline of telemedicine in dentistry. In recent years, this area has been in the focus of interest of researchers. Their studies predominantly deal with the reliability of the methods of teledentistry and their feasibility in various conditions and situations. The studies based on photography and communication of visual information via smart mobile phones have been especially popular. This paper represents a review of the studies about teledentistry published in the last several of years, discuss them and puts forward the recommendations for future research.

Background/Aim. Proinflammatory cytokines can act like endogenous pyrogen interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF α) which regulate the synthesis of secondary mediators and other proinflammatory cytokines through macrophages and mesenchymal cells. They stimulate acute-phase proteins and attract inflammatory cells. The aim of this study was to determine interleukin 1-β (IL-1 β) concentrations in chronically inflamed and healthy dental pulps. Methods. A total of 41 pulps (19 from patients with pulpitis chronic causa and 22 from patients with pulpatis chronic aperta), divided into two groups, were obtained from teeth with chronic pulp inflammation. The control group consisted of 12 teeth with healthy pulp. After extirpation, pulp samples were immediately placed in sterile Eppendorf tubes and frozen. After that, homogenisation was performed by a Teflon® pestle in ice-cold phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.4 whose volume was adjusted according to the weight of tissue. The supernatant was then frozen at -70°C until the performance of appropriate biochemical analyses. Cytokine IL-1 β value was determined by a commercial enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA test). We applied the high sensitivity system technique, which may register low levels of cytokines, ranging from 0.125 to 8.0 pg/mL for IL-1 β. Results. By comparing the mean value of IL-1β, in the pulps we can see a statistically significant difference (p < 0.01) among them. The highest value of IL-1 β was in the subjects with pulpitis chronica clausa and it was 6.21 ± 2.70 pg/mL. Conclusion. Proinflammatory cytokine IL-1 β is present in detectable quantities in the pulp tissue of all vital pulps. Its highest concentrations were found in the sample group with pulpitis chronica clausa.

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The aim of this experiment was to examine the effect of the addition of extruded flaxseed to chicken feed on physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of breast and leg-thigh meat. The basic chemical composition, pH value, instrumental colour and sensory characteristics of white (breast) and dark meat (leg-thigh) were examined by feeding two groups (both comprising males and females) of 500 Ross 308 hybrid line chickens by standard feed (control group) and with the addition of 6% of extruded flaxseed mixture (experimental group). Instrumental characteristics of colour were changed, especially in white meat. Both breast muscles of male broilers were significantly lighter, but a*values were significantly lower in m. pectoralis profundus and b*values higher in m. pectoralis superficialis of both genders. In dark meat, a*values were significantly lower in the meat of males, while b*values were higher in the meat of females. The addition of extruded flaxseed to chicken feed did not led to significant changes in the sensory characteristics of meat.

Sensory evaluation of colour and marbling of M. semimembranosus (SM) and M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) from five purebred pigs produced in Vojvodina (Large White, Landrace, Duroc, Hampshire and Pietrain) was performed. Colour was evaluated by the panellists with 6-point colour score cards (1-pale pinkish-gray to white; 6-dark purplish-red). Marbling was evaluated by the panellists with7-point marbling score cards (1-devoid, 6-moderate/10-abundant).The differences in the colour and in the marbling of the SM muscles and of the LTL muscles among the five purebred pigs were not significant (P>0.05). A darker colour was obtained for SM muscles than for LTL muscles for all five purebred pigs, with a significant differences for Durok (P=0.018) and Pietrain (P=0.002). The type of the muscles had no significant effect on marbling (P>0.05). The Vojvodian pork meat showed lighter colour than optimum for pork. According to average marbling scores fat content in pork produced in Vojvodina was less than 2 %.

Introduction. In the management of edentulous spaces, there is a permanent need of a dentist-prosthetician in charge to consult other specialists. Modern telemedicine, based on powerful computer and telecomunication systems, offers an adequate answer to these challenges, being able to transfer and obtain clinical data and consultation information over large distances. Using smartphone or a computer, the teleconsultant acces the system, downloads and review the data and photographs and gave suggestions. The system then enables direct, real time contact with the consultant, chat, or directs them to contact each other by phone. Case report. We presented telemedicine consulting in the patient preparation and planning of prosthetic tooth replacement in 3 cases with different teleconsultation requirements: the first case for prosthetic rehabilitation of his upper teeth, the second one for prosthetic management of his partial edentulousness and “a growth on his gums” in the vestibular region of the frontal teeth and the third one for prosthetic management of total edentulousness of her upper jaw. We used the system of telemedicine in dentistry, established at the Faculty of Medicine in Kosovska Mitrovica. The operation was based on the computer application system XPA3 Online, computer networking and mobile smartphone network. All consultations were succefull with no need for further procedures in regional center. Conclusion. The use of a mobile smartphone has brought about the mobility and availability of teleconsultant specialists in an extent never seen before. Prostheticians are thus able to offer better service to their patients and improve the quality of management of partially or totally edentulous patients, especially in rural areas.

The mammalian 20S catalytic core of the proteasome is made of 14 different subunits (α1-7 and β1-7) but exists as different subtypes depending on the cell type. In immune cells, for instance, constitutive catalytic proteasome subunits can be replaced by the so-called immuno-catalytic subunits, giving rise to the immunoproteasome. Proteasome activity is also altered by post-translational modifications (PTMs) and by genetic variants. Immunochemical methods are commonly used to investigate these PTMs whereby protein-tagging is necessary to monitor their effect on 20S assembly. Here, we present a new miniaturized workflow combining top-down and bottom-up mass spectrometry of immunopurified 20S proteasomes that analyze the proteasome assembly status as well as the full proteoform footprint, revealing PTMs, mutations, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and induction of immune-subunits in different biological samples, including organoids, biopsies and B-lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from patients with proteasome-associated autoinflammatory syndromes (PRAAS). We emphasize the benefits of using top-down mass spectrometry in preserving the endogenous conformation of protein modifications, while enabling a rapid turnaround (1 h run) and ensuring high sensitivity (1–2 pmol) and demonstrate its capacity to semi-quantify constitutive and immune proteasome subunits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Research of effects that irregular interproximal dental restoration have on supporting structures of the teeth and examination of evolution and course of changes in tissue structure is quite a poorly studied topic. Aim of this study is to examine and assess clinical and radiological changes in periodontal tissue caused by irregular interproximal dental restoration in particular group of patients with different age and sex. Methods. Irregularities which were assesed in this study are divided into two groups: a) gap (cracks) occurring between dental restorations and the gingival walls in Class II cavities, b) prominence of dental fillings out of the teeth anatomical sphere, resulting with the positive step in gum third of tooth in Class II cavities. The study was based on whether in the particular forms of irregularities of the dental restorations are differences in the degree of change in the periodontal tissue, depending on the material from which the restoration is made, and the materials used were composite fillings and amalgams. Results of this study show that irregular dental fillings significantly affect the inflammatory response in periodontal tissue. Irregularities in the form of unfilled space cause major changes in periodontal tissue. Composite fillings cause a higher degree of inflammation in relation to amalgam fillings. Conclusion. Improper tooth fillings cause periodontal tissue damages.

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of the presence of different concentrations of GRINSTEDTM Carrageenan CC 250 (0.25%, 0.4% and 0.55% related to the mass of raw material) on selected technological and sensory properties of smoked pork loin. Changes in mass during production process and water content were observed. Sensory evaluation included estimation of cut appearance, consistency, odor, taste, color, tenderness firmness and plasticity. It was found that water retention and muscle structure binding were strongly influenced by carrageenan addition. Depending on applied concentration of preparation, achieved yields varied from 1.08% to 2.06%.

The aim of this research was to examine the technological properties of beef emulsions in which fatty tissue was partially substituted with pumpkin seed oil (PSO) encapsulated in alginate or pectin matrix, and where phosphates (F treatments) were simultaneously substituted with shell powder (C treatments). Fat replacement (in the amount of 25%) mostly had no significant influence on pH, cooking loss, purge loss, fluid release under pressure, residual nitrite level, and texture properties. On the other hand, higher yellowness and hue angle were observed when backfat was replaced with encapsulated PSO, but only in treatments with phosphates. The use of shell powder as a phosphate replacer led to significantly higher pH values and thus to significantly higher residual nitrite level: 70.87-74.64 mg/kg (C treatments) vs. 56.79-62.16 mg/kg (F treatments). The nitrite depletion rate during the seven-week storage was lower in C treatments. Moreover, higher lightness, yellowness and hue angle could be expected, as well as lower hardness, springiness, cohesiveness and chewiness. For the most part, seven-week storage had no influence on the observed technological properties, except on colour properties in which an opposite trend was observed in terms of yellowness - increase in treatments with phosphates and decrease in treatments with shell powder. Further research, which would include sensory analysis, should be conducted to determine how these altered colour and textural properties will be perceived by consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Four different levels (25–100%) of culled goat meat were used in frankfurter formulation (frankfurters G25, G50, G75 and G100) instead of beef (CON). Technological properties, fatty acid profile and sensory properties were examined during the 6‐week cold storage. The formulation had significant impact of fatty acids profile – n‐6/n‐3 ratios progressively decrease from 14.63 in CON to 6.63 in G100. Higher goat meat content led to progressively higher lightness and lower redness in frankfurters. This was also observed by consumers but not negatively perceived. Check‐all‐that‐apply (CATA) analysis shows that more than 80% of consumers marked pleasant colour as present in goat frankfurters and CON. The similar was observed for pleasant appearance, pleasant odour, tasty, soft and juicy. Moreover, atypical taste and odour were mostly not marked as present (73.8% and 62.5%, respectively). The panellists pointed at G50 as the most preferred, while consumers most frequently marked G75. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Animal fat in all‐chicken frankfurters (control) was replaced with pretreated linseed oil to provide 50 and 100% of recommended daily alpha‐linolenic acid intake. Linseed oil was pretreated with multifunctional corn ingredient (E25 and E50) and alginate mixture (G25 and G50). No impairments in water binding properties of the modified frankfurter matrix were observed. Significant increase in b* and h values was observed, intensively in G treatments. Significantly higher hardness was observed in E25 and chewiness in both E treatments. During storage, an increase in yellowness, hardness, cohesiveness, and chewiness was recorded in all treatments including control. Significant improvement of fatty acid profiles was recorded in all modified frankfurters. Observed differences in some parameters of technological characteristics were not confirmed in sensory evaluations. The results of sensory analysis indicate that the level of fat replacement with linseed oil and the manner of pretreatment did not lead to unacceptability. Practical applications: Frankfurters are well‐known comminuted meat products usually made from pork and beef, but despite a considerable increase in poultry meat production over the past two decades, research on all‐poultry frankfurters with fat partly replaced by pretreated oil are rare. The results of this current study showed that all‐chicken frankfurters with 50% of recommended daily intake of ALA had very similar characteristics to control, while increasing content of linseed oil (to 100%) potentially can impair sensory characteristics, depending of oil pretreatment, but not below the acceptability. Since data in literature are scarce in terms of all‐chicken frankfurters with fat partly replaced by pretreated oil, the results of this research complement the results of the research on pork and beef frankfurters and the results of the study on the use of linseed oil in other meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]