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The project started on October 21, 2019, and lasted until today. To begin with, it should be noted that data (which can still be used in specifications to establish the STOKIS system) were previously collected in CAD format for each sheet separately. The first part of the STOKIS project refers to the development of product specifications that are the result of the STOKIS project, namely TK25 (Topographic Map 1:25 000), TK50, TK100 and TK250. The basic source of all topographic-cartographic data and products are photogrammetric mapping data (restitution data) and other originals. These data are topologically processed, classified according to the CROTIS data model, and finally stored in the TTB. Topographic data for individual topographic databases (TBP) of smaller scales are performed by performing model generalization, in such a way that for each subsequent TB of smaller scales, model generalization from previously established TB of larger scales is performed. The purpose of the Product Specification is to ensure the appropriate quality to produce topographic data (TP) mapped from in this case our TTB (Basic Topographic Database) but also from other originals. A comprehensive document describing the quality elements as well as the tolerances described in this specification are the basis for quality control. The product specification describes the technical characteristics of the topographic data, and how this data should be collected and processed. In addition to the technical characteristics, this document also describes the content and format for data delivery. The product specification should also reflect the requirements for the use of topographic data. User needs will be the basis for future development and changes in product specifications are focused primarily on user needs (and their changes in use reflected in the product) more efficient methods/processes in production (new technology) and according to international and OGC standards, DIGEST standards Everything serves to make these products easier to read, more up-to-date and more usable in practical application

Stereoscopic visualization plays a significant role in the detailed and accurate interpretation of various geometric features on the surface of archaeological artifacts, which can be challenging to perceive using conventional two-dimensional visualizations. Moreover, virtual 3D models can be shared with other archaeologists for interpretation and the exchange of opinions. The hardware requirements for rendering stereoscopic 3D models are often readily available on desktop computers, or require only a minimal investment for implementation. This article focuses on creating stereoscopic visualizations of a stylized dove-shaped cult vessel for a virtual museum project. The term “visualization” is defined, emphasizing its significance and everyday applications. The camerawork techniques and processes involved in stereoscopic image production, including anaglyph imaging and polarization, are described. Blender (community- driven project under the GNU General Public License (GPL), Blender Foundation is a member of Open Invention Network, Khronos, Linux Foundation and the Academy Software Foundation) and StereoPhoto Maker (Muttyan, Japan) are reviewed as they relate to the production process of stereoscopic visualizations using open-source software. A series of static stereoscopic visualizations, along with two dynamic stereoscopic examples, are created, one using the anaglyph process, and the other using polarization. Lastly, the article discusses the contribution of stereoscopic visualizations to the interpretation of archaeological artifacts and suggests the optimal parameters for creating stereoscopic visualizations.

Croatia is internationally known as the country with thousand islands. The exact number of naturally formed parts of the land surrounded by the sea with an area of more than 1 km2 is defined by the law and amounts exactly 78. It is not an easy task to show all the islands on one map, while at the same time their indentation, shape, relief and size are visible and highlighted. Thinking about the kind of cartographic display that would emphasize the appearance, shape, relief and size of each individual island as a separate entity, we decided to create a poster in A1 paper format on which we placed all the islands according to their surface area. The marine benthos layer was used as a source of spatial data for creating the island polygon by connecting to the Web Feature Service (WFS) of the environmental protection information system called 'bioportal'. It is a layer that contains the entire territorial sea of the Republic of Croatia, and which was used to create the polygons of the island from its internal voids. The shaded relief and contour lines of all islands were obtained by processing the European digital surface model (EU-DEM). The entire processing of the spatial and attribute data of the polygon, as well as the final creation of the map design, was performed in QGIS. In the final representation of all Croatian islands, a shade of blue was used for the background of the map to give the impression of a marine environment. In addition, different shades of blue were used to display the polygons of the island, as well as the shaded relief, layers, and the entire text in the map description. Therefore, it can be said that we created the first unique representation of the Croatian islands using monochrome mapping of cartographic content.

U radu se opisuje proceduralno 3D modeliranje i vizualizacija urbanih 3D modela zgrada, odnosno samo jednog njihova dijela – krovova, jer se divertifikacija krovova može izvoditi parametrizacijom ili pak proceduralnim modeliranjem. Do sada su se različite vrste krovova izvodile promjenom parametara, a u ovom radu dajemo prijedloge direktne promjene unutar skripte za različite jednostavne i složene vrste krovnih konstrukcija. To automatski skraćuje vrijeme modeliranja u bilo kojem softveru, jer je u konačnici riječ o modeliranju ne samo krovova nego cijelih gradova, pa je kraće vrijeme modeliranja vrlo važno korisnicima koji očekuju da se geovizualizacija cijelih gradova odvija u realnom vremenu. To se ispituje u softveru CityEngine, koji se temelji na proceduralnom modeliranju i uglavnom se upotrebljava za kreiranje 3D sadržaja urbanih područja i 3D modeliranje urbanih područja. Najprije su prikupljeni svi potrebni podaci koji su u otvorenom pristupu dostupni na internetu i atributi krovova za modeliranje. Na kraju se konačni rezultati generiranog 3D modela objavljuju u CityEngine WebScene, kao i analiza vremena potrebnog za modeliranje više vrsta krovova unutar 3D modela., The paper describes the procedural 3D modelling and visualization of urban 3D models of buildings, that is, only one part of them – the roofs, because the diversion of roofs can be performed by parametrization or procedural modelling. Until now, various types of roofs have been performed by changing parameters, and in this paper we provide suggestions for direct changes within the script for various simple and complex types of roof constructions. This automatically shortens the modelling time in any software, because ultimately it is about modelling not only roofs but entire cities, so shorter modelling time is very important for users who expect geovisualization of entire cities to take place in real time. This is examined in the CityEngine software, which is based on procedural modelling and is mainly used to create 3D content of urban areas and applied to 3D modelling of urban areas. First, all the necessary data, which are available in open access on the Internet, and the attributes of the roofs for modelling were collected. At the end, the final results of the generated 3D model are published in CityEngine WebScene, as well as an analysis of the time required to model several types of roofs within the 3D model.

Sjenčanje reljefa u švicarskom stilu učinkovita je i vizualno atraktivna metoda za predstavljanje treće dimenzije reljefa na dvodimenzionalnoj karti. Takva metoda korištena je za predstavljanje terena na prirodan, istančan i intuitivan način. Važan element kod takvog načina sjenčanja reljefa je upotreba prilagođene ljestvice boja i efekta atmosferske perspektive. U prvom dijelu ovoga rada opisan je grafički i tehnički razvoj, te osnovna načela sjenčanja reljefa u švicarskom stilu. Drugi dio rada prikazuje proces izrade sjenčanog reljefa izvedenog iz digitalnog modela reljefa korištenjem isključivo funkcionalnosti dostupnih unutar slobodnog geoinformacijskog sustava otvorenog koda QGIS. Nadahnuti djelovanjem švicarskog kartografa Eduarda Imhofa na području vizualizacije reljefa, izrađena je digitalna karta Švicarske primjenjujući tehnike klasične švicarske škole. Proces izrade karte sastoji se od nekoliko koraka pri čemu najvažniji dio čine izrada pojedinih slojeva karte dobivenih iz digitalnog modela reljefa (jednosmjerno sjenčanje, višesmjerno sjenčanje, zračna perspektiva), izrada hipsometrijske ljestvice boja po uzoru na karte švicarskih kartografa, pronalazak optimalnih vrijednosti parametara pojedinih slojeva karte, te završna grafička obrada karte., Swiss style relief shading is an efficient and visually eye-catching method of presenting the third dimension of relief on a two-dimensional map. This method is used for presenting the terrain in a natural, discerning and intuitive way. When using that kind of relief shading an important element is the use of a modified colour scale and the effect of aerial perspective. In the first part of this paper the graphic and technical developments as well as the basic principles of Swiss style relief shading were described. The second part of the paper was based on the production of the shaded relief automatically derived from the digital elevation model using free GIS software. Inspired by the work of Eduard Imhof in the field of cartographic relief representation, I created a digital map of Switzerland by applying the classic Swiss school techniques. The process of creating a map consists of overlapping of multiple layers (hillshade, multidirectional hillshade and aerial perspective) derived from the digital elevation model within the Quantum GIS software.

In our presentation we will show the creation of an interactive web map of the Diocese of Syrmia (Srijem). The Diocese of Srijem is a spatial-organizational unit of the Roman Catholic Church. The special feature of this diocese is that it is located in Serbia, and it belongs to the Đakovo-Osijek Metropolis, which has its seat in Croatia. Since there is no map showing the Diocese since its last definition in 2008, the making of the map required research and different challenges solving and discovery of sacral objects that are crucial for this type of sacral map. The map is unique because it shows sacral objects that have not yet been shown and presented in this way. The author has successfully created a map based on sacral themes and emphasized cartographic details related to this Diocese.

Sjenčanje reljefa učinkovita je metoda za vizualizaciju trodimenzionalnog oblika Zemljine površine na dvodimenzionalnoj podlozi. Kod sjenčanog reljefa površina objekta se osvjetljuje pomoću jednog ili više izvora svjetlosti pri čemu se stvara efekt sjene. Sjena ima ulogu vizualnog povećanja, tj. isticanja različitih topografskih oblika Zemljine površine. Teoretska podloga za stvaranje učinkovitog sjenčanog reljefa datira još iz vremena kada se sjenčani reljef ručno crtao. Računalni postupak izrade sjenčanog reljefa iz digitalnog modela reljefa naziva se analitičko sjenčanje reljefa, a danas se gotovo isključivo izrađuje pomoću geoinformacijskih sustava. U posljednje vrijeme unutar kartografske zajednice postoji sklonost prema uporabi alata za 3D modeliranje pri izradi sjenčanog reljefa. Blender je besplatan alat otvorenog koda za 3D računalnu grafiku koji je korišten u ovom radu za izradu sjenčanog reljefa na primjeru nacionalnih parkova u Hrvatskoj. U radu je prikazan postupak izrade sjenčanog reljefa od samog prikupljanja potrebnih podataka, obrade podataka za unos u Blender, te modeliranja pri izradi sjenčanog reljefa u Blenderu. Usporedbom sa sjenčanim reljefom dobivenim u QGIS-u, prikazano je da se modeliranjem u Blenderu dobiva prirodniji, mekši i atraktivniji sjenčani reljef s jasnijim strukturama zahvaljujući poboljšanom podešavanju osvjetljenja u trodimenzionalnom radnom prostoru.

Boja zauzima posebno mjesto u kartografici, jer je sadržana ili povezana sa svim sastavnim elementi- ma kartografike. Boje privlače i izazivaju pozornost korisnika, pomažu povezivanju ili odvajanju po- jedinih sadržaja karte, naglašavaju ili potiskuju određene vijesti te olakšavaju pamćenje informacija dobivenih pomoću njih. Od obilja znanja o bojama biti će izneseno samo ono najvažnije za primjenu u kartografiji. Elektromagnetsko zračenje koje prodire u naše oko smatramo uzrokom čije su posljedice osjet boje. Na monitorima na kojima uglavnom i promatramo karte, boje se prikazuju na drugačiji način od analognih medija nositelja karte koji su se koristili u prošlosti.

U Republici Hrvatskoj temeljem STOKIS-a (Službenog topografsko-kartografskog informacijskog sustava) izrađen je model podataka CROTIS (Hrvatski topografsko-informacijski sustav), a na temelju CROTIS-a 2.0 za područje cijele države Temeljna topografska baza (TTB). U radu se opisuje CROTIS koji je, zbog napretka tehnologije, potrebnih poboljšanja uslijed potreba korisnika ili promjena u prostoru i propusta kod izrade prethodnih inačica, do danas imao više inačica. Do sada je izrađeno više prijedloga poboljšanja cijelog modela podataka, ali i određenih tematskih cjelina. Prijedlog izmjena modela CROTIS odnosi se na tematske cjeline: Promet, Građevine, Hidrografiju i Temeljni paket. U ovom će se radu dati i prijedlog poboljšanja za tematsku cjelinu Pokrov i korištenje zemljišta., In the Republic of Croatia, based on the Official Topographic-Cartographic Information System STOKIS, a Croatian Topographic Information System CROTIS data model was developed. Based on CROTIS 2.0, a basic topographic database (BTB) was created for the entire country. The paper describes CROTIS, which has had several versions to date due to advances in technology, necessary improvements because of user needs or changes in space and omissions in the development of previous versions. So far, several suggestions for improvement have been made for the entire data model, as well as certain thematic units. The proposed changes to the CROTIS model refer to the thematic units Transport, Buildings, Hydrography and the basic package. In this paper, a proposal for improvement for the thematic unit of Land Cover and Land Use will be given.

Soil contamination caused by heavy metals presents a potential long-term issue to human health and biodiversity due to the bioaccumulation effect. Previous research at the micro level in Croatia detected soil contamination caused by heavy metals above maximum permitted values, which also implied the necessity of their current spatial representation at the macro level in Croatia. The aim of this study was to provide a spatial prediction of six heavy metals considered as contaminants of soils in continental Croatia using two approaches: a conventional approach based on interpolation and a machine learning approach. The prediction was performed on the most recent available data on cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) concentrations in soils, from the Ministry of environment and energy. The conventional prediction approach consisted of the interpolation using the ordinary kriging (OK) in case of input data normality and stationarity, alongside the inverse distance weighting (IDW) method. For the machine learning approach, random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) methods were used. IDW outperformed RF and SVM prediction results for all soil heavy metals contents, primarily due to sparse soil sampling. Soil Cr contents were predicted above the maximum allowed limit, while elevated soil contamination levels in some parts of the study area were detected for Ni and Zn. The highest soil contamination levels were observed in the urban areas of generalized land cover classes, indicating a necessity for its monitoring and the adjustment of land-use management plans., Onečišćenje tla uzrokovano teškim metalima uzrokuje potencijalno dugoročnu opasnost za zdravlje ljudi i biološku raznolikost zbog učinka bioakumulacije. Prethodna istraživanja na mikro razini u Hrvatskoj otkrila su onečišćenje tla teškim metalima iznad maksimalno dopuštenih vrijednosti, što je ujedno impliciralo potrebu poznavanja njihove trenutne prostorne zastupljenosti na makro razini u Hrvatskoj. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je provesti prostorno predviđanje šest teških metala u tlu koji se smatraju onečišćujućima u kontinentalnoj Hrvatskoj koristeći dva pristupa: konvencionalni pristup zasnovan na interpolaciji i pristup strojnog učenja. Predviđanje je provedeno na najnovijim dostupnim uzorcima tla kadmija (Cd), kroma (Cr), bakra (Cu), nikla (Ni), olova (Pb) i cinka (Zn), prikupljenim od strane Ministarstva zaštite okoliša i energetike. Konvencionalni pristup predviđanja sastojao se od interpolacije korištenjem uobičajenog kriginga (OK) u slučaju normalnosti i stacionarnosti ulaznih podataka, zajedno s metodom inverzne udaljenosti (IDW). Za pristup strojnog učenja korištene su metoda slučajnih šuma (RF) i metoda vektora podrške (SVM). IDW je nadmašio rezultate predviđanja RF i SVM za sve sadržaje teških metala u tlu, prvenstveno zbog nedovoljno gustog uzorkovanja tla. Sadržaj Cr u tlu predviđen je iznad najveće dopuštene granice, dok su za Ni i Zn utvrđene opasne razine onečišćenja tla na dijelovima istraživanog područja. Najveće razine onečišćenja tla zabilježene su u urbanim područjima generaliziranih klasa zemljišnog pokrova, što ukazuje na potrebu za njegovim praćenjem i prilagođavanjem planova upravljanja korištenjem zemljišta.

Razrada je počela realizacijom Hrvatskog topografsko informacijskog sustava (CROTIS) kroz temeljni model podataka i nastavno na model i izradu topografskih karata mjerila 1:25000, a za što je bilo potrebno: izraditi temeljne setova podataka, Temeljnu topografsku bazu (TTB) i topografske karte u mjerilu 1:25000 (TK25), razraditi i usvojiti niz tehničkih specifikacija i standarda za TK100.

Boje na kartama važne su u psihološkom smislu i upotrebljavaju se prema pravilima kartografske vizualizacije, geovizualizacije, običaja korisnika i subjektivnom dojmu korisnika.

For the analysis of floods and an assessment of incurred losses is necessary to know the maximum extent of the extreme events, it is of paramount importance in the shortest possible time to define the borders of flooded areas. How are mainly about large areas, their mapping is a challenge. Thanks to its characteristics (primarily spatial), during the last two decades remote research, along with geographic information systems (GIS), has become a key tool in the observation and flood risk assessment, flood. The basic advantages of using satellite images in flood observation are data availability, coverage and size of the area covered by satellite images, the effectiveness of the method of mapping flood coverage, and relatively low cost of mapping large areas. The proposed method is very helpful in managing the crisis, and in moments when you need very quickly get to the relevant spatial data in the so-called. Real-time, dynamically changing, and are particularly important for decision-making in saving property and people from the flooded areas. Timely spatial information in the form of a series of thematic maps, with the help of not only maps, but also of photogrammetry and remote sensing can provide and help in predicting the development of the flood, and soon decisions will be left to the so-called. artificial intelligence.

There is a single-channel and multi-channel approach to classification. Access Code that uses multiple channels, NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and "water" index NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index). NDWI index is similar as the NDVI-ROM, and the function is visible green and close infrared radiation. This formulation index enabled: (1) maximizing the reflection of green wavelengths from the water surface, (2) minimizing the low-reflectance near-IR wavelengths with bodies of water, and (3) use of the advantages of high-reflective near-IR wavelengths with a surface covered with vegetation and the soil.

For the purposes of this Act and the regulations regulating state surveying and real estate cadastre, are included professional geodesic jobs for the purposes of state surveying, professional geodetic jobs for the purpose of real estate cadastre, professional geodetic jobs for the purposes of land cadastre maintenance and real estate cadastre, expert geodesic jobs for infrastructure cadastre and expert geodesic jobs for building cadastre needs.

Reducing green urban infrastructure pose a huge threat to cities sustainability. It is important to monitor and track health of vegetation. For efficient planning of urban development and maintenance of green urban infrastructure key is to have up to date maps. Using satellite imagery is the easiest way to cover large city areas. In order to map vegetation, there are many possible solutions, however most effective way is using machine learning methods. Machine learning is divided into supervised and unsupervised classification and each can be divided into several different methods. Many authors have considered different methods and they use them to access accuracy on satellite image information extraction. They have used different satellite images and naturally higher resolution imagery results in better classification. However, there is still lack of comprehensive analysis of more supervised machine learning methods on similar cities. This paper aims to provide analysis of four different machine learning methods: support vector machine, artificial neural network, naïve Bayes and random forest. The objective of the support vector machine algorithm is to find a hyperplane in an N-dimensional space that distinctly classifies the data points where hyperplanes are decision boundaries that help classify the data points and support vectors data points that are closer to the hyperplane and influence the position and orientation of the hyperplane. Artificial neural network are brain-inspired systems which are intended to replicate the way that humans learn. Neural networks consist of input and output layers, and hidden layers. They are excellent tools for finding patterns which are far too complex or numerous for a human programmer to extract and teach the machine to recognize. A Naive Bayes classifier is a probabilistic machine learning model that’s used for classification task and the crux of the classifier is based on the Bayes theorem. Random Forest creates a forest and makes it random and is an ensemble of Decision Trees, most of the time trained with the bagging method which general idea is that a combination of learning models increases the overall result. All of the mentioned methods will be tested on Sentinel-2A imagery. Sentinel-2A multispectral imager has thirteen sensors which is useful in vegetation extraction. Methods will be compared using error matrix and kappa statistics.

The consequences of climate change can be felt in all parts of the world. Croatia is increasingly affecting the extreme heat and drought, followed by rain and floods. In the practical part deals recordings Sentinel-2 satellite mission. Selected area of Nin affected by flooding in September 2017. The theoretical part contains a brief description of Copernicus program, which was developed in the European Community. As an indicator for assessing the condition and size of the area affected by the flood used a normalized index of water. Also, made a visual representation of the area affected by the flood as well as analysis of the situation before and after the flood. The aim is to propose a method which is very helpful in managing the crisis, and in moments when you need very quickly get to the relevant spatial data in the so-called. Real-time, and dynamically change and are particularly important for decision-making in saving property and people from the flooded areas. The expected result of the map and other indicators of the justification of the proposed method, which includes all available resources and technology that can now be used also for the assessment of damage after floods. The proposed method is very helpful in managing the crisis, and in moments when you need very quickly get to the relevant spatial data in the so-called. Real-time, dynamically changing, and are particularly important for decision-making in saving property and people from the flooded areas. Timely spatial information in the form of a series of thematic maps, with the help of not only maps, but also of photogrammetry and remote sensing can provide and help in predicting the development of the flood, and soon decisions will be left to the so-called. artificial intelligence.

Mapping or map creation has always been a task done almost exclusively by cartographers. The results of this process are manual or digital maps made for and used by human beings. Maps used in vehicle navigation systems are one example. They are intended for use in of people or goods and are made to enable drivers to make decisions. Standard maps used in vehicle navigation do not require high precision and frequent updates, because their only purpose is to assist drivers. When it comes to autonomous driving, however, map precision and real-time updates of the vehicle environment are crucial. Mapping the world in high precision is essential for self-driving cars and therefore a new generation of maps is needed –high definition (HD) maps. The mapping process is mostly being done using various sensors (GPS, LiDAR, radar, HD camera, IMU) which gather a large amount of data. Data processing relies mostly on machine learning algorithms and the resulting map is a product designed for machines. The differences in design and mapping between standard maps for use by humans and machine maps are tremendous. The question is whether cartographers will continue to be involved in the mapping process of such maps.

The recent floods in the Nin area and the experience of rapid mapping of the flooded area reveal the usability or uselessness of existing data collection methods like collecting from satellite imagery when mapping the boundaries of the flooded areas. Sometimes there are floods that are very rapid in emergence and equally rapid in their withdrawal. Basic benefits of using satellite imagery in flood surveillance is data availability, coverage and size of area covered by satellite imagery, the effectiveness of the flood coverage mapping method and relatively low cost of mapping large areas. The proposed method is very useful in management crisis and at times when you need to reach relevant spatial data very quickly called. In real time, they are dynamically changing and are especially important for decision making - saves property and people from flooded areas. Timely spatial information in the form of a series of thematic maps, with the help of not only maps but also photogrammetry and remote sensing can help predict development flood, and soon decisions will leave the so-called-Artificial Intelligence. The aim is to propose a method that is very useful in managing a crisis and at times when you need to get relevant spatial data very quickly in the so-called real-time and dynamic changes are particularly important for decision-making in the rescue of property and people from flooded areas.

This paper compares the indicators of spatial development for the road network of Croatia towards chosen countries in Europe and on a county level in Croatia. It also shows the number of traffic accidents per counties and links it with indicators of spatial development. The paper presents the results of the research of spatial distribution of traffic accidents in Croatia by counties. An example of a hazardous site identification on the A6 motorway is provided by the accident data report. All the comparisons and analyzes are presented graphically in the form of charts and cartography-related views in the MapViewer 7 software. The result shows that there are significant differences between counties. It is often the case that similar values relate to counties derived from similar level of development and similar number of population. From the results it is concluded that the number of traffic accidents is more dependent on the population than on road network length in relation to the surface of the county. To invest in remediation of hazardous sites, it is necessary to consider more factors than repeated traffic accidents.

Karta koja prikazuje Varaždinsku biskupiju.

Every year an area of 350 million hectares is affected by fire, of which 90% are forest fires. With economic losses, fires can result in human and animal losses and cause damage to health and the environment that cannot be fully compensated. Therefore, it is necessary to detect fires more efficiently, reliable and faster, and also to improve fire management and analyse affected areas. Remote sensing methods can provide a quick and efficient response to this problem and can provide better estimates and fire detection. Today, remote sensing methods are most commonly used in the post-fire management for the wildfire maps production, which can contribute to strategies for preventing, predicting, mitigating and better response to fire. By developing new systems, such as the European Copernicus program, the application of these methods has become publicly available in full extant with no charge. This paper presents the wildfire map making procedure for the Makarska Riviera area in the Republic of Croatia based on Sentinel-2 satellite data and open source software using the normalized burned ratio (NBR) technique. Except for improving fire management and obtaining information on location and extent of damage, this procedure also allows monitoring the recovery of the affected environment

U članku su prikazana istraživanja koja se provode na Geodetskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu u Katedri za kartografiju u okviru projekta koji se bavi istraživanjem kartografike vjerskih karata. Do sada su izrađene Karta Gospićko-senjske biskupije, Karta Požeške biskupije i Karta Varaždinske biskupije. U poodmakloj fazi izrade je izrada Karta Šibenske biskupije, dok su u početnoj fazi pripreme Karta Đakovačko-osječke nadbiskupije i Karta Porečke i Pulske biskupije.

The resulting map seek to improve the identification of areas where there is no threat so that parts of suspected hazardous areas can be proposed for mine reduction, or suspected hazardous areas can be better defined.

Potrajno gospodarenje šumama zahtijeva prostorno i vremenski određene informacije o stanju šume koje se još uvijek u mnogim zemljama svijeta, uključujući i Hrvatsku, prikupljaju na tradicionalan način, terenskom izmjerom. Iako terenska izmjera pruža informacije zadovoljavajuće točnosti, ona zahtijeva dugotrajan i intenzivan rad. Stoga se u novije vrijeme intenzivno istražuju mogućnosti upotrebe laserskih skenera i fotogrametrijskih metoda kao brza i efektivna alternativa klasičnom pristupu izmjere šuma. U ovom je radu prikazan algoritam za ekstrakciju opsega i modeliranje debla iz fotogrametrijskog oblaka točaka baziran na RANSAC (engl. Random Sample Consensus) algoritmu i metodi rastavljanja na glavne komponente (engl. PCA – Principal Component Analysis). Analizirana je točnost ekstrakcije opsegā na jednom deblu u ovisnosti o tipu kalibracije kamere (predkalibrirana, samokalibracija s inicijalnim parametrima, samokalibracija). Najmanja pogreška dobivena je predkalibriranom kamerom (RMSE=1,23 cm), slijede samokalibracija s inicijalnim parametrima (RMSE=1,35 cm) i samokalibracija (RMSE=1,63 cm). Predstavljeni algoritam pokazuje veliki potencijal primjene fotogrametrijskih mjerenja pri određivanju opsega debla, uz određene preinake u pristupu., Diameter at the breast height is one of the most important parameters used in the forestry. In practice, field measurement of the test plots is an intensive and time-consuming process that requires specialized equipment. Recently, the application of terrestrial laser scanner and photogrammetry in forestry, are being investigated as a fast and effective approach to forest plot measurement. In this paper, we present the algorithm for modelling and tree stem perimeter extraction based on the RANSAC (RANdom Sample Consensus) algorithm and PCA (Principle Component Analysis). The accuracy of the tree perimeters extraction is tested on the three tree models differing on the reconstruction type (self-calibration, self-calibration with initial parameters and self-calibration without initial parameters). The smallest error is acquired by estimating perimeters on the model reconstructed with the precalibrated camera (RMSE=1.23 cm), self-calibration with initial parameters (RMSE=1.35 cm) and self-calibration (RMSE=1.63 cm) follow. The presented algorithm indicates the great potential of photogrammetric methods application in tree perimeter estimation, with some changes in the approach.

This paper describes the process of creating a useful geographic information system (GIS) viewer on the web that shows the map of the old town of Šibenik, which is located in the heart of Dalmatia. Spatial and attribute data is the core of every geoinformation system so therefore a database with objects of interest (cultural and historical sights in the old town centre) was created. The main goal of the project was to develop a GIS viewer for tourist purposes, but also to provide basic information about the current situation of building for investors and conservators. The rules of cartographic generalization, visualization and digital cartography were taken into account. The paper will describe theoretical and practical aspects of creating a geoinformation system. The theoretical part explains basic terms such as web cartography, web maps, databases and geoinformation systems. The practical part shows the working process which goes from collecting the data and processing it into the database, to creating the map and publishing it on the Internet.

PROJ.4 je široko rasprostranjen programski paket i programerska biblioteka (dostupna kroz PROJ API) za kartografska računanja. Trenutno je izvorni kod objavljen pod MIT licencom, dok je inicijalno bio objavljen od strane USGS-a kao javno dostupan kod bez licence (engl. public domain). Osnovni program je sadržavao funkcije za računanje ravninskih koordinata iz geografskih i obrnuto (konverzija koordinata), i to za veliki broj kartografskih projekcija. Osim konverzije koordinata program također omogućava i osnovne transformacije između različitih geodetskih datuma. Zbog svoje otvorenosti i jednostavnosti korištenja programski paket i biblioteka je odlično prihvaćena od strane zajednice koja je implementirala mogućnosti ovog paketa u svoje softvere. Iako je programski paket izvorno namijenjen isključivo za kartografiju i geoinformacijske sustave (GIS), zbog njegove široke rasprostranjenosti uviđa se potreba za razvojem dodatnih funkcija koje bi zadovoljavale zahtjeve geodetske struke po pitanju mogućnosti i točnosti. U ožujku 2018. godine objavljena je verzija 5.0.0. koja donosi novi koncept za datumske transformacije. Novi koncept je baziran na principu „korak po korak” (engl. step-by-step) kako bi bio dinamičan i lako prilagodljiv za različite geodetske potrebe. Dodane su funkcije za konverziju jedinica, funkcija za računanje iz Kartezijevih u geodetske koordinate, te pet funkcija za transformacije između geodetskih datuma. U radu su opisane nove mogućnosti za datumske transformacije i dan je primjer korištenja tih funkcija.

Bilo koja katastrofa može prekinuti pružanje bitnih usluga, kao što su zdravstvo, struja, voda, uklanjanje otpadnih voda i smeća, te transporta i komunikacije. Prekid može ozbiljno utjecati na zdravlje, socijalne i ekonomske mreže lokalnih zajednica i država. Katastrofe često rezultiraju raspadom sustava prijevoza na tlu. Helikopterima je moguće dovesti timove za pomoć u takvim situacijama, potrebni potrošni materijal te evakuirati ozlijeđene osobe. Smanjenje vremena za spašavanje može imati važan utjecaj u evakuaciji u slučaju katastrofa. Zato postoji potreba za interventnim helidromima čija bi lokacija bila određena u što kraćem vremenu i donesena odluka o tijeku akcije spašavanja. U svakoj od temeljnih zadaća i poslova u procesu upravljanja u kriznim uvjetima (ublaživanje, pripravnost, djelovanje, oporavak ili obnova) moguće je primjenom GIS sustava, uz potrebne 3D podatke, na relativno jednostavan način odlučivati o lokacijama za privremene helidrome. Izbor lokacija je moguć prema nagibu, nadmorskoj visini i veličini površine, te i prema ostalim kriterijima potrebnim za potpunu analizu.

The research describes the recent territorial changes of the Diocese of Varaždin. Descriptive steps were given for the diocese of Varaždin within administration of the Catholic Church in Croatia and its inner structure and also creation of the map, from gathering the spatial data, using online services and much more. It also describes individual different kind of software and how they were used. It also shows the problems for special map contents and some of the solutions to those problems, specifically, the divergence of the borders gathered from various sources. The results of this long-lasting data collection is a new map of Diocese of Varaždin. GIS and collecting the data of the special map content was the first step and the data source for the map visualization of the dioceses of Varaždin.

U posljednjih nekoliko godina broj požara na području Splitsko-dalmatinske županije naglo raste, posebno u ljetnom razdoblju. Požar može nastati prirodnim putem (udar groma, vulkanske erupcije) ili pak namjernim ili nenamjernim ljudskim djelovanjem. Osim ekonomskih gubitaka, požar može uzrokovati stradavanja ljudi, uginuća životinja i biljaka, uništavanje stambenih i gospodarskih objekata te onečišćenje okoliša koji nas okružuje. Upravo zbog toga vrlo je važno razviti efikasan sustav upravljanja i reagiranja u takvim izvanrednim situacijama. Program Copernicus, razvijen u Europskoj uniji, umnogome nam u tome pomaže. U ovom radu obrađene su snimke satelitske misije Sentinel-2. Odabrano je područje okolice Splita, pogođeno katastrofalnim požarom u srpnju 2017. godine. Kao indikator za procjenu stanja i veličine područja pogođenog požarom korišten je normalizirani indeks opožarene vegetacije. Također su izrađeni kartografski prikazi područja zahvaćenog požarom te je analizirano stanje vegetacije prije i nakon požara.