29 results on '"žledolom"'
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2. Kratkoročna napoved debeline žleda in pojava žledoloma v Sloveniji.
- Author
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OGRIS, Nikica, PRISTOV, Neva, and KOBLER, Andrej
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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3. V Sloveniji se povečuje osutost bukove krošnje.
- Author
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OGRIS, Nikica and SKUDNIK, Mitja
- Subjects
ICE storms ,EUROPEAN beech ,DEFOLIATION ,FOREST surveys ,CLIMATE change ,BEECH - Abstract
Copyright of Gozdarski Vestnik is the property of Federation of Forestry Associations of Slovenia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
4. Analiza uspešnosti obnove gozdnih sestojev, poškodovanih v žledolomu leta 2014 v okolici Idrije
- Author
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Grahelj, Primož and Roženbergar, Dušan
- Subjects
žledolom ,forest regeneration ,udc:630*23+630*42"2014"(497.4Idrija)(043.2)=163.6 ,obnova gozda ,Restoration ,ostanki sestoja ,Idrija ,Sanacija ,remnant trees ,ice storm - Abstract
V tej nalogi so analizirali uspešnost pomlajevanja sestojev po februarskem žledolomu leta 2014 v okolici Idrije. Ugotavljali so, ali je smiselno puščati ostanke sestojev, ter vlogo sanacije po motnji. Na terenu so postavili 40 ploskev, velikosti 25 m2, od tega po 10 na saniranih in nesaniranih površinah, ter po 10 na povsem odprtih površinah sredi vrzeli in pod zastorom dreves. Na ploskvah so izmerili nekaj osnovnih ekoloških parametrov, temeljnico, dolžino in prirastke dominantnih osebkov, preučili zeliščno plast, prešteli mladje po drevesnih vrstah, višinskih razredih in poškodovanosti ter popisali panje oziroma podrta drevesa. Ugotovili so, da je na saniranih površinah ter tistih delno pod zastorom v povprečju večje število osebkov mladja ter nekoliko večji delež površine zastrte z mladjem, po drugi strani pa so na povsem odprtih površinah precej večji višinski prirastki ter večji delež zelišč, kar lahko ovira pomlajevanje. Večina osebkov mladja je bilo nepoškodovanih oziroma so bile poškodbe zaradi objedanja minimalne. Na podlagi rezultatov so prišli do zaključka, da je sanacija površin smiselna, saj prispeva k večjemu številu mladja, poleg tega pa je smiselno puščanje ostankov v vrzelih, v kolikor drevesa niso preveč poškodovana, saj so pokazali, da nekaj zastora v vrzelih pomeni manjšo zastrtost z zelišči in več mladja. Regeneration success was analyzed in stands damaged by the 2014 ice storm near Idrija. It was determined, whether it makes sense to leave remnant trees in the stands and the role of restoration after the disturbance. 40 plots of 25 m2 were placed in the field, of which were 10 on restored and unrestored surface, 10 in a gap, where there were no trees, and 10 under the canopy of some trees. Some basic ecological and woody regeneration parameters like basal area, height and height increments of dominant trees and ground vegetation layer coverage were measured on the plots. All the seedlings and saplings were counted, defined their tree species, height classes and damage, listed tree stumps and felled trees. It was found that on restored areas, and those partially under the canopy, on average a larger number of saplings and a slightly larger proportion of the area covered with regeneration, on the other hand, on completely opened areas there were much higher height increments and higher proportion of ground vegetation, which can hinder rejuvenation. Most of the saplings were not browsed or the injuries were minimal. Based on the results, the conclusion was that restoration makes sense, as it contributes to a greater density of regeneration. In addition, it makes sense to leave remnant trees in the gaps, as long as the trees are not too damaged, as it was shown that some canopy in the gaps means less ground vegetation coverage and more regeneration.
- Published
- 2021
5. Presoja in optimizacija načrtovanja in izvajanja nege mladega gozda v Sloveniji
- Author
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Diaci, Jurij
- Subjects
gozdnogojitvena zvrst ,žledolom ,okoljske storitve ,sofinanciranje nege ,nega mladih gozdov ,udc:630*24 - Published
- 2021
6. Vrednotenje obsega žledoloma iz lidarskih podatkov
- Author
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Kobal, Milan
- Subjects
žledolom ,udc:630*42 ,lasersko skeniranje ,poškodbe gozdov ,Slovenija ,raziskave - Published
- 2021
7. Mnenje o uporabi različnih pasti in feromonov za podlubnike in primernost uporabe kemičnih sredstev za obvladovanje podlubnikov
- Author
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Jurc, Maja, Pavlin, Roman, Kavčič, Andreja, De Groot, Maarten, and Hauptman, Tine
- Subjects
namnožitev ,žledolom ,kemična sredstva ,udc:630*41:630*45 ,feromoni ,smreka ,pasti ,podlubniki ,ukrepi ,Skupina za obvladovanje biotskega ravnovesja in škodljivosti organizmov v gozdovih - Published
- 2021
8. Fizikalne lastnosti bukovine po žledolomu
- Author
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Jakič, Jana and Straže, Aleš
- Subjects
udc:630*423.3:630*812 ,žledolom ,fizikalne lastnosti lesa ,bukev ,vlažnost lesa ,gostota lesa ,wood density ,beech ,physical properties of wood ,ice storm ,moisture content - Abstract
Proučili smo vlažnost in gostoto lesa ter zunanje morfološke spremembe na različno prizadetih drevesih navadne bukve (Fagus sylvatica L.) ob koncu prve vegetacijske dobe po velikem žledolomu v Sloveniji v letu 2014. Potrdili smo povezanost med deležem še aktivnega koreninskega sistema in stopnjo porjavelosti (izsušenosti) krošnje dreves ter porazdelitvijo vlažnosti lesa v deblih dreves. Pri najbolj prizadetih drevesih smo v prevodnem zunanjem delu beljave potrdili padec vlažnosti lesa pod mejo naravne biološke odpornosti (u < 60 %). Po prvi vegetacijski dobi, nismo potrdili splošnega padca gostote lesa (in z njim povezanega poslabšanja mehanskih lastnosti), ki bi bil posledica okužbe in razkroja lesa z glivami Moisture content and wood density of variously damaged uprooted European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) trees were studied at the end of the first vegetation period after ice storm damage in Slovenian forests in 2014. The study confirmed significant correlation between the amount of active root system and necrosis of leaves and changed moisture content and its distribution in the trunks. The moisture content of wood below 60 % was confirmed in sapwood of extremely damaged trees, indicating diminished protection against wood destroying organisms. We could not confirm any reduction of wood density which would indicate deterioration of wood at the end of the first vegetation period after ice storm damage
- Published
- 2020
9. Določanje stopnje razkrojenosti bukovega lesa, poškodovanega v žledolomu
- Author
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Kumše, Damjan and Humar, Miha
- Subjects
žledolom ,razkroj lesa ,beech wood ,udc:630*844:630*423.3 ,glive razkrojevalke lesa ,mechanical properties ,wood degradation ,mehanske lastnosti ,wood decay fungi - Abstract
Les je odličen material, saj ima glede na svojo gostoto dobre mehanske lastnosti. Ker nekatere lesne vrste niso naravno odporne, ob neprimerni uporabi ali skladiščenju pogosto pride do neželenega razkroja. Bukov les je trd in trden, žal pa ima slabo naravno odpornost. V začetku leta 2014 je slovenske gozdove prizadel žledolom, ki je poškodoval veliko bukovih dreves, ter pospešil propadanje lesne zaloge v gozdovih. Cilj raziskave je bil ugotoviti, če se bukovini po enem letu ležanja v gozdu po žledolomu poslabšajo mehanske lastnosti zaradi delovanja gliv razkrojevalk. Vzorce smo izrezali iz štirih podrtih dreves, preverili njihovo tlačno in upogibno trdnost in jim izmerili gostoto ter določili vizualno oceno razkrojenosti. Ugotovili smo, da ni tesne povezave med vizualno oceno razkroja in mehanskimi lastnostmi z izjemo upogibne trdnosti, kjer smo pri vzorcih, ocenjenih kot razkrojenih izmerili nižjo upogibno trdnost in nižji modul elastičnosti. Tlačna trdnost narašča z naraščanjem gostote lesa, enako velja tudi za upogibno trdnosti in upogibni modul elastičnosti. Variacije v mehanskih lastnostih znotraj posameznega drevesa so bile enakega velikostnega razreda kot variacije med različnimi drevesi. Pri spodnjih delih kolutov smo izmerili nižjo tlačno trdnost, nižjo upogibno trdnost in nižji modul elastičnosti, kar nakazuje, da je prišlo do prvih znakov razkroja, ki pa jih s prostim očesom ne moremo zaznati. Raziskovalno hipotezo smo potrdili, in sicer eno leto ležanja podrtih dreves bukve skupaj s koreninskim sistemom v gozdu bistveno ne poslabša mehanskih lastnosti lesa Wood is an excellent material because, according to its density, it has good mechanical properties. Since some woody species are not naturally resistant, improper use or storage often causes an undesirable degradation. Beech wood is hard and solid, but unfortunately it has a poor natural resistance. In early 2014, the Slovenian forests were affected by sleet hurting a lot of beech trees, and accelerating the degradation of wood. The study researched the deterioration of the mechanical properties caused by the action of fungi decay in the beech wood, lying for a year in the forest after that sleet. Samples cut out of 4 fallen trees were tested for pressure/tension and bending, their density was measured, and visual indication of disintegration determined. We found no close relation between the visual assessment of degradation and mechanical properties, with the exception of bending strength, where the samples were estimated to be decomposed lower bending strength and low modulus of elasticity were measured. The compressive strength increases with the higher density of the wood the log analysed has no influence on the compressive and bending strength. In the lower parts of the discs, which have been in contact with the ground, lower compressive strength, lower bending strength and a low modulus of elasticity were measured, showing the first signs of decomposition not detectable with the naked eye. We confirmed also that the density of wood increases the bending strength and modulus of elasticity. The hypothesis is confirmed that one year of lying of the logs in the forest did not significantly worsen the mechanical properties of wood
- Published
- 2020
10. Naravna in umetna obnova v ujmah poškodovanih gozdnih sestojev v Območni enoti Bled
- Author
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Medja, Uroš and Diaci, Jurij
- Subjects
žledolom ,windthrow ,natural regeneration ,restoration ,naravna obnova ,umetna obnova ,artificial regeneration ,sanacija ,udc:630*2(043.2)=163.6 ,vetrolom ,ice storm - Abstract
Leta 1991 je vetrolom prizadel 16,5 ha pretežno listnatih gozdov v Žagarjevem grabnu, GGE Notranji Bohinj, leta 1996 pa je žledolom prizadel še 2,6 ha teh gozdov. V tem območju smo izločili štiri objekte glede na način obnove ter opravljeno nego. Znotraj objektov smo skupno zakoličili 101 ploskev (10 x 10 m). Popisana so bila vsa drevesa, višja od 20 cm, ter ocenjeno njihovo zastiranje po višinskih razredih ter drevesnih vrstah. Za vsako ploskev smo popisali tudi splošne orografske značilnosti ter oddaljenost od gozdnega roba. Namen raziskave je primerjati uspešnost naravne in umetne obnove ter analizirati povezanost gostote mladovja in orografskih dejavnikov ter zastiranja. Pri analizi podatkov smo uporabili Kruskal-Wallisov test in Spearmanovo korelacijo. Pri naravno obnovljenih objektih je prevladovala bukev (4816 dreves/ha in 2929 dreves/ha), v umetno obnovljenih objektih sta prevladovali smreka (2971 dreves/ha) in iva (2960 dreves/ha), bukev je bila na drugem mestu (2044 dreves/ha in 2862 dreves/ha). Bukev je zastirala največ površine z izjemo enega objekta, kjer je več zastirala iva. Ugotovili smo različne vplive orografskih dejavnikov, zastiranja in oddaljenosti od gozdnega roba na gostote. Ti vplivi so se razlikovali glede na posamezne drevesne vrste in objekte. Ker se pričakuje vse več izjemnih vremenskih dogodkov, smo na podlagi rezultatov podali usmeritve za prihodnje gospodarjenje z gozdovi. Windthrow damaged 16.5 ha of deciduous forests in Žagar's gorge (Žagarjev graben), GGE Notranji Bohinj, in 1991. In 1996, sleet damaged another 2.6 ha of these forests. We have presented four facilities according to the renovation process and the care done. We have marked out 101 surfaces (10 x 10 m) altogether. We have registered all trees higher than 20 cm and evaluated their veiling according to the altitude class and tree species. We have also registered general orographic features and distance from the forest edge for every surface. The purpose of the research has been to compare successfulness of natural and artificial renovation and to analyse dependence of young trees density from orographic factors and veiling. We have used Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman correlation for the data analysis. At naturally renovated facilities, a beech tree predominated (4816 trees/ha in 2929 trees/ha), in artificially renovated facilities, spruce (2971 / treesha) and goat willow (2960 trees/ha), beech tree was on the second place (2044 trees/ha in 2862 trees/ha). Beech tree has been veiling the most of the surface except one facility where pussy willow was more successful. We have discovered different influences of orographic factors, veiling and distance from the forest edge to density. These influences have been different according to individual tree species and facilities. Several exceptional weather events are expected, therefore, we have suggested some guidelines for managing forests in the future.
- Published
- 2020
11. Vpliv žledoloma na preživetje dreves in nastanek lesa na primeru bukve in smreke
- Author
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Habjan, Primož and Merela, Maks
- Subjects
žledolom ,kambij ,Fagus sylvatica ,Picea abies ,smreka ,udc:630*811.13+630*423.3:176.1Fagus sylvatica:174.7Picea abies(043.2)=163.6 ,nastajanje lesa ,bukev ,poškodbe krošnje - Abstract
Po ţledolomu 2014 je v gozdovih ostalo veliko poškodovanih, a ţivih dreves. Ker znanja o dogajanju v poškodovanih drevesih primanjkuje, smo v Arboretumu Volčji Potok izvedli raziskavo na drevesih, ki so v ţledolomu utrpela poškodbo krošnje. Izbrali smo 14 bukev in 12 smrek, jih razvrstili v 4 razrede glede na stopnjo poškodovanosti krošnje (K % nepoškodovana, A % do 50 %, B % med 50 in 75 %, C % več kot 75 % poškodovana krošnja), v dvotedenskih intervalih na njih odvzemali mikroizvrtke z orodjem Trephor in opazovali spremembe v krošnjah. Iz mikroizvrtkov smo pripravili mikroskopske preparate lesa, kambija in skorje in jih analizirali s svetlobnim mikroskopom in sistemom za analizo slike. Poškodovanost krošnje ni vplivala na čas olistanja pri bukvi in pojav mladih poganjkov pri smreki. Bukve so revitalizirale svoje krošnje različno uspešno ne glede na stopnjo poškodbe krošnje. Smreke še niso revitalizirale svojih krošenj. Poškodovane bukve so proizvedle od 20 do 95 %, poškodovane smreke pa 35 % oţje ksilemske branike kot nepoškodovane. Manjši je bil tudi prirastek floema. Produkcija lesa se je v poškodovanih bukvah začela in zaključila prej kot v nepoškodovanih, na drugi strani se je v poškodovanih smrekah začela kasneje in zaključila prej kot v nepoškodovanih. Izmed štirih razredov poškodovanosti so se pri bukvi največje razlike v kambijevi aktivnosti pokazale med razredoma A in B, pri smreki pa med razredoma K in A. After the severe ice storm of 2014 a high number of damaged trees were not removed from forests. Due to lack of general knowledge about processes occurring in damaged trees, a study involving 14 European beech and 12 Norway spruce trees was conducted in Arboretum Volčji Potok. Trees were categorized by crown injury injury class K % undamaged, A % damaged less than 50 %, B % damaged between 50 and 75 % or C % damaged more than 75 %. During the 2014 growth season microcores were collected every fortnight using a Trephor tool. Changes in crowns were also observed and noted. Transverse sections of microcores were prepared and observed using light microscopy and a picture analysis system. Crown injury had no effect on leaf unfolding date in beech and young sprouts occurrence in spruce. Success of crown restoration in beech differed from tree to tree regardless of severity of crown injury. No crown restoration was seen in spruce. On average, xylem rings were 20 to 95 % narrower in damaged beech trees and 35 % narrower in damaged spruce trees compared to the undamaged trees. Damaged trees also produced narrower phloem rings. In damaged beech trees xylogenesis started and finished sooner than in undamaged ones. On the other hand xylogenesis started later and finished sooner in damaged spruce trees compared to the undamaged ones. The biggest differences in cambial activity in beech appeared between class A and class B, and in spruce between class K and class A.
- Published
- 2020
12. Razvojna dinamika dveh gozdnih rezervatov na območju žledoloma
- Author
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Baša, Mirko and Hladnik, David
- Subjects
gozdni rezervati ,žledolom ,udc:630*22(043.2)=163.6 ,Obramec ,vrzeli - Abstract
V gozdnih rezervatih Obramec in Risov ţleb smo raziskovali razvojno dinamiko in poškodovanost sestojev zaradi ţledoloma leta 2014. Analizirali smo podatke, ki smo jih pridobili z meritvami na vzorčnih ploskvah. Prav tako smo uporabili lidarske podatke, posnete leta 2009 in leta 2014, ki so nam prikazovali stanje sestojev pred in po ţledolomu. V obeh rezervatih je bila prevladujoča drevesna vrsta jelka. V Risovem ţlebu je bil njen deleţ višji za 12 % in je znašal 48 %. Sledile so bukev, smreka in manjšinske vrste. Lesna zaloga je v rezervatu Obramec znašala 517,2 m3/ha, v Risovem ţlebu je bila niţja za 12,3 m3/ha. Na hektarju površine smo v Obramcu našteli 416 dreves, v Risovem ţlebu pa 34 manj. V Obramcu je bilo povprečno poškodovanih 43 %, v Risovem ţlebu pa 40 % dreves. Najmanj je bila poškodovana jelka, najbolj pa bukev. Odlom vrha drevesa je bila najpogostejša poškodba dreves v obeh rezervatih. Prevladovala je v zgornji polovici krošnje. Zaradi odloma posameznih vej je v največji meri prihajalo do 25 % izgube volumna krošnje. Poškodovanost rezervatov in gospodarskega gozda je bila podobna, vendar niţja v obeh rezervatih. V obeh rezervatih prevladujejo majhne vrzeli do 10 in do 50 m2 površine. Deleţ vrzeli, katerih površina je večja od 100 m2, znaša v Obramcu le 3,5 %, v Risovem ţlebu pa 11,4 %. Vrzeli v rezervatu Obramec skupno zasedajo 9 %, v Risovem ţlebu pa 16 % površine. Po ţledu se je površina novonastalih vrzeli povečala le za 5,2 % v Obramcu in 10,2 % v Risovem ţlebu. In Obramec and Risov ţleb forest reserves the dynamics and damage of the stands caused by the ice storm in 2014 were examined. We analysed the data obtained from measurement of sampling plots. In addition, we used lidar data from 2009 and 2014, which show the stand structure before and after the ice storm. In both reserves the prevalent tree species is silver fir. Its share is higher by 12 % in Risov ţleb, amounting to 48 % in total. It is followed by beech, Norway spruce, and other species. The growing stock in Obramec reserve is 517,2 m3/ha and 12,3 m3/ha less in Risov ţleb. The number of trees per hectare is 416 in Obramec and 34 less in Risov ţleb. On average, the share of damaged trees is 43 % in Obramec and 40 % in Risov ţleb. The least damaged tree is silver fir and the most damaged one beech. The most common damage of trees in both reserves was a broken tree top, prevalent in the upper part of the crown. The broken individual branches amounted to a maximum of 25 % loss of crown volume. The damage of the reserves and managed forest was similar, but lower in forest reserves. In both reserves small gaps ranging from 10 to 50 m2 are predominant. The share of gaps with an area greater than 100 m2 is only 3,5 % in Obramec and 11,4 % in Risov ţleb. The total area of gaps is 9 % in Obramec and 16 % in Risov ţleb. Due to the ice storm, the area of new formed gaps has increased for 5,2 % in Obramec and 10,2 % in Risov ţleb.
- Published
- 2020
13. Ocena stanja gozdnih sestojev v revirju Oselica po žledolomu 2014
- Author
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Šink, Matej and Bončina, Andrej
- Subjects
žledolom ,forest stands ,gozdni sestoji ,poškodovanost ,udc:630*53+630*42(043.2)=163.6 ,damage ,Oselica ,icestorm - Abstract
Slovenijo je februarja 2014 prizadel katastrofalni žled. V revirju Oselica (gozdnogospodarska enota Sovodenj, kranjsko območje) smo analizirali poškodovanost gozdnega drevja zaradi žleda. Na 83 stalnih vzorčnih ploskvah smo analizirali poškodovanost drevja glede na vrsto in stopnjo poškodb smo drevje razvrščali v deset razredov. 61 % vseh dreves je poškodovanih, 10 % drevja je treba zaradi velike stopnje poškodovanosti nujno posekati. Največ dreves ima poškodovano krošnjo (26 %), manj pa je bilo prelomljenih (3 %) in izruvanih dreves (4,5 %). Glede na debelino drevja je relativno najbolj poškodovano tanko drevje s prsnim premerom do 30 cm. Stopnja poškodovanosti je večja pri listavcih kot pri iglavcih. Med drevesnimi vrstami (smreka, jelka, rdeči bor in bukev) so razlike v vrsti in stopnji poškodovanosti. Slovenia was hit by a catastrophic ice storm in February 2014. We analyzed the damage on forest trees due to the ice storm in the district of the Oselica Forest District (The Sovodenj forest management unit in Kranj forestry region). Damages of trees were assessed on 83 sampling plots trees were classified into ten classes, depending on the type and degree of damage on trees. 61% of all trees were damaged, 10 % of trees must be felled because of the high degree of damage. Most trees have a damaged crown (26 %), 3 % of trees are fractured, 4.5 % of trees are uprooted. Small-sized diameter trees with diameter at breast height up to 30 cm were most severely damaged. The degree of damage is higher in deciduous than conifers. There are differences in the type and degree of damage between the tree species (spruce, fir, red pine and beech).
- Published
- 2020
14. Vpliv sečnje in spravila na razvoj vegetacije vetrolomnih površin
- Author
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Dimnik, Luka and Diaci, Jurij
- Subjects
žledolom ,windthrow ,natural regeneration ,naravna obnova ,browsing ,sanacija ,forest restoration ,objedanje ,udc:630*23(043.2)=163.6 ,sanitarna sečnja ,vetrolom ,icestorm ,salvage logging - Abstract
Na treh lokacijah mešanega bukovega gozda smo postavili raziskovalne ploskve v velikosti 100 m2, na katerih smo preučevali pomlajevanje gozda po ujmi. Ploskve so bile zakoličene na območju Črmošnjic, ki je bilo v letih 1983 in 2006 podvrženo žledolomu, in na območju Zadloga in Nemškarice, kjer je leta 2006 prišlo do vetroloma. Kot spravilno sredstvo so na vseh treh območjih uporabili žičnico. Ploskve, na katerih se je popisovalo drevesne vrste, višinski razred, objedenost, poškodovanost, prirastek in mikrorastišče, so bile enakomerno razdeljene na saniranem in nesaniranem področju. Na ploskvah, kjer je bila opravljena sanacija, je bilo popisanih 43.200 osebkov/ha, na ploskvah brez ukrepanja pa 50.380 osebkov/ha. V mladju je prevladovala bukev s primesjo gorskega javorja, velikega jesena in črnega gabra. Delež objedenega mladja je bilo s 14.333 osebki/ha (33 %) na saniranih ploskvah manjše v primerjavi s 27.466 osebki/ha (55 %) na nesaniranih ploskvah. Erozija je bila veliko močnejša na saniranih delih in je na nekaterih ploskvah pokrivala 90 % površine. Research plots were established on three different locations of mixed beech forest which formed the basis of assesing forest regeneration following natural disturbance. Plots were formed around area of Črmošnjice, which was affected by icestorm in 1983 and 2006 and the area of Zadlog in Nemškarica which were affected by windthrow in 2006. Logging was carried out by cable crane on all three areas. Plots were evenly distributed on both logged and unlogged areas and were used for comparing browsing demage, tree diversity and density, seedling growth and microsites. On logged areas there were 43.200 specimens per ha compared to 50.380 specimens per ha on unlogged areas. Seedling were composed mostly of beech with admixture of sycamore, ash and european hop-hornbeam. Browsing demage was less severe on logged plots with 14.333 browsed specimens per ha (33 %), while 27.466 specimens per ha (55 %) were browsed on unlogged plots. The erosion was more intense on logged plots and was affecting 90 % of the area on some plots.
- Published
- 2020
15. Poškodovanost gozdnih sestojev zaradi žleda v gozdnogospodarskih enotah Vrhe in Vremščica
- Author
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Čokelj, Klavdijo and Bončina, Andrej
- Subjects
žledolom ,gozdni sestoji ,poškodovanost ,udc:630*2(043.2)=163.6 - Abstract
Žled, ki je februarja 2014 prizadel skoraj polovico slovenskih gozdov, je poškodoval tudi 4.755 ha gozdov na Kraškem gozdnogospodarskem območju. Analizirali smo poškodovanosti gozdnega drevja v gozdnogospodarski enotah Vrhe in Vremščica. Uporabili smo podatke za 252 stalnih vzorčnih ploskev, na katerih je bila ocenjena vrsta in stopnja poškodovanosti dreves. Na območju žleda je poškodovane 68 % lesne zaloge v GGE Vrhe in 57 % lesne zaloge v GGE Vremščica. Približno tretjino poškodovanega drevja je treba zaradi velike stopnje poškodovanosti posekati. Pri listavcih, kjer ima bukev večinski delež v obeh GGE, je stopnja poškodovanosti okrog 70 %, pri iglavcih pa je stopnja poškodovanosti od 10 % v GGE Vremščica do 40 % v GGE Vrhe. Debelejše drevje s prsnim premerom nad 30 cm je bilo relativno bolj poškodovano kot tanjše drevje. Ice storm that has affected nearly half of Slovenian forests in February 2014, also damaged 4.755 ha of forests in the Kras Forest District. We have analyzed the damage on trees in the forest management units Vrhe and Vremščica. With data of 252 sampling plots we assessed the type and degree of damage on trees. 68 % of the growing stock was damaged in forest management unit Vrhe and 57 % of the growing stock in forest management unit Vremščica. Because of the high degree of damage approximately one third of damaged trees was necessary to cut down. For deciduous trees, where the beech has the majority stake in both forest management units, the degree of damage was around 70 %. For conifers was the degree of damage from 10 % in the forest management unit Vremščica to 40 % in the forest management unit Vrhe. Less than one-third of small-sized diameter trees (breast height up to 30 cm) was damaged in both forest management units.
- Published
- 2020
16. Presoja sanacij prizadetih gozdnih površin v revirju Planina v zadnjem desetletju
- Author
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Črnigoj, Bojan and Diaci, Jurij
- Subjects
žledolom ,obnova gozdov ,udc:630*2(043.2)=163.6 ,ujme - Abstract
Po žledolomu februarja 2014, ki je zelo prizadel gozdove na Notranjskem in osrednji Sloveniji, je sledila neustavljiva gradacija smrekovih podlubnikov. V revirju Planina so bili popolnoma uničeni vsi smrekovi nasadi in vsi sestoji z velikim deležem smreke. Tako so nastale velike ogolele površine, zato bo v bližnji prihodnosti potrebna načrtna obnova teh gozdov. V revirju Planina smo v poškodovanih smrekovih nasadih na rastišču Omphalodo-Fagetum typicum izpeljali retrospektivno študijo uspešnosti preteklih sanacij po ujmah v letih 2006%2008. Popisali smo 75 ploskev na posajenih površinah in 75 ploskev na neposajenih površinah. Na posajenih površinah rezultati nakazujejo višjo kakovost mladja in ugodnejšo drevesno sestavo, najpomembnejši pa je drugi višinski razred mladja, medtem ko na neposajenih prevladuje prvi. Razlike v skupnih gostotah na posajenih in neposajenih površinah so bile mejne. Pri tem je potrebno upoštevati, da so bile naravni obnovi prepuščene površine z ugodnejšimi razmerami za naravno obnovo. Ice damage in February 2014 has generated high-scale damage on broad forest areas in Notranjska and in Central Slovenia. The ice damage was followed by an unstoppable gradation of Norway spruce bark beetles. Most of the spruce monocultures and forests with a higher share of spruce in forest district Planina were totally destroyed. This resulted in large-scale forest openings, where only bare soil remained. Within the near future, systematic restoration of post-disturbance areas will be needed. In the Planina forest district, a retrospective survey was carried out on an Omphalodo-Fagetum typicum site to assess the efficiency of past (2006-2008) post-disturbance restoration efforts. We inventoried 75 plots in planted areas and 75 plots in unplanted areas. In the planted areas, results indicate a higher quality of seedlings and a better tree composition. In these areas the most important group was the 130-250 cm tall trees. In the unplanted areas, the group of 50-130 cm tall trees had the highest density. Nevertheless, the overall differences in density values were small. However, it must be taken into account that the areas left to natural succession had better starting conditions for natural regeneration.
- Published
- 2020
17. Uspešnost umetne in naravne obnove v smrekovih nasadih po velikih ujmah
- Author
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Slabe, Matic and Roženbergar, Dušan
- Subjects
žledolom ,obnova gozda ,restoration of the forest ,sleet ,spruce plantation ,storm ,udc:630*231+630*232:630*42(043.2)=163.6 ,smrekov nasad ,ujme - Abstract
V raziskovalni nalogi smo želeli ugotoviti, kakšna je uspešnost umetne in naravne obnove na saniranih gozdnih površinah v okolici Logatca. Pri tem smo ugotavljali, če obstajajo razlike v obnovi na površinah, ki so jih pred ujmo pokrivali čisti smrekovi drogovnjaki in debeljaki. Raziskavo smo opravljali na 10 raziskovalnih ploskvah na površinah, ki so jih prej pokrivali drogovnjaki in 10 ploskvah na površinah, ki so jih prej pokrivali debeljaki. Dimenzije ploskve so bile 10 x 10 m. Pri meritvah smo ugotovili bujno zeliščno plast, katera ovira pomlajevanje saniranih površin. Število vsega mladja je bilo na bivših drogovnjakov in debeljakov praktično enako in je znašalo 2975 osebkov/ha. Pri tem smo na vseh površinah zabeležili dokaj neenakomerno razporejeno mladje. Umetna obnova ni bila uspešna, saj smo zabeležili velik delež posušenih bukev. Nepoškodovanega naravnega mladja je bilo na površinah, ki so jih prej pokrivali debeljaki za 14,8 % manj, sajenega nepoškodovanega mladja pa za 10 % več kot na površinah, ki so jih prej pokrivali drogovnjaki. Prirastki dominantnega mladja so bili pri najštevilčnejših vrstah smreka, bukev in jerebika večji na površinah, ki so jih prej pokrivali drogovnjaki. The goal of this thesis research was to determine the success rate of planted and natural regeneration on forest areas around Logatec following severe damage from a combination of ice storm, bark beetle, and salvage logging. In particular, we focused on forest sites that were comprised of pure spruce prior to these disturbances. We placed 10 research plots inside disturbance patches that were previously dominated by pole stage spruce forest and 10 plots in patches previously covered with mature spruce forest. The plot size was 10x10m. On all plots we found an abundant herb layer, which interferes with the regeneration on these sites. The total densities of regeneration in pole stage and mature forest were virtually the same, at around 2975 individuals/ha. The spatial distribution of regenerated areas was uneven. The success of artificial restoration was very poor, due to high mortality of planted beech. There was 14,8 % less undamaged natural seedlings and 10 % more undamaged planted seedlings inside pole stage stands compared to mature forest. Height growth of seedlings was larger in the pole stage stands.
- Published
- 2019
18. Žledolom v Šaleški dolini 2014
- Author
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Pečnik, Nastja and Malešič, Marjan
- Subjects
žledolom ,akterji zaščite in reševanja ,natural disaster ,inhabitants ,naravna nesreča ,žled ,ice ,protection and recovery agents ,sleet hazard ,prebivalci - Abstract
Slovenijo je leta 2014 prizadel žledolom, ki velja za najhujšega v zgodovini, saj je ledeni oklep zajel celotno Slovenijo, vključno s Šaleško dolino. Akterji zaščite in reševanja v Šaleški dolini so bili postavljeni na preizkušnjo, saj se tovrstna naravna nesreča na tem območju še ni pojavila. Kljub neizkušenosti so se po svojih najboljših močeh trudili, da bi zaščitili prebivalce Šaleške doline in njihovo lastnino. Najpomembnejšo vlogo so odigrali prostovoljni gasilci in predstavniki Civilne zaščite, saj so odstranili večino polomljenih dreves in omogočili prevoznost cest. Zaradi razsežnosti naravne nesreče po štirih letih sanacija še vedno traja, posledice poškodovanih gozdov pa se kažejo še danes. In 2014, Slovenia was hit by an sleet hazard, which is considered the worst in the history since the ice shell covered the entire Slovenia, including the valley Šaleška dolina. Protection and recovery agents in the valley Šaleška dolina faced a major test, as natural disaster of this type had not yet occurred in this area. Despite being inexperienced, they made great efforts to protect inhabitants of the valley Šaleška dolina and their property. The most important role was played by the voluntary firefighters and civil protection as they removed the majority of broken trees and enabled road transport. Due to the dimensions of the natural disaster, after four years, restoration is still in progress and the consequences of the damaged forests are still being revealed.
- Published
- 2018
19. Estimating the spatial dimension of the sleet event in February 2014 on beech and spruce forest stands in municipalities Tolmin and Dobrova - Polhov Gradec by applying remote sensing technology
- Author
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Šafran, Aljoša and Ivajnšič, Danijel
- Subjects
LiDAR ,economic damage ,smreka ,sleet ,bukev ,remote sensing technology ,forest stand ,gozdni sestoj ,glaze ice ,žledolom ,gospodarska škoda ,daljinsko zaznavanje ,žled ,Tolmin ,Dobrova - Polhov Gradec ,udc:504.4:551.574.42:582.475.3+582.623.1(043.2) ,beech ,Landsat ,ice storm ,spruce - Abstract
V magistrskem delu obravnavamo žledolom, ki je ob koncu januarja in začetku februarja 2014 povzročil gmotno škodo ne le na vegetaciji, temveč tudi na energetski in železniški infrastrukturi. Po dosedanjih ocenah gre za enega izmed najobsežnejših žledolomov na območju Slovenije v zadnjih desetletjih. V raziskavi nas je zanimala prostorska razporeditev sprememb v biomasi bukovih in smrekovih sestojev na z žledom prizadetih območjih, zaznanih s pomočjo satelita Landsat. V raziskavo sta bili zajeti občini Tolmin in Dobrova - Polhov Gradec. Na omenjenih območjih smo primerjali stanje bukovih in smrekovih sestojev pred ledeno ujmo ter po njej. Medtem ko so nam Landsat satelitski posnetki služili kot orodje za determinacijo območij negativnih sprememb v rastlinski biomasi, smo s pomočjo LiDAR podatkov izračunali različne izpeljanke, kot so digitalni model reliefa (DMR), digitalni model krošenj (DMK) in digitalni model površja (DMP). Izračunano gmotno škodo smo finančno ovrednotili na podlagi podatkov povprečnih odkupnih cen lesa, pridobljenih s strani Statističnega urada Republike Slovenije (SURS). Analiza podatkov, izračun izpeljank ter izdelava tematskih kart in grafikonov je potekala s pomočjo programske opreme ArcGIS. In this master’s thesis we examine the problem of the ice storm, which caused material damage not only on vegetation, but also on energy and railway infrastructures. According to previous estimates, this destructive ice storm was one of the most extensive in Slovenia in recent decades. In the study, we examined the spatial dimension of changes in the biomass of beech and spruce forest stands in affected areas, detectable using the Landsat satellite. The study’s research covers municipalities of Tolmin and Dobrova - Polhov Gradec. While the Landsat satellite imagery was used as a tool for determining areas of negative changes in biomass, various variables such as digital elevation model (DEM) and digital surface model (DSM) were calculated by using the LiDAR data. The material damage was financially evaluated according to the national average purchase prices of wood. The data analysis, the calculation of variables, and the production of thematic maps and charts were carried out using the ArcGIS software.
- Published
- 2018
20. Nastajanje ksilemske in floemske branike pri bukvah, poškodovanih v žledolomu
- Author
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Katarina Čufar, Primož Habjan, and Maks Merela
- Subjects
kambij ,Materials science ,Fagus sylvatica ,nastajanje lesa ,Forestry ,bukev ,cambium ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,SD1-669.5 ,xylem ,ksilem ,Environmental sciences ,žledolom ,Trephor ,crown injury ,wood formation ,GE1-350 ,poškodbe krošnje ,beech ,udc:630*81:630*17:630*42(045)=163.6 ,ice storm - Abstract
Po žledolomu leta 2014 je v gozdovih ostalo veliko poškodovanih dreves. Ker znanja o nastajanju lesa in skorje v poškodovanih drevesih primanjkuje, smo v Arboretumu Volčji Potok opravili raziskavo vpliva žledoloma na nastajanje lesa in skorje na drevesih, ki so v žledolomu pretrpela poškodbo krošnje. Izbrali smo 14 bukev, jih razvrstili v 4 razrede glede na stopnjo poškodovanosti krošnje (K % nepoškodovana, A % do 50 %, B % med 50 in 75 %, C % več kot 75 % poškodovana krošnja). V dvotedenskih intervalih smo iz njih odvzemali mikro-izvrtke z orodjem Trephor. Iz mikro-izvrtkov smo pripravili preparate lesa, kambija in skorje in jih analizirali s svetlobnim mikroskopom in sistemom za analizo slike. Poškodovane bukve so proizvedle od 20 do 95 % ožje ksilemske branike kot nepoškodovane, manjši je bil tudi prirastek floema. Izmed štirih razredov poškodovanosti so se pri bukvi največje razlike v debelinski rasti pokazale med razredoma A in B. After the severe ice storm in 2014, numerous damaged trees were not removed from forests. Due to the lack of general knowledge about the processes occurring in damaged trees, a study involving 14 European beeches was conducted in the Arboretum Volčji Potok. Trees were categorized by crown injury injury class K % undamaged, A % damaged less than 50 %, B % damaged between 50 and 75 %, and C % damaged more than 75 %. During the 2014 growing season, micro-cores were collected every fortnight using a Trephor tool. Changes in crowns were also observed and noted. Transverse sections of micro-cores were prepared and observed using light microscopy and an image analysis system. Xylem growth rings were 20 to 95 % narrower in damaged beech trees compared to the undamaged trees. Damaged trees also produced narrower phloem rings. The biggest differences in cambial activity in beech appeared between Class A and Class B.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Razvoj gozda na poškodovanih površinah po žledolomu in vetrolomu
- Author
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Lavrič, Petra and Roženbergar, Dušan
- Subjects
žledolom ,obnova ,windthrow ,naravna ujma ,natural disasters ,poškodovanost ,regeneration ,gostote ,ice ,vetrolom ,pomlajevanje ,development ,damage - Abstract
Analizirano območje v GGE Blagovica je leta 2008 prizadel vetrolom, leta 2014 pa žledolom. Analizirali smo razvoj mladja, drevesno sestavo in višinsko strukturo mladja na prizadetih površinah, ki so sedaj prepuščene naravnemu procesu obnove. V oddelkih na objektih Golčaj (pred ujmo normalen sestojni sklep), Golkar (pred ujmo vrzelast sestojni sklep) in Vetrolom (poškodovan zaradi vetra) smo postavili 12 ploskev, na vsaki poškodovani površini po štiri in dve z namenom kontrole v sestojih, ki v ujmah niso bili poškodovani. Ploskve so bile v velikosti 5 x 5 m. Na ploskvah se je najpogosteje pojavljalo mladje bukve, črnega gabra, velikega jesena, gorskega javorja, malega jesena, gorskega bresta, smreke. Gostota mladja na objektu Golkar je večja kot na objektu Golčaj zaradi večjega dotoka svetlobe v sestoj pred ujmo, zeliščnega sloja pa je več na objektu Golčaj. V obeh objektih je največ mladja do višine 20 cm, nasemenitev je potekala ob istem času. Mladje, ki je višje od 50 cm, se je nasemenilo že pred ujmo. Na objektih Golkar je največ mladja bukve in velikega jesena, na objektih Golčaj pa je največ velikega jesena. V prihodnosti bi bila potrebna izvedba ustrezne nege, predvsem obžetev grmovnega sloja leske in zeliščnega sloja malin, robid in trav, da bi tako zagotovili dobro kakovost osebkov v naslednjih razvojnih fazah. The forest analysed in this diploma thesis was damaged by a windstorm in 2008, and in 2014 it was affected by sleet. We have analysed the regeneration in the affected area in terms of its tree structure and height. We have set up 12 plots in total in the following damaged areas: Golčaj (dense canopy before the ice storm), Golkar (scattered canopy before the ice storm), and Vetrolom (stands damaged by wind). The size of plots was 5 x 5 metres. The regeneration that was most commonly found in these plots was of the following tree species: European beech, European hop-hornbeam, European ash, sycamore maple, South European flowering ash, wych elm, and Norway spruce. Due to the fact that before the disturbance there was more light in Golkar area, the regeneration density there was higher compared to Golčaj area. The density of herb layer, however, was higher in Golčaj area. In both areas most regeneration was up to 20 cm high. Natural seeding that took place before the disturbance was the source for the regeneration that was higher than 50 cm. To achieve good quality of future stands the appropriate silvicultural measures should be carried out, primarily removal of common hazel and herb layers of raspberry, blackberry, and grass.
- Published
- 2017
22. OBVLADOVANJE TVEGANJ V IZBRANI ORGANIZACIJI V ČASU ŽLEDOLOMA
- Author
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REDŽEPOVIĆ, ERNA and Pevcin, Primož
- Subjects
žledolom ,Slovenske železnice d.o.o ,probability ,Slovenian railway company ,ukrepi ,tveganje ,verjetnost ,solutions ,risk ,glaze ice - Abstract
Obvladovanje različnih tveganj predstavlja sestavni del organizacije oziroma podjetja. Izziv pa je sprejemanje pravilnih odločitev za obvladovanje različnih tveganj. V diplomskem delu je predstavljeno obvladovanje tveganj, odgovorni za obvladovanje tvegaj in proces obvladovanja s pomočjo različne domače in tuje literature. Predstavljeno je obvladovanje tveganj na konkretnih primerih v izbrani organizaciji s pomočjo raziskav iz že obstoječe literature in s pomočjo intervjuja, s katerim sem prišla do pomembnih spoznanj o obvladovanju tveganj v organizaciji, v našem primeru Slovenske Železnice d.o.o., ko se je nesreča dejansko že zgodila. Namen diplomskega dela je predstaviti pomen obvladovanja tveganj za organizacije ter prikazati, s katerimi ukrepi se različna tveganja lahko nadzorujejo. Strnjena spoznanja različnih avtorjev, ki so povzeta v diplomskem delu, so bralcem lahko v pomoč pri razlagi različnih terminov, ki se nanašajo na tveganja, ter pri spoznavanju samega poteka obvladovanja tveganj. Spoznajo lahko, kaj obvladovanje tveganj sploh je, komu koristi in kdaj se uporablja. Kot sem že omenila, sem vse to prikazala na resničnem primeru, ko je pred leti žled prizadel infrastrukturo slovenskih železnic. Ugotovila sem, da je obvladovanje tveganj zelo pomemben del poslovanja posamezne organizacije, saj pomeni večjo stabilnost in korist organizaciji. Managing various risks is an integral part of every organization or company. A big challenge each organization faces is how to make the right decisions to manage various risks as efficient as possible. Basing on Slovenian and foreign literature, the diploma thesis presents risk management, as well as the importance of risk assessment and risk analysis. Risk management is presented with specific cases in the selected organization—Slovenian Railways—after a natural disaster in 2014. For the purpose of the diploma thesis existing studies on this subject have been studied as well as an interview has been conducted. The purpose of the diploma thesis is to present how important it is for an organization to manage risks and to illustrate the methods by which different risks can be controlled. Insights of various authors, summarized in the diploma thesis, can help readers to interpret different terms relating to risks and to recognize the very course of risk management. The thesis presents what risk management is, who it benefits and when it is used. As mentioned before, all findings are shown on a real case of the Slovenian Railways, when the infrastructure of the railways in Slovenia has been heavily damaged by glaze ice a few years ago. Risk management is a very important part of every organization, which is also the key message of the diploma thesis.
- Published
- 2017
23. Uspešnost naravne obnove v sestoju na Rožniku, močno poškodovanemu po žledolomu 2014
- Author
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Tomšič, Gašper and Roženbergar, Dušan
- Subjects
žledolom ,natural disasters ,uspešnost naravnega pomlajevanja ,sleet/prosperity of natural rejuvenation ,ujme - Abstract
Objekt na katerem smo preučevali uspešnost naravnega pomlajevanja se nahaja v Mestni občini Ljubljana, GGE ZGS Ljubljana. Vrzel, ki je nastala v žledolomu 2014 leži na vznožju Rožnika. Na tej površini so bile meritve opravljene že v letih 2014 pred sanacijo sestoja in 2015 v času vegetacije. Podatke, ki smo jih pridobili na ploskvah v letu 2016, smo primerjali s podatki iz leta 2015. Na podlagi primerjave smo ugotavljali uspešnost naravnega pomlajevanja. Popis in meritve sem izvajal na 19 vzorčnih ploskvah. Čeprav se je številčnost mladja zmanjšala iz 130460 na 89045 osebkov na ha, ga je za normalno pomlajevanje še vedno dovolj. V mladju prevladujejo osebki dobre kvalitete. Zmanjšanje gostot gre pripisati zaostrenim ekološkim razmeram predvsem v višinskih razredih med 0 in 20 cm ter 21 in 50 cm. Delež vrst rodu Rubus se je izrazito povečal, ta namreč zavzema skoraj 70 % površine. V mladju sta prisotna tudi robinija in visoki pajesen, ki spadata med invazivne vrste. Pri rasti je robinija še posebej uspešna. Success of natural tree regeneration was studied in urban forest of Ljubljana. The canopy gap, which emerged during the ice storm in 2014 was located under Rožnik hilly area. On the same plots the measurements were already performed during the growing season in 2014 before and in 2015 after the salvage logging. Data for this study were acquired in 2016 and were then compared to the data from 2015. Measurements of regeneration tree species composition, density and height distribution were performed on 19 sample plots. The density of seedlings was reduced from 130,460 to 89,045, but was still estimated to be sufficient for normal stand development. The regeneration was of good quality. The reduction of the densities was attributed to more extreme ecological conditions inside regeneration layer in heights up to 50 cm. The proportion of bramble coverage increased distinctively, for it was present on almost 70 % of the surface. Invasive black locust and the tree of heaven were also present among the young trees. Black locust was especially successful in recruiting into upper regeneration layers.
- Published
- 2017
24. Debelinska rast in učinek žleda na panjevce bukve in hrasta
- Author
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Azarov, Evgenij
- Subjects
žledolom ,hrast ,debelinski prirast ,bukev ,branike ,Brkini ,udc:630*56 ,panjevec - Published
- 2017
25. Physical and mechanical properties of green and dry wood in beech stems blown down in ice storm
- Author
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Denis Plavčak, Katarina Čufar, Maks Merela, Dominika Gornik Bučar, Aleš Straže, and Željko Gorišek
- Subjects
density ,gostota ,Fagus sylvatica ,beech wood ,technology, industry, and agriculture ,non-destructive testing ,Forestry ,bukev ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,SD1-669.5 ,mechanical properties ,udc:630*81+630*42:630*17(045)=163.6 ,mehanske lastnosti ,Environmental sciences ,žledolom ,GE1-350 ,nedestruktivno testiranje ,ice storm - Abstract
V raziskavi smo preučevali fizikalne in mehanske lastnosti lesa v deblih navadnih bukev (Fagus sylvatica L.), izruvanih med žledolomom. Lastnosti smo preučevali na vzporednih preizkušancih sveže in osušene bukovine, ki smo jih sistematično vzorčili po radialni in vertikalni smeri dreves. Določili smo gostoto, togost, upogibno trdnost, strižno trdnost v smeri lesnih vlaken ter tlačno trdnost lesa v vseh anatomskih smereh. Togost smo primerjalno vrednotili med statično 4-točkovnim upogibom in nedestruktivno z merjenjem hitrosti ultrazvoka ter z določanjem frekvenčnega odziva. V drevesih, ki so izruvana obležala v gozdu od februarja do konca vegetacijske dobe 2014 in so imela delno ohranjen koreninski sistem, aktivno krošnjo in zadosten kapilarni tok, nismo zaznali sprememb gostote in mehanskih lastnosti, ki bi bile posledica razkroja lesa. Tako v svežem kot osušenem stanju smo ugotovili značilni vzorec porazdelitve gostote in trdnosti. Gostota lesa je po višini dreves naraščala, v radialni smeri od stržena proti periferiji debla pa smo zaznali rahel trend zmanjševanja. Mehanske lastnosti z izjemo prečne tlačne trdnosti se povečujejo tako po višini debla kot tudi od stržena proti kambiju in so bile vedno boljše pri osušenem kot pri svežem lesu. Zanesljivost nedestruktivnih metod za določanje togosti je večja pri ocenjevanju osušenega lesa. Za oceno upogibne trdnosti z nedestruktivnimi metodami še vedno priporočamo vzporedno vizualno opredelitev značilnosti lesa. Physical and mechanical properties of beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) from trees fallen in ice storm were determined. The properties were studied in parallel green and dried beech-wood samples, systematically collected along the radius and at different height levels of the stem. The stiffness of the timber was comparatively tested with static 4-point bending and non-destructively by measuring the speed of ultrasound, and by determining the frequency response. The bending and shear strengths were additionally determined along the grain, as well as compression strength in all anatomical directions of wood. In blown down trees with still partly preserved root system, active crown and sufficient capillary water flow, we could not detect any reduction of mechanical properties due to deterioration. The density and mechanical properties, except transverse compression strength, increased with increasing height in the tree and radially from the pith to the cambium. They were always better in dried than in green wood. The reliability of non-destructive methods was greater in the evaluation of dried wood. We recommend visual wood characterisation in addition to the use of non-destructive methods for strength assessment of wood.
- Published
- 2017
26. Poškodbe in prva pomoč pri delu v gozdu
- Author
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Jereb, Gašper and Sazonov, Amalija
- Subjects
žledolom ,nesreče pri delu v gozdu ,accidents at work in the forest ,ice-break ,komplet prve pomoči ,first aid kit - Abstract
Uvod: Gozdarstvo je ena najbolj tveganih dejavnosti, saj so nesreče pri delu v gozdu skoraj neizogibne. Po naravni nesreči žledenja leta 2014 se je število delovnih nesreč v naših gozdovih močno povečalo, saj se tja odpravlja vse več neprofesionalnih delavcev, ki pa niso kos razmeram v gozdu, ki so nastale po žledolomu. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je analizirati pogostost in težavnost nezgod pri delu v gozdu. Ugotoviti želimo, kakšna je vloga preventive, izobraževanja in pravočasnega dajanja prve pomoči. Na osnovi zbranih podatkov želimo osnovati ustrezen komplet prve pomoči za učinkovitejše ukrepanje v primeru nezgod pri delu v gozdu. Metode: V diplomskem delu smo uporabili deskriptivno metodo dela s kritično analizo znanstvene in strokovne literature. Pri iskanju smo uporabili časovni okvir, in sicer od leta 2005 do 2016 in relevantne starejše vire. Literatura je bila iskana v slovenskem in angleškem jeziku s ključnimi besedami: »first aid«, »work injuries« AND »woods«, »forestry accident«, »injuries«, »first aid kit«, »safe work in the woods« v angleščini ter v slovenščini »prva pomoč«, »poškodbe« IN »gozd« ALI »gozdar«, »delo« IN »gozd« ALI »gozdar«, »poškodbe« IN »delo« v podatkovnih bazah Medline, CINAHL with full text in COBISS.si. Podatke o nezgodah pri delu v gozdu pa smo dobili na Zavodu za gozdove Slovenije. Rezultati: število smrtnih žrtev med neprofesionalnimi delavci v gozdu se je po žledolomu močno povečalo, pri čemer pa je potrebno upoštevati tudi količino posekanega lesa. Prav tako se je v 2014 povečalo število nesreč, ki so povezane s pospravilom podrtih dreves. Pomemben dejavnik je ura nastanka poškodb, saj se največ nesreč zgodi med 10. in 11. uro ter med 15. in 16. uro, kar lahko pripišemo utrujenosti in neosredotočenosti na delo. Ključnega pomena je tudi ozaveščanje neprofesionalnih delavcev v gozdu o pomenu in učinkovitosti uporabe osebne varovalne opreme, saj lahko s tem preprečimo veliko hujših poškodb, ki se zgodijo pri delu v gozdu. Razprava in zaključek: Po naravnih nesrečah kot je žledolom, se podoba gozda močno spremeni, s čimer se možnosti za nastanek poškodb močno povečajo. Pri poškodbah je ključnega pomena učinkovita in hitra pomoč, kar lahko dosežemo le z ustreznim znanjem in kompletom prve pomoči, ki ustreza specifiki dela v gozdu. Nenazadnje pa je najboljši ukrep pri preprečevanju poškodb pri delu v gozdu zagotovo tisti, ki spremeni miselnost in odnos do dela, kar pa lahko dosežemo s preventivno dejavnostjo, ozaveščanjem in izobraževanjem javnosti. Introduction: Forestry is one of the riskiest businesses since accidents in forest work are inevitable. After the extensive ice storm in 2014 the number of accidents in Slovenian forests has skyrocketed, mainly due to numerous unskilled workers doing work they lack experience for in the conditions forests are in after this natural catastrophe. Aim: The aim of the thesis has been to analyse the frequency and the difficulty of forest work accidents. The roles of prevention, training, and providing first aid in time in such cases were analysed. Based on the collected data we would like to design a suitable first aid kit to take timely and suitable measures in case of forest work accidents. Methods: The descriptive method using a critical analysis of the written resources was conducted in making this thesis. Searching for data was also term-limited, from 2005 to 2016. The research included literature in Slovene and English languages, the keywords used were: in English - first aid, work injuries AND woods, forestry accident, injuries, first aid kit, safe work in the woods, in Slovene - prva pomoč (first aid), poškodbe IN gozd ALI gozdar (injuries AND forest OR forester), poškodbe IN delo (injuries AND work) in the Medline databases, CINAHL with full text and COBISS.si. The data on accidents at work in the forest would we get in the Slovenian Forest Service and its resources. Results: The number of fatalities among non-professional forest workers has skyrocketed after the 2014 ice storm, whereas the amount of wood removed from the forest must be considered, too. In 2014 the number of forest accidents connected to removing the fallen trees increased considerably, too. A very important factor in the analysis is the timing of the accidents happening. Most of them took place between 10 and 11 am, or between 3 and 4 pm. It can be attributed to tiredness and lack of concentration at work. Raising awareness among amateur foresters of the value and effectiveness of using protection gear is also a vital factor on this issue. Doing this many severe injuries at forest work can be prevented. Discussion and conclusion: After natural disasters like the ice storms the forests and their character change considerably, thus the possibilities for injuries among workers increase immensely. In case of an injury effective and quick first aid assistance is vital, but it can only be provided with suitable knowledge and a first aid kit that supports the nature of forest work and consequent injuries properly. The best possible measure to prevent injuries among forest workers certainly remains changing the mindset and attitude to this type of work. It can be achieved by working hard on prevention activities, raising awareness among amateur foresters, and education.
- Published
- 2017
27. Fizikalne lastnosti bukovine po žledolomu
- Author
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Straže, Aleš, Merela, Maks, Krže, Luka, Čufar, Katarina, and Gorišek, Željko
- Subjects
žledolom ,fizikalne lastnosti lesa ,bukev ,udc:630*8 ,vlažnost lesa ,gostota lesa ,wood density ,beech ,physical properties of wood ,ice storm ,moisture content - Abstract
Proučili smo fizikalne lastnosti (vlažnost in gostoto) lesa različno prizadetih izruvanih dreves navadne bukve (Fagus sylvatica L.) ob koncu prve vegetacijske dobe po velikem žledolomu v letu 2014. Raziskava je potrdila povezavo med deležem še aktivnega koreninskega sistema in stopnjo porjavelosti (izsušenosti) krošnje dreves ter vlažnostjo lesa in njenim razporedom. Pri zelo prizadetih drevesih smo v prevodnem zunanjem delu beljave potrdili zmanjšanje vlažnosti lesa pod mejo naravne biološke odpornosti (u < 60 %). Po prvi vegetacijski dobi nismo mogli potrditi zmanjšanja gostote lesa (in z njim povezanega poslabšanja mehanskih lastnosti), kar bi potrdilo okužbo in razkroj lesa z glivami. Physical properties (moisture content and density) of wood of variously damaged uprooted European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) trees were studied at the end of the first vegetation period after the ice storm damage in Slovenian forests in 2014. The research confirmed significant correlation between the amount of active root system and necrosis of leaves and changed moisture content and its distribution in the trunks. The moisture content of wood below 60 % (indicating extinguished protection against wood destroying organisms) was found in sapwood of extremely damaged trees. At the end of the first vegetation period after damage we could not confirm any reduction of wood density (and reduced mechanical properties) which would indicate deterioration of wood.
- Published
- 2016
28. Delovanje sistema za varstvo pred naravnimi in drugimi nesrečami v primeru žledoloma - študija primera občine Loška dolina 2014
- Author
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Šepec, Sara and Sotlar, Andrej
- Subjects
naravne nesreče ,žledolom ,sistem zaščite in reševanja ,udc:614.8+351.78(043.2) ,diplomske naloge ,civilna zaščita ,varnostni ukrepi - Abstract
V začetku februarja 2014 je Slovenijo prizadel obsežen žled. Močno je prizadel tudi občino Loška dolina, kjer je brez električne energije ostalo več tisoč prebivalcev, prišlo je do izpada pitne vode in telefonskega omrežja. Večina cest je bila neprevoznih zaradi podrtega drevja. Zaradi kaotičnih razmer so se gasilci Gasilske zveze Loška dolina in poveljnik Civilne zaščite Loška dolina odločili za vzpostavitev štaba Civilne zaščite Loška dolina, ki je deloval neprekinjeno vse dni intervencije. Štab se je povezal z Regijskim centrom za obveščanje Postojna in sosednjimi štabi Civilne zaščite ter tako pridobival pomoč v obliki agregatov in ostalih potrebščin. Ker je bil sprožen državni načrt v primeru katastrofe večjih razsežnosti, je štab lahko zaprosil za mednarodno pomoč v obliki velikih agregatov, za pomoč gasilcev iz drugih regij in za pomoč Slovenske vojske v obliki moštva, prevoznih sredstev in premične vojaške pralnice. Vsi, ki so sodelovali pri intervenciji, so se trudili ljudem čim bolj olajšati življenje v dneh brez električne energije in jim nudili podporo. S svojim delom so gasilci in gradbena podjetja olajšali delo Elektru Ljubljana in Telekomu Slovenije, da so hitreje popravili svoja omrežja in ponovno vzpostavili električno energijo in telefonsko omrežje. Brez hitrega posredovanja gasilcev, Civilne zaščite, občine, električarjev in drugih, bi se stanje po žledolomu popravljalo dlje časa, razmere bi bile slabše. In early February 2014, Slovenia was ravaged by extensive sleet. Municipality Loška dolina was also highly damaged. Thousand of inhabitants were out of electricity, drinking water and telephone networks. Most roads were impassable due to fallen trees. Since the situation was chaotic, the Firefighters union of Loška dolina and the commander of the Civil Protection of Loška dolina decided to set up headquarters of the Civil Protection Loška dolina. It has operated continuously all days of the intervention. Headquarters has teamed up with Administration of the Republic of Slovenia for Civil Protection and Disaster Relief in Postojna and neighbouring Civil Protection headquarters. Through them, the headquarters was gaining help in the form of aggregates and other necessities. Since the National Plan in the case of major disasters was launched, the headquarters requested for international assistance with large aggregates and assistance of firefighters from other regions. It can also requested for assistance of the Slovenian Armed Forces in form of squad, military vehicles and military mobile laundry. All who participated in the intervention tried as much as possible to make people life easier in the days without electricity. Firefighters and construction companies tried to help Elektro Ljubljana and Telekom Slovenia to repair their networks faster and to restore electricity and telephone network. Without rapid intervention of firefighters, Civil Protection, municipality od Loška dolina, electricians and others, repair of networks would take more time, situation have been worse, people would be more impatient and aggressive.
- Published
- 2015
29. Izboljšave modela za kratkoročno napoved pojava žledoloma v Sloveniji
- Author
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Nikica Ogris and Neva Pristov
- Subjects
žledolom ,žled ,led ,nevarnost ,udc:630*42(045)=163.6 ,modeli ,napoved ,varstvo gozdov ,prognoza - Published
- 2017
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