1. Oxysterols in the pathogenesis of major chronic diseases
- Author
-
Fiorella Biasi, Gabriella Leonarduzzi, and Giuseppe Poli
- Subjects
7α-OH, 7α-hydroxycholesterol ,MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase ,Clinical Biochemistry ,medicine.disease_cause ,Biochemistry ,ERK1/2, Extracellular signaling-regulated kinase 1/2 ,Pathogenesis ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,LXR, Liver X receptor ,TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor-α ,IL, Interleukin ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 ,lcsh:R5-920 ,Neurodegenerative Diseases ,Oxysterols ,β-EPOX, 5β,6β-epoxycholesterol ,24-OH, 24-hydroxycholesterol ,7β-OH, 7β-hydroxycholesterol ,PKC, Protein kinase C ,Cholesterol ,NF-κB, Nuclear factor-κB ,lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins) ,MIP-1β, Monocyte inflammatory protein-1β ,medicine.symptom ,α-EPOX, 5α,6α-epoxycholesterol ,lcsh:Medicine (General) ,JNK, c-Jun N-terminal ,Programmed cell death ,Aβ, Amyloid-β ,MMP, Matrix metalloproteinase ,Mini Review ,TIMP, Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases ,Inflammation ,AP-1, Activator protein-1 ,Biology ,MCP-1, Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 ,IBD, Inflammatory bowel diseases ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,VCAM-1, Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 ,Pathological ,AMD, Age-related macular degeneration ,Organic Chemistry ,Metabolism ,Macular degeneration ,Atherosclerosis ,medicine.disease ,LDL, Low density lipoprotein ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,chemistry ,FXR, Farnesoid X receptor ,Oxidative stress ,27-OH, 27-hydroxycholesterol ,Chronic Disease ,Immunology ,ICAM, Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ,7-K, 7-ketocholesterol ,TGFβ1, Transforming growth factor β1 ,Human chronic diseases ,ROS, Reactive oxygen species - Abstract
Pathological accumulation of 27-carbon intermediates or end-products of cholesterol metabolism, named oxysterols, may contribute to the onset and especially to the development of major chronic diseases in which inflammation, but also oxidative damage and to a certain extent cell death, are hallmarks and primary mechanisms of progression. Indeed, certain oxysterols exercise strong pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory effects at concentrations detectable in the lesions typical of atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, age-related macular degeneration, and other pathological conditions characterized by altered cholesterol uptake and/or metabolism., Graphical Abstract AAA Research highlights ► Oxysterols are 27-carbon-atom products of enzymatic or non-enzymatic oxidation of cholesterol. ► Oxidative stress is the major non-enzymatic source of oxysterols. ► Oxysterols may in turn amplify oxidative redox imbalance in cells and tissues. ► Pathological accumulation of oxysterols triggers and sustains inflammatory reactions. ► Oxysterol-mediated inflammation is a primary mechanism of progression in major chronic diseases.
- Published
- 2013