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У статті подано загальний огляд історіографії щодо державного контролю над радянським суспільством у міжвоєнну добу. Розглянуто три елементи, що були в основі формування «нового радянського світу», про який заявляли більшовики. Зазначено ключові праці, присвячені повсякденному життю в СРСР та історії робітників. Також згадано дослідження на тему творення образу «нової людини» й виховання радянських громадян. Окрім того, охарактеризовано розвідки про «новомову» науковців різних спеціальностей, оскільки ця проблематика перебуває у дослідницькому полі філологів, істориків і вчених інших спеціальностей. Адже витворення нового стилю, того, як говорити про країну, суспільство, про себе, супроводжувалося і державною мовною політикою, і «мовними іграми» самих громадян, які перебували у пошуках стратегій правильної поведінки. У статті розглянуто контекстуальні праці західних дослідників на зазначені питання і водночас зроблено акцент на працях українських учених про державний контроль над радянським суспільством.

Статтю присвячено дослідженню радянського періоду розвитку відповідальності за посягання на об'єкти археологічної спадщини. Визначено основні правові акти притаманні цьому періоду. Дослідивши особливості радянського періо­ду встановлено, що за час існування радянської держави регламентація відповідальності за пося­гання на культурні цінності, культурну та архео­логічну спадщину зазнала істотних змін, унаслі­док чого цей період може бути поділений на два етапи. Перший етап характеризується тим, що куль­турні цінності перестають бути предметом спе­ціальної охорони, виступаючи предметом злочи­ну, вони підлягають охороні кримінальним зако­ном у загальному порядку, якщо підпадають під їх дію. На законодавчому полі домінують супе­речливі, ідеологічно вивірені правові акти. Так, КК УСРР 1922 року характеризувався слабкою правовою охороною культурних цінностей. Крім того, пробілом кримінального законодавства УРСР була відсутність закріплення інших видів посягань на культурні цінності, а саме: роз­крадання, знищення або пошкодження тощо. У наступному КК УСРР 1927 року містилася лише одна норма, що охороняла пам'ятники історії і культури від злочинних посягань. Встановлюва­лася відповідальність за приховування колекцій і пам'ятників старовини і мистецтва, що підляга­ють реєстрації, обліку або передачі в державні сховища. На другому етапі (із середини 40-х р. ХХ ст.) відбувається поступове усвідомлення дер­жавою і суспільством суспільної небезпеки посягань на культурні цінності. Оновлюється законодавство, запроваджується і поступово посилюється відповідальність за знищення або пошкодження пам'яток історії та культури. КК УРСР 1960 року з одного боку, скасував такий склад злочину, як утаєння колекцій і пам'яток старовини та мистецтва і архівних матеріалів, що підлягають реєстрації, облікові або переда­чі до державних сховищ, з іншого - ввів від­повідальність за знищення або пошкодження пам'яток культури. В 1983 році розширюється коло предметів, на яке могло бути здійснено посягання в межах ст. 207 КК УРСР. В 1991 році приймається Закон СРСР «Про кримінальну та адміністративну відповідальність за порушен­ня законодавства про охорону і використання пам'яток історії та культури», який встановлю­вав кримінальну відповідальність за такі зло­чинні діяння: умисне знищення, руйнування або псування пам'яток історії та культури (абз. 1 ст. 1); умисне знищення, руйнування або псування пам'яток історії та культури, вчинені повторно або такі, що спричинили тяжкі наслід­ки (абз. 2 ст. 1); наруга над пам'яткою історії та культури, вчинене з винятковим цинізмом (ст. 3); наруга над пам'яткою історії та культу­ри без ознак, передбачених статтею 3 (ст. 5). Зазначені вище положення мали бути включені до кримінальних та адміністративних кодексів союзних республік. Однак відповідні зміни до КК УРСР внесені законодавцем не були.

The article is devoted to the study of the Soviet period of development of liability for encroachment on archaeological heritage sites. The main legal acts inherent in this period are identified. Having studied the peculiarities of the Soviet period, the author establishes that during the existence of the Soviet State the regulation of liability for trespass to cultural property, cultural and archaeological heritage has undergone significant changes, and as a result, this period can be divided into two stages. The first stage is characterized by the fact that cultural property ceases to be the subject of special protection, being the subject of a crime, it is subject to protection by criminal law in the general order, if it falls under their scope. The legislative field is dominated by contradictory, ideologically aligned legal acts. Thus, the Criminal Code of the Ukrainian SSR of 1922 was characterized by weak legal protection of cultural property. In addition, the lack of regulation of other types of encroachments on cultural property, such as theft, destruction or damage, etc. was a gap in the criminal legislation of the Ukrainian SSR. The subsequent Criminal Code of the Ukrainian SSR of 1927 contained only one provision protecting historical and cultural monuments from criminal attacks. It established liability for concealing collections and monuments of antiquity and art subject to registration, accounting, or transfer to state storage facilities. At the second stage (from the mid-1940s), the state and society gradually realized the public danger of encroachments on cultural property. Legislation was updated, and responsibility for the destruction or damage of historical and cultural monuments was introduced and gradually increased. The Criminal Code of the Ukrainian SSR of 1960, on the one hand, abolished such a crime as concealment of collections and monuments of antiquity and art and archival materials subject to registration, accounting or transfer to state repositories, and on the other hand, introduced liability for the destruction or damage of cultural monuments. In 1983, the range of objects that could be encroached upon under Article 207 of the Criminal Code of the Ukrainian SSR was expanded. In 1991, the Law of the USSR «On Criminal and Administrative Liability for Violation of Legislation on the Protection and Use of Historical and Cultural Monuments» was adopted, which established criminal liability for the following criminal acts: intentional destruction, destruction or damage to historical and cultural monuments (para. 1, Art. 1; intentional destruction, destruction or damage to historical and cultural monuments committed repeatedly or causing grave consequences (para. 2, Art. 1); desecration of a historical and cultural monument committed with exceptional cynicism (Art. 3); desecration of a historical and cultural monument without the signs provided for in Article 3 (Art. 5). The above provisions were to be incorporated into the criminal and administrative codes of the union republics. However, the legislator did not introduce the relevant amendments to the Criminal Code of the Ukrainian SSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

У статті проаналізовано основні напрями та форми зовнішніх відкритих комунікацій радянських спецслужб на другому етапі перебудови їхньої діяльності у горбачовський період. Продемонстровано загальні тенденції реалізації органами державної безпеки принципу відкритості та висвітлено ключові управлінські рішення щодо розширення «гласності та демократизації» в оперативно-службовій діяльності КДБ УРСР у роки перебудови. Обґрунтовано, що у другій половині 1980-х років у СРСР відбулася трансформація «репресивно-комунікативної» системи з поступовим переходом від моно- логічної комунікації до діалогічного спілкування. Водночас показано, що на публічність радянських спецслужб у цей перехідний період впливала як специфіка їхньої роботи, так і панівна в СРСР пропагандистська модель комунікації. Акцентовано, що у цей час гласні контакти органів держбезпеки з населенням мали яскраво виражений інформаційно-пропагандистський характер. Тож серед складових комунікативної взаємодії радянських спецслужб із громадськістю йдеться про: публічну дискредитацію учасників національно-визвольного руху; популяризацію органів держбезпеки через ЗМІ та творчі союзи; участь КДБ УРСР у реабілітаційних процесах; роботу зі зверненнями громадян.

The article examines the state of the political views of the USSR population in the transition of the totalitarian and authoritarian regimes in 1950–1960’s. The research attention is drawn to trends in the formation of political attitudes regarding the aggravation of the international situation and prospects for the beginning of a new world war. The possibility of the hostilities outbreak in 1950–1960’s has been widely discussed by almost all strata of the Soviet society. This contributed to the reports in the Soviet media. Ideas about the methods of warfare with a very weak understanding of the nuclear war nature and the development of the nuclear weapons strategic carriers focused the people on the view about the future war as a battle primarily of land armies. In the early 1950’s, the discussion of international relations in the Ukrainian society occurred, as a rule, in connection with the determination of their influence on possibility of hostilities resumption in the world. Archival documents indicate that the population did not always perceive the arms race, in which the Soviet Union supplied solely as a means to resist the aggressive actions of the Western countries. At the same time, the fear of a future war grew due to the warning of losing the benefits of a peaceful life. The overall strengthening of the arms race with the prospect of a new world war was not delighted in the absolute majority of the population. The desire to preserve the peaceful life dominated the political moods of the Ukrainian population.

The article is devoted to the analysis of constitutional foundations of the Ukrainian statehood. The focus of consideration is put on the nature of the Ukrainian form of government. The Constitutions of the Cossack State of Pylyp Orlyk, the Ukrainian People’s Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, modern independent Ukraine have been observed. It is proved that the strategic vector of all Ukrainian basic laws consisted in orientation towards the unified and unitary order of a democratic republic. This orientation is conditioned by the ontological continuity of the Ukrainian ethnos both in time and space, democratic foundations of civic life. The rights of national minorities were to be considered by granting citizens with national and personal autonomy. All attempts to legislatively impose on Ukraine the federal system were caused by the external forceful interference. The creation of autonomous structures in its territory had the purpose of destabilizing and dismembering Ukraine. This is testified by the destructive designation of such “autonomies” as Donetsk-Kryvyi Rih, Taurida, and Bessarabian “Soviet republics” in the time of the UPR; the Moldavian ASSR within the USSR; the Autonomous Republic of Crimea as part of modern Ukraine. They all served as a foothold for unfolding the Russian aggression against Ukraine. The modern Russian hybrid warfare against Ukraine uses in its aggressive arsenal the idea of federalization or internal “autonomization” of Ukraine as one of the main means for achieving its goal. In this context, any changes to the basic law of Ukraine should not call into question its unity and unitarity.

The results of the historical-pedagogical analysis of educat ional work regarding the forming of moral values of future doctors in the understudied Soviet period (70s of the 20th century) have been presented. The party-ideological and atheistic components of the content of moral education have been defined and characterized. The trend of opposition between morality and religion, antagonism of moral and religious values have been revealed. The substitution of moral education categories in the Soviet hi gher education, as well as the need to form universal, Christian and national moral values in modern Ukrainian students have been illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ukrainian Historical Journal / Ukraïnsʹkij Ìstoričnij Žurnal is the property of Institute of History of Ukraine, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

У статті охарактеризовано основні групи джерел для історико-антропологічного дослідження життя Церкви «під комунізмом» на прикладі Російської Православної Церкви та насильницьки «возз’єднаної» з нею греко-католицької громади в повоєнній Українській РСР середини 1940-х – початку 1970-х рр. Також надано характеристику архівним сховищам і фондам як в Україні, так і за кордоном, де зберігаються ці джерела. Авторка прописує методологічні засади дослідження і вибудовує аналіз з урахуванням сучасних дискусій щодо джерельної цінності та достовірності текстів радянської доби. Значне розширення дослідницьких питань, а тому і джерел, що дають змогу їх вивчити, є одним із наслідків застосування історико-антропологічного підходу до дослідження «радянського» загалом і життя Церкви в радянській державі зокрема. Залучення найрізноманітніших джерел – від офіційних документів до его-свідчень, від статистичних матеріалів до усноісторичних інтерв’ю, від періодичних видань до «листів у владу» – водночас стає своєрідним викликом, адже дослідник має розуміти характер кожної з групи джерел і володіти методологічним інструментарієм для їхнього аналізу.

The key methods of the Ukrainian SSR party authorities to counter the attempts of reviving the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in the western Ukrainian regions at the break of the 80s-90s of the XX century were considered. It was noted that in the late 1970s in this region, particularly in Galicia, Greek-Catholic believers and the clergy measurably intensified their activity, which was evident mainly in houses of worship attendance, traditional rites observance, letters issued to the Council for Religious Affairs of the Soviet Union Ministers with the requirement to register religious communities, clandestine ordination of the clergy, etc. It was stated that in order to counter the religious influence intensification of the Russian Orthodox Church on the population, as well as to prevent negative anti-social manifestations of «remnants of Uniat», local Communist Party committees and Soviet authorities carried out a number of propaganda and mass political events to expose anti-Soviet religious ideology, in particular, «the reactionary role of the Uniat Church in the history of the Ukrainian people». It was noted that the Communist Party of Ukraine took concrete measures to step up anti-religious propaganda in Western Ukrainian regions, as well as to promote the advantages of the Soviet mode of life. It was alleged that the activities of Greek Catholic believers were discussed at the Council for Religious Affairs of the Soviet Union Ministers sessions of the Ukrainian SSR in the regions of Western Ukraine, party rallies at different levels, meetings of the ideological activists of the regions, seminars of cultural and educational workers, district and regional atheist conferences. It was noted that the Communist Party of Ukraine paid considerable attention to the media, which should have covered the historical aspects of the «anti-popular backbone of Uniat Church». [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research is to present the attitude of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic's population to Soviet intervention in Afghanistan in 1979-1980, according to the KGB's reports. The research methodology is based on a content-analysis of primary sources, problem-chronological, typological, comparative and anthropological approaches. The scientific novelty of the article consists in a study of a subject, which has not been fully explored and in a critical analysis of new archive sources. Conclusions. The research validates an extensive network of surveillance of people's mindset in Ukrainian SSR and a monitoring of their attitude to sending the troops to Afghanistan. According to the KGB reports, most of people supported the actions, which, they believed, were necessary to maintain the Soviet Union's authority as a superpower and a leader of a socialist camp, as well as to protect its security by avoiding "imperialist powers' influence" in a neighbouring state. At the same time, the KGB reported a critical attitude of a considerable number of people to the policy towards Afghanistan. Some of them assessed Soviet actions as "intervention", "occupation" and "aggression". Mostly, the criticism did not extend beyond their private communication. There were only some individuals who expressed their protest against USSR's participation in the Afghan War through production and dissemination of anonymous letters and leaflets. Some of them called for action against authorities. The protests were expressed sometimes on behalf of organizations or the mothers of killed soldiers. KGB monitored any signs of the criticism and applied different measures to the citizens, ranging from conversations to raise their social-consciousness to criminal prosecution. Due to the tough KGB's control, the criticism of the USSR's policy in Afghanistan was not public, and the letters and leaflets did not have a significant impact on public opinion. However, they eroded the monopoly on information and encouraged people to doubt an official version of events in Afghanistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hileya: Scientific Bulletin / Gileya is the property of GILEYA Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Problems of World History is the property of Institute of World History of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the statistic, the foreign tendencies of the state policy of the Protestants of the Ukrainian RSR (Adventists of the present day, Christians of the Evangel, Pentecostals and others) in the 60s – 80s have been discerned. The twentieth century, the spring is characterized by the probi of the central and religious organs of the government to change the hedge of the religious communities, and also to formulate a negative image of the «sectarian» among the sacks of the republic. According to the results of the study, it was stated that the policy of the Communist Party of Ukraine on Protestant religious organizations during the study period was marked by an unprecedented attack by party and state authorities on their church institutions in order to limit or completely ban the functioning of religious communities. It is noted that the struggle against believers of Protestant confessions in the period under study did not bring the expected results for the local Commissioners for Religious Affairs under the Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR, the Soviet-party authorities, primarily due to «superficial work», as well as due to a certain liberalization all spheres of social and political life in the republic and reducing the influence of the repressive and punitive system on the population of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to cover the confrontation between the special units of foreign centers of the OUN and the KGB in the 1960s - early 1990s. The methodological basis of the study was the principles of scientific objectivity and historicism. The following general historical methods are used: historical-comparative, retrospective, problematic, structural. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is determined by the fact that, having introduced into scientific circulation a significant number of unpublished archival documents and materials stored in the Sectoral State Archive of Security Service of Ukraine, we discovered the activities of the special services of the OUN foreign centers which were aimed at resisting the provocations organized by state security bodies of UkrSSR and their support for the dissident movement in the republic in that period of time. Summary. Beginning in the 1960-s, the activities of the Security services of the OUN foreign units took place in close cooperation, primarily with the Regional Communications Office, the Ukrainian Youth Union, and the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations. During the period under review, the foreign OUN units faced the intensification of provocations organized by the state security bodies of the Ukrainian SSR, the purpose of which was to demoralize and split the diaspora. In an attempt to counter ideological sabotage, the esbists not only published a rebuttal in their press by thoroughly investigating each provocation and informing other OUN centers abroad about the results, but also carried out ideological subversive operations against the Soviet regime. Various international events, sports competitions, first of all, the Olympic Games became a convenient platform for the latter. The complex and lengthy KGB operational games caused significant damage to the OUN foreign centers. At the same time, the SB conducted their own operational games, relying on the support of the Ukrainian diaspora. Most OUN centers moved away from their radical slogans and focused on supporting dissidents in the UkrSSR, who were provided with various assistance. In the late 1980-s, the special services of the OUN foreign centers concentrated their efforts on supporting the mass protest movement in the republic. After Ukraine gained its independence, their leaders finally legalized their activity and further engaged in literary, scientific and social activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to analyze the political motives and consequences of the deportation of Ukrainians from Poland to the Ukrainian SSR in 1944-1950, the activities of Soviet and Polish state structures that initiated and organized such displacement, their resettlement in Ukraine, ways of integration into economic and social life. The methodology is based on the principles of historicism, systematic, unbiased approach to assessing the objectivity of sources, their integrated use and representativeness, paying special attention to identifying a new layer of the source base on the research topic. Scientific novelty. The issues of political aspects and sociodemographic consequences of resettlement of Ukrainians from Poland to the Ukrainian SSR in 1944-1950 were singled out and comprehensively analyzed. Conclusion. The resettlement of Ukrainians in the USSR in 1944-1946 from ethnic lands that became part of the Polish state in the postwar period was carried out by force without regard to the will of the local population. The displacement of huge masses of Ukrainians and Poles was associated with the incredible human suffering of a spiritual, psychological and material nature, which still makes itself felt in the minds of hundreds of thousands of deported people. Despite the plans of the Soviet authorities to send the bulk of those displaced from Kholm, Nadsiannia and Lemkivshchyna to the eastern regions of Ukraine, in the early 1950s in six western regions of the Ukrainian SSR (Volyn, Drohobych, Lviv, Rivne, Stanislav, Ternopil) found permanent residence 98,651 families of migrants from Poland, almost 80% of their total number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text concerns the fate of Poles in Lviv over three years (1959-1962), since the end of the so-called second repatriation to significant reduction of the presence of the Polish language in urban space. This period was marked by a clearly anti-Polish policy of the local authorities, aimed at almost total Sovietisation of the Polish minority. During the analysed period, the parish of St. Mary Magdalene (the church building was handed over to the neighbouring Lviv Polytechnic Institute). In addition, the Polish-language education system in the city was also damaged: out of three existing institutions, one was closed (school No. 30), and the other was reduced to the role of an eight-year-old (school No. 10). Both blows against the Polish minority resulted from a significant drop in the percentage of Poles in Lviv caused by departures to Poland in 1955-1959. The aim was, however, not to educate new generations of Polish intelligentsia in the city. It was intended to achieve this effect by limiting the possibility of meeting spiritual needs and receiving education in the mother tongue. In this way, the next generations of Lviv Poles were supposed to feel primarily as citizens of the USSR, which was assumed by the authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science in Olympic Sports is the property of National University of Physical Education & Sport of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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The paper reviews anti-Soviet activities of Ivan Hel, a well-known Ukrainian dissident, political prisoner and socio-political figure of the restructuring and independence period of Ukraine. It is pointed out that after returning from long-term confinement he never ceased fighting for restoration of independence of Ukraine and initiated / cofounded a number of informal socio-political organizations which activity was focused on undermining the political system of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (UkSSR). It is indicated that the restructuring period set up a new page in I. Hel's political biography as the glasnost and democratization policy resulted in revival of the socio-political life of the UkSSR and allowed to set up a range of informal national-cultural and political organizations which member the Ukrainian dissident was in the second half of the 1980s. Among his closest associates to be mentioned were M. Osadchyi, Igor and Iryna Kalynets, Z. Krasivskyi, V. Chornovil, L, Lukianchenko, Mykhailo and Bogdan Goryn, V. Barladianu et al. It is stated that over the period under research I. Hel cofounded the Ukrainian Helsinki Group - the Ukrainian Helsinki Union (UHG - UHU), "Memorial", local units of the People's Movement of Ukraine (PMU) for restructuring, the Ukrainian initiative group for release of prisoners of conscience. Concurrently, I. Hel was an active participant of the so-called 'religious dissidence' - he headed the Ukrainian Catholic Church Protection Committee which activities had an explicit political focus: in addition to the fight for legalization of the Greek Catholic Church in the UkSSR, the organization encouraged dwellers of the region to fight with the imperious regime. A conclusion is made that the peak of I. Hel's socio-political activity fell on the late 1980s - early 1990s. Over that period he was victimized by the Soviet punitive and repressive system for involvement in the so-called 'meeting democracy', participated in elections for the Supreme Council of the UkSSR and the Lviv Regional Council. It is pointed out that I. Hel's political / anti-Soviet activity was aimed at democratization of the existing regime, development of the national patriotic outlook of the local population and breakup of the Soviet Union.

У статті досліджується діаспорне історіописання українського післявоєнного робітництва (1946–1965 рр.). Автор установив, що українська ді- аспорна історична наука приділила значну увагу становищу робітництва УРСР названої доби. Вчені наголошували на тотальному безправ’ї україн- ських радянських робітників через установлення системи державного ка- піталізму, за умов якої влада належить партійній еліті, схильній до жор- стокої експлуатації. Автор статті прийшов до висновку, що українським емігрантським ученим вдалося відтворити об’єктивну історію українсько- го робітництва двох перших післявоєнних десятиліть, правильно визначи- ти ключові проблемні моменти й розробити основні концептуальні основи теми, які перейняла «материкова» українська історична наука в 1990-х рр.

У статті висвітлюються сучасні наукові підходи до визначення Со- юзу РСР як імперії та статусу в ній України. Наголошено, що наукова дискусія в цих питаннях об’єктивно ускладнена відсутністю консенсусу серед науковців стосовно критеріїв класифікації й типологічних ознак, як і тлумачення самих понять «імперія», «колонія». Визначено три основні підходи в сучасній історіографії щодо вирішення питання про імперську природу СССР. Обґрунтовано думку про те, що наукова проблема коло- ніального статусу України у складі Радянського Союзу, як і імперського статусу СРСР потребує дальшого вивчення з застосуванням апробова- них наукових методик та використання широкого кола різних за типом історичних джерел.

In the second half of the twentieth century. in the Soviet Union, they continued to discriminate and put pressure on their personality, despite the proclaimed democratic principles in public life. Discipleship was no exception. It tried to survive and squeeze into the wheels of the Soviet machine. Not only classroom activities, but also extracurricular and community activities have become mandatory elements of teacher activity. For such a burden, they had to receive not only recognition, status and prestige from the state, but also material and moral incentives. This is what the author considered in the article, examining the historiographical and original heritage of the issue. Teachers continued to carry out their vocation, but its price was relatively low and their outlook was deformed or apathetic, which was characteristic of the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic tendencies of development of cinematography of Ukraine at its inception stage are investigated. The basic stages of transformation and improvement of domestic cinema in the period of the formation of the Soviet system are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social institutions play a significant role in the formation, formation and development of a person. Family and school remain important. In the proposed article, the author drew attention to this problem from the perspective of historical retrospective. As a researcher, the period of the second half of 1940 - the beginning of the 1990s was a period when the population, after World War II, hoped for changes in the social and other spheres, when the school system, which had high expectations, was undergoing reform almost every decade, when education tried to make up for what was lost without keeping up with the demands of society and science. but the family remained the guarantor they could turn to, which protected the interests of their own and others’ children and teachers, including. We have used general scientific, specifically historical and source-specific methods in the process of identifying sources, classifying them, processing them, and in the whole - writing our work. Based on the materials used, it should be noted that work with the parents of the apprenticeship was carried out in different directions: information, preventive, logistical, educational, leisure and so on. At the same time, parental teams also became objects of influence. Despite their ideological orientation, their activities were powerful and comprehensive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The collapse of the USSR significantly increased the research interest in «empire studies» and the imperial nature of the Soviet Union. The scientists focused their attention on questions, such as: can the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republic be identified as an empire and what type of empires does it belong to; what were the logic and conditions of the formation of the Soviet empire, and peculiarities of its functioning at different historical stages, what were the relationships between its structures, the specifics and mutual influences of imperial and peripheral/colonial identities, etc. The debate about the Soviet Union as an empire is objectively complicated by a lacking scholarly consensus regarding the classification criteria and typological features, as well as the definition of the term «empire» However, most scholars agree that the key is the nature of the relationship between the centre (metropolis) and the periphery (colony), in which the former has actual sovereignty over the latter, e.g. subordinate periphery. At present, there are three established approaches to addressing the imperial nature of the USSR, with a varying degree of support. Most scholars, especially in North America and Europe, refer to the Soviet Union as an imperial-type state. Some scholars consider it a «hybrid»: an empire and a nation-state at the same time. Among the researchers in Russia and Ukraine, there is a national-state-oriented view of Soviet history that excludes the imperial essence of the USSR. Modern scholars propose various typological definitions of the Soviet empire: multiethnic, neo-Russian, colonial, post-colonial, post-theocratic, continuous, totalitarian, empire of affirmative action, the empire of nations, authoritarian disciplinary and others. Different, sometimes diametrically opposed, opinions are expressed regarding the status and role of the USSR in the Soviet Union, especially regarding its coloniality: from declaring Ukraine part of the «Eastern Slavic metropolis» within the «Great, Little and White Russia» to confidently defining it as a typical periphery. In general, the scientific problem of the colonial status of Ukraine within the Soviet Union, as well as the imperial status of the latter, requires a broad scientific debate, using proven research methods and a wide range of historical sources. This is especially true of modern Ukraine, where the interpretations of the Soviet period of history in the historiography still rely on the traditional national-oriented view and a priori exclude the imperial essence of the USSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the diaspora historical writing of the Ukrainian postwar working class (1946-1965). The author found that the Ukrainian diaspora paid considerable attention to the study of the Ukrainian SSR working class in the post-war period. Ukrainian emigre scholars managed to present the objective history of the Ukrainian working class in the first two post-war decades and correctly identified vital elements and conceptual foundations of the narratives in the "mainland" Ukrainian historical science in the 1990s. Emigrant scholars identified the resource-based, unfinished nature of the Ukrainian SSR economy as a result of the union's central policies. It resulted in the lower level of Ukrainian workers' wages compared with those in Russian SSR, mainly due to the latter employment in high-tech industries. The diaspora scholars assessed the socialist competition and its derivative forms as top-down party directives, eventually reduced to formal rituals in the postwar period. The contradiction of socialist competition lay in the fact that the ordinary working class was discouraged from participating in it, while the chosen members and enterprises got boosted. One of the key themes of the Ukrainian diaspora historical science was an explanation of the nature of the social system of the USSR. In contrast to the official Soviet ideology, emigrant scholars qualified it as "pure" capitalism. In their opinion, its only distinctive feature from the Western "classical" capitalism was the nationalization of the main economic structures and, thus, the establishment of a new form of state capitalism. In this system, the state was an exclusive owner of the production means, although, in reality, the owner was the party and modern nomenclature. According to the diaspora historiography, this resulted in cognitive dissonance between the Soviet propaganda, which proclaimed worker's ownership to the means of production, with the actual dare situation of working-class and a totalizing injustice. Diaspora scholars associate the deployment of a large number of Russian workers in the reconstruction of the Ukrainian industry with the attempt to Russify, first of all, the cities of the Ukrainian SSR. In the same way, they explain the lack of access of rural residents to Ukrainian cities, their resettlement to the republics of Central Asia, and the introduction of a passport system. The resettlement of Russian workers to the territory of the Ukrainian SSR is also associated, according to diaspora scholars, with the growing negative tendencies for increasing hidden unemployment among local Ukrainian workers. It is interpreted as one of the manifestations of national discrimination of Ukrainians, which led to organizational disunity and ideological demoralization of Ukrainian workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teaching plays a leading role in the educational preparation of the younger generation. Along with this, it executes a public order. The postwar period became another test for the population of the Ukrainian SSR. The school was active by its participant. The purpose of our study is to study some aspects of the routine of educators, based on archival materials and oral history. On the basis of the study of historiographical and some source heritage, we should note that it lived and co-operated in a specific post- war social environment, which actually dictated the corresponding social behavior. In the post-war period, educators had to rebuild their lost potential. Despite the tribulation, it continued to perform its own functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to find out the main problems of the population of Ukraine in the areas of communal and transport services, which are reflected in the letters to the highest party body of Soviet Ukraine. The research is based on unpublished archival materials stored in the Central State Archives of public associations of Ukraine. The basis of the scientific toolkit is a set of methods, in particular, interdisciplinary statistical and mathematical methods used to analyze the data on the receipt of letters and telegrams; the use of source-study methods - identification, selection, grouping, classification, became a prerequisite for conducting qualitative archival research.The illustrative method is y used in the article for the sake of clarity. It is determined that water, heat and gas supply problems in old buildings and in new buildings are reflected in the letters throughout the period of “stagnation” and throughout the territory of Ukraine. Also, people complained about the quality of service, the lack of reasonableness of the bus network, and the poor regularity of passenger transport. In general, every year the Central Committee of the Communist Party received 1-3 thousand complaints on communal and transport services, indicating the poor quality of work of local authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to analyze the unifying specificity of the nationwide federal budget and to prove the existence of a systemic restriction of the budget rights of Soviet Ukraine. The use of general scientific, special and interdisciplinary research methods made it possible to establish that Ukraine in the 1920’s had no independent finances and independent budget. Its budget in the early 1920’s was an integral part of the budget of the Russian SFSR and then the USSR. The principles of the USSR budget system formation, the issue of determining the budget rights of the constituent republics, were repeatedly brought up by the Ukrainian government before the Kremlin. The imperfection of fiscal legislation led to the transformation of the constituent republics budgets into the cost estimates. The actions of the People’s Commissariat of Finance of the USSR resulted in the final abolition of the fiscal rights of the constituent republics. This was manifested in the attempt to reduce the financing of the economy of these republics to the competence of the all–union budget and financial centralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses repressions of the Soviet security apparatus against a Lviv social activist Maria Tereszczak beginning with her arrest by counterintelligence bureau SMERSH in 1945, through a court trial, deportation, time in a labor camp, and her return to Lviv. It also depicts a seemingly hopeless struggle of the Pole to regain her good name. After ten years her sentence was annulled and she was rehabilitated. This development was a rare event at the time of the Brezhnev rule in the USSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of everyday life is becoming increasingly relevant in our time. Studies of the life of an ordinary person, a social group, their way of life, and life stances allows to understand better the peculiarities of one or another historical epoch. The history of the students, their role in the socio-political and economic development of the state has always been relevant in historical science. Scientific interest in this problem is due to the fact that the younger generation has always been hoping for humanity. The quality of life of students, their professional and moral preparation as litmus paper shows the level of development of the state. The purpose of the research is to find out the processes of formation of building units, motivation of youth; to identify the peculiarities of the students' work, the difficulties they encountered and the peculiarities of the process of socialization in the middle of the students collective. The author involves archival sources, namely protocols of meetings of student units, reports on the work of virgin units, certificates, etc. The history of student construction units is a tradition, experience and reservations. Of particular interest to historical science is the everyday life of the Buddhists, because it has become part of the spiritual culture of many generations of students, in some sense determined their future. Together with the students' building detachments the whole epoch has definitely gone. Student building units - labor collectives of students who voluntarily unite during the summer holidays for participation in the construction of national economic objects and propaganda, cultural-mass and other chess work among the population. The tasks of communist socialization demanded that students during their studies in higher educational institutions acquire not only deep knowledge of the chosen specialty, but also prepare themselves for active participation in the social and political life of Soviet society. The analysis of sources and literature suggests that during the early 1960s the birth and formalization of student construction units took place. The initiative of young people to help build their country was well used and bureaucratized by the Soviet-party bodies. But despite this, the movement of young people has become more widespread and enthusiastic, as evidenced by the memories of the participants in the third semester. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The suppression of the opposition forces in the early 1970’s and the imprisonment for long periods of the overwhelming majority of dissidents, and later human rights activists, extinguished for some time the active conspiratorial actions of disagreeing. However, gradually declared by the Soviet leadership liberalization and pressure from the West contributed to the release of «prisoners of conscience» in the second half of the 1980s. The names of the Gorinov brothers – Mikhail and Bogdan took an extraordinary place in activating the socio–political life of this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of Mykhailo and Bohdan Horyns’ on the formation and further development of the activities of the Ukrainian Helsinki Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is based on the study of the sources of the Central State Archives of Ukraine and the Collection of Orders of the Ministry of Education of the USSR for 1964-1984. The purpose of our study is to study the ways of forming the teacher worldview of the Ukrainian SSR of this age on the basis of general scientific, specifically historical and source study methods. Among the widespread was the exhibition activity. The teachers also joined the activities of pedagogical and other societies, where they studied works of ideological direction, listened to lectures of a civic nature. Own pedagogical activity was aimed at improving the learned, heard and addressed to colleagues, students, for their ideological and political «hardening». Teachers also joined the work of periodicals. An obligatory element was the interaction with parents - through meetings with them, correspondence, and other events. In spite of this, the teachers also joined the opposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper is to conduct a scientific and historical analysis of the work of the tax authorities of the UkrSSR in 1946-1953 as a significant element of financial and economic policy in the Ukrainian SSR in the process of rebuilding the economy of the country. The research used the methods: comparative–historical and system analysis and special methods of historical research - analysis of regulatory and archival documents. The article deals with the rights and duties of the employees of the State Revenue Inspection of the Ukrainian SSR and the regulatory legal mechanism for the collection of turnover tax from state and cooperative ownership enterprises in 1946-1953. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is written on the basis of the study of the normative and legal provision of the problem, based on the government magazine «Collection of orders and instructions of the Ministry of Education of the USSR» for the second half of the 1950s. The purpose of the article is to analyze the quality of teaching of students of secondary schools of the Ukrainian SSR during the specified period. Prerequisites for this were the educational, methodological and material provision of educational institutions. The training of teachers, their load and students was also important. At the end of the school year, students passed exams on various subjects. Their list could vary depending on curricula and programs. Children's ratings do not always match the quality of knowledge. There were cases of misconceptions in the assessment of students. It is not surprising that they, having entered higher educational institutions, had low educational indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with Radio Liberty programs devoted to Ukrainian topics: history, culture, policy etc. Presented paper is based on the Mykhaylo Demkovych- Dobrianskyi personal archive. M. Dobrianskyi (1905–2004) was one of the first chief-editors of the Ukrainian edition of Radio Liberty in Munich. The paper describes his biography and intellectual heritage. He studied jurisprudence in Lviv, Vienna and Berlin. Worked as an editor in different Ukrainian newspapers and journals. During 1956–1972 M. Dobrianskyi was professionally affiliated with Radio Liberty. After retirement, he lived in London. M. Dobrianskyi was an author of hundreds of radio programs dedicated to: Ukrainian-Russian relations (especially huge influence of Ukrainian scholars on Russian history), problems of Ukrainian culture in the Soviet Union (russification, lack of dictionaries and audio types with Ukrainian songs etc.), role of Ukrainian dissidents in the USSR (series of programs devoted to V. Chornovil, I. Dziuba etc.), situation in Ukrainian Catholic Church. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peculiarities of the election campaign of the well-known Ukrainian public- political activist, dissident, political prisoner, public figure Ivan Gele to the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Lviv Regional Council of the First Democratic Convocation in 1990 the analyzed. Participation of I. Gel in the election rallies, reaction of the secret services of the USSR to dissident criticism was characterized political system of the USSR, repressions of known opposition-to– power public-political figures, persecution of clergy and believers. It was proved that the election program of I. Gel provided for the creation of conditions for the formation of a multi-party system in the Ukrainian SSR, the legalization of the activities of all civic organizations and amateur ones. The «informal» unions, the restoration of the national system of education, science and culture, and the withdrawal from the underground of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, which ultimately had to contribute to the formation of civil society and, ultimately, the restoration of sovereignty by the Ukrainian state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reviews anti-Soviet activities of Ivan Hel, a well-known Ukrainian dissident, political prisoner and socio-political figure of the restructuring and independence period of Ukraine. It is pointed out that after returning from long-term confinement he never ceased fighting for restoration of independence of Ukraine and initiated / cofounded a number of informal socio-political organizations which activity was focused on undermining the political system of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (UkSSR). It is indicated that the restructuring period set up a new page in I. Hel's political biography as the glasnost and democratization policy resulted in revival of the socio-political life of the UkSSR and allowed to set up a range of informal national-cultural and political organizations which member the Ukrainian dissident was in the second half of the 1980s. Among his closest associates to be mentioned were M. Osadchyi, Igor and Iryna Kalynets, Z. Krasivskyi, V. Chornovil, L, Lukianchenko, Mykhailo and Bogdan Goryn, V. Barladianu et al. It is stated that over the period under research I. Hel cofounded the Ukrainian Helsinki Group - the Ukrainian Helsinki Union (UHG - UHU), "Memorial", local units of the People's Movement of Ukraine (PMU) for restructuring, the Ukrainian initiative group for release of prisoners of conscience. Concurrently, I. Hel was an active participant of the so-called 'religious dissidence' - he headed the Ukrainian Catholic Church Protection Committee which activities had an explicit political focus: in addition to the fight for legalization of the Greek Catholic Church in the UkSSR, the organization encouraged dwellers of the region to fight with the imperious regime. A conclusion is made that the peak of I. Hel's socio-political activity fell on the late 1980s - early 1990s. Over that period he was victimized by the Soviet punitive and repressive system for involvement in the so-called 'meeting democracy', participated in elections for the Supreme Council of the UkSSR and the Lviv Regional Council. It is pointed out that I. Hel's political / anti-Soviet activity was aimed at democratization of the existing regime, development of the national patriotic outlook of the local population and breakup of the Soviet Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Article written by studying one of the first books of the postwar period 1940 — S. Chavdarova «Ukrainian language. Textbook for grade 1 primary school. Part One. In Ukrainian». The purpose of the article is to analyze the semantic part of the book. Work had 15 sections. Attention to children study offered by beech and words, syllables, spelling out the different Rules — bold or taken in the frame. The textbook has certain themes that reflect Soviet reality. Of course, the question of adding children to animate and inanimate, the formation of value attitude to its treasures were important in the study of the subject. Respect for elders and labor have become the leitmotif of the book. As the author was contemporary of his time, he could not avoid the question of ideological character which actually dictate its activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textbooks remained an important element in the education of people. No exception was and ABC for the first grade of elementary school 1946 edition. Its author - L. P. Depolovych - published these books repeatedly. The book consistsed of several parts -where children not only learned the elements of capital letters and printed, but - actually read and develop proper speech. There are some substantive content aimed at the development, training and education of students in it. The ideological orientation of the educational process is reflected in the textbook also. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

В статті визначено джерельну базу дослідження проблеми організації педагогічного процесу вечірньої загальноосвітньої школи України (1943-1991 рр.), яка представлена документами і матеріалами державних архівів; даними статистики; опублікованими державними документами; матеріалами тогочасної педагогічної періодичної періодики («Биология в школе», «Вечерняя средняя школа», «Воспитание школьника», «География в школе», «Иностранный язык в школе», «Литература в школе», «Математика в школе», «Народное образование», «Преподавание истории в школе», «Радянська освіта», «Радянська школа», «Русский язык в школе», «Советская педагогика», «Физика в школе», «Физическая культура в школе», «Химия в школе» та ін.). Найбільш повно проаналізовано документи фондів (ф.1, ф.2, ф.166; ф.582; ф.2605; ф.5111) Центрального державного архіву вищих органів влади та управління України. Охарактеризовано роль джерел, їх інформативні можливості, що дозволить гнучкіше підходити до висвітлення окремих проблем дослідження.

У статті розкрито сутність і проведено теоретичний аналіз низки досліджень науковців радянського періоду та сучасності щодо розвитку професійно-технічної освіти України другої половини ХХ століття. Головною особливістю історії розвитку профтехосвіти за радянської доби було те, що дана проблема розглядалася крізь призму партійної історіографії. З проголошенням незалежності України, ситуація в історичних дослідженнях змінилася, а саме позначилася тенденція на переосмислення ключових подій і проблем без впливу марксисько-ленінської ідеології. Висвітлено основні питання, над якими працювали дослідники, з метою застосування їх надбань в сучасних умовах та використання в пошуку нових шляхів модернізації системи підготовки кваліфікованих робітничих кадрів.

У статті проаналізовано історіографічні надбання, систематизовано і класифіковано джерела досліджуваної проблеми – державна політика щодо диференціації організації та змісту шкільної освіти в Українській Радянській Соціалістичній Республіці (УРСР) (кінець 30-х – 80–ті роки ХХ ст.). Історіографію проблеми висвітлено за групами (історико-педагогічна історіографія – українська, радянська, сучасна російська; історіографія інших наук (історія України, галузеве управління тощо) і визначеними періодами.

The paper analyzes the main aspects of the formation and activities of the diplomatic service of Ukraine in 1950-1970. The peculiarities of the work of Ukrainian diplomats in international agencies and institutions are shown. The significance of the diplomatic activities of the heads of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR in the context of forming a positive image of identification of the Ukrainian SSR was revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the main milestones of the establishment of the diplomatic service of Ukraine in the first half of the twentieth century, as well as reflects various aspects and factors that influenced the evolution of diplomatic activity in Ukraine. The main reasons and preconditions that contributed to the development of the diplomatic affair in Ukraine are highlighted. The change of the status of Ukraine in the diplomacy of this period was characterized. The growth of the importance of the activities of the Ukrainian intellectual elite in the development of the diplomatic apparatus of the Ukrainian SSR and the USSR is determined, as well as the significant contribution to the creation of the UN and its activities by representatives of the diplomatic corps of Ukraine. The significance of Dmitry Manuilsky’s diplomatic activity in the context of forming a positive image of the Ukrainian SSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

У статті проаналізовано виробництво мінеральних добрив, зокрема азотних добрив в Українській РСР у 1960-х – 1980-х рр. Розкрито особливості зростання виробництва азотних добрив, розширення їх асортименту. Визначено основні проблеми виробництва азотних добрив для сільського господарства УРСР. Констатовано, що зростання було досягнуто за рахунок розширення та інтенсифікації діючих виробничих потужностей «великої хімії». Цього виявилося недостатньо для забезпечення сталого розвитку сільськогосподарського виробництва. У статті відзначено наслідки застосування азотних добрив у сільському господарстві.