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The role of atherosclerosis of brachiocephalic arteries in the development of neurological symptoms tried to find out for XX centuries. Some ideas about diseases associated with the defeat of the carotid arteries are known since Ancient Greece. The paper presents the history of the study of atherosclerosis of the main arteries of the brain and its relationship with the development of stroke. The following is a detailed history of the formation of carotid artery surgery - from artery ligation to various methods of carotid endarterectomy and stenting. The advantages of using the patch in carotid endarterectomy before the primary suture of the arteriotomy zone are shown. The results of eversion and classical carotid endarterectomy are compared. Further, the results of carotid endarterectomy and stenting were compared. However, currently the main method of treatment of atherosclerosis of the carotid arteries remains carotid endaterectomy, although there is a progressive growth of carotid stenting. Questions of modification of surgical technique and combined operations-carotid endarterectomy with extra-intracranial bypass surgery remain open. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]