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Autism is a complex neuro-psychiatric disorder characterized by problems in social communication and repetitive behavioral patterns. Although the causes of autism remain unknown, there is a growing interest in the role of nutritional deficiencies in relation to development in autism. This study focuses on laboratory confirmed micronutrient deficiencies in children with autism compared to the general child population. A narrative review of articles published between 2003 and 2023 was conducted, and studies that did not m the conceptual framework of the study were excluded. The final selection comprised 34 articles conducted in 17 different countries analyzing differences in micronutrient levels in children with autism compared with those with typical development. The studies showed varied results regarding the levels of different micronutrients in children with autism. Significantly lower levels of vitamin D were observed, as well as differences in levels of vitamins A and E and B vitamins. Concerning the electrolytes calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium and sodium and the micronutrients iron, zinc and iodine, the results are contradictory. The data suggest that there are trends towards specific vitamin and mineral deficiencies in autism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Despite the substantial progress in intensive cares, sepsis is still an important cause of neonatal mortality. Given the role of vitamin D in infection control, this study was conducted to compare vitamin D level in infected and uninfected preterm infants. Materials and methods. This cross-sectional study was carried out on 87 preterm infants (45 infected infants and 42 uninfected infants) hospitalized in Mashhad Ghaem Hospital, Iran, during 20152017. The subjects were selected by using convenience sampling. The infected infants (n = 45) included babies with clinical and laboratory findings compatible with infection and/or positive blood or cerebrospinal fluid cultures. The serum levels vitamin D were measured in all infants. A researcher-made questionnaire containing demographic, clinical and laboratory features of infants was used. In addition, independent t-test and chi-square test were applied. SPSS was used to perform the statistical data analysis. Results. 83% of infants had vitamin D deficiency 34.5%, 26.4%, and 21.8% of whom exhibited severe (less than 10 ng/ml), moderate (10.120 ng/ml), mild deficiency (20.130 ng/ml), respectively. The mean vitamin D level of infants was 23.319.40 ng/ml in the control group and 11.028.64 ng/ml in the case group (p = 0.000). In the case group, the mean vitamin D was 8.145.53 ng/ml in early sepsis and 12.629.75 ng/ml in late-onset sepsis (p = 0.121). 95% of infected infants and 71% of uninfected infants had vitamin D less than 30 ng/ml (p = 0.003). Conclusion. Vitamin D deficiency is very common in preterm infants. Serum vitamin D levels in infants with sepsis were lower than those in uninfected infants. Therefore, the correction of vitamin D deficiency may contribute to better control of neonatal infection.

По данным Территориального органа Федеральной службы государственной статистики по Мурманской области, заболеваемость остеоартритом среди взрослого населения составляет 46,57 на 1000 человек. С целью выявления особенностей полиморбидной патологии и некоторых гериатрических синдромов у пациентов старше 60 лет с остеоартритом, имеющих дефицит и недостаточность витамина D, было обследовано 100 пациентов в возрасте старше 60 лет (средний возраст 69,03 ± 2,34 года). Все пациенты проживали в г. Мурманске; 85 % пациентов составили женщины и 15 % — мужчины. Использовались методы исследования: анкетирование, клиническое обследование, определение уровня витамина D. Было установлено, что у 1/3 пациентов, страдающих остеоартритом в возрасте старше 60 лет, имеется дефицит витамина D и недостаточность витамина D — у более половины исследуемых. У больных с остеоартритом с дефицитом и недостаточностью витамина D наиболее часто отмечались такие полиморбидные патологии, как гипертоническая болезнь, сердечно-сосудистая патология, ревматоидный артрит. У пациентов, имеющих дефицит витамина D, по сравнению с группой с недостаточностью витамина D чаще отмечались: сахарный диабет 2-го типа, онкологические заболевания, хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких, острое нарушение кровообращения в анамнезе. Обследуемые с низкими показателями содержания витамина D имеют более часто гериатрические синдромы, такие как нарушения слуха, дисфагия, запоры, недержание мочи и патология ротовой полости. Пациенты, страдающие дефицитом витамина D, в сравнении с пациентами, у которых он был на недостаточном уровне, имеют более прогрессивную рентгенологическую стадию заболевания и выраженность нарушений функций суставов, что, в свою очередь, увеличивает процент инвалидизации среди указанных пациентов. Таким образом, дефицит витамина D является одним из факторов риска целого ряда полиморбидной патологии при остеоартрите. В связи с вышеуказанным, целесообразно включить витамин D в комплексную терапию остеоартрита.

Цель — определить и сравнить показатели витамина D у детей с COVID-19-ассоциированной пневмонией и здоровых детей. Материалы и методы. В исследовании приняли участие 90 детей. Основную группу составили 75 детей, находившихся на стационарном лечении с COVID-19-ассоциированной пневмонией (ПЦР-тест положительный). Пациентов основной группы разделили на две подгруппы: I — 49 пациентов с пневмонией среднетяжелого течения, а II — 26 пациентов с пневмонией тяжелого течения. Контрольную группу составили 15 практически здоровых детей. Схема обследования больных детей включала анамнестические данные, использование клинических, инструментальных, лабораторных, иммунологических методов обследования. Концентрацию витамина D в сыворотке крови больных и здоровых детей определяли методом иммуноферментного анализа. Показатели измеряли на приборе «Stat Fax 4700» с использованием реактивного набора «Pishqaman» (производства Германии). Результаты. Концентрация витамина D в сыворотке крови была ниже в 1,8 раза в I подгруппе и в 2,0 раза во II подгруппе по сравнению с контрольной группой. Средние значения витамина D в сыворотке крови были ниже по сравнению с контрольной группой в 1,1 раза в возрастной группе детей до 1 года, в 1,1 раза — 1–3 лет, в 2,3 раза — старше 3 лет. Выводы. На основании наших исследований можно сделать вывод о наличии взаимосвязи между дефицитом витамина D и COVID-19. Так, средний уровень витамина D был ниже у детей с COVID-19-ассоциированной пневмонией, причем варьировал в зависимости от тяжести заболевания (более выраженные изменения наблюдались при тяжелом течении пневмонии). Также имеют место различия уровней витамина D в возрастных группах детей с COVID-19-ассоциированной пневмонией: у детей раннего возраста (младше 1 года и 1–3 года) снижение уровня витамина D в сыворотке крови выражено меньше, чем в возрастной группе старше 3 лет. Основные механизмы участия витамина D в процессе иммуномодуляции при COVID-19 требуют дальнейшего изучения. Исследование выполнено в соответствии с принципами Хельсинкской декларации. Протокол исследования одобрен Локальным этическим комитетом участвующего учреждения. На проведение исследований получено информированное согласие родителей детей. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.

В детском возрасте происходит развитие и становление костной системы. Решающую роль в созревании и поддержании структуры и массы костей играют тиреоидные гормоны. Ювенильный гипертиреоз влияет на метаболизм костей. Цель — выявить патологию минеральной плотности кости и определить уровень кальциотропных гормонов у детей с ювенильным гипертиреозом для дальнейшего улучшения диагностики осложнений ювенильного гипертиреоза. Материалы и методы. Исследован 21 здоровый ребенок и 71 — с ювенильным гипертиреозом. Антропометрические показатели рассчитаны с помощью программного обеспечения ВОЗ «Anthro Plus» для персональных компьютеров. Тиреоидные гормоны и антитела, остеокальцин, паратиреоидный гормон, витамин D, кальций, фосфор, щелочная фосфатаза определены на иммунохимическом анализаторе закрытого типа «Cobas e 411 Hitachi» фирмы «HoffmanLeRoche» (Швейцария) и его реагентов. Минеральная плотность костной ткани оценена с помощью двухэнергетической абсорбциометрии на рентгеновском денситометре «Stratos» от компании «Diagnostic Medical Systems», Франция. Результаты. В сыворотке крови детей с ювенильным гипертиреозом по сравнению со здоровыми детьми контрольной группы выявлены достоверно низкие значения витамина D и кальция, а средние значения остеокальцина и щелочной фосфатазы оказались значимо выше. Не было достоверного отличия уровней паратиреоидного гормона и фосфора в сыворотке крови детей в сравниваемых группах. У 45,1% пациентов диагностировано снижение костной массы по сравнению с возрастной нормой. Выявлена достоверная корреляция: прямая — витамина D и кальция с плотностью кости; обратная — остеокальцина, щелочной фосфатазы и минеральной плотности кости. Остеокальцин имел более сильную обратную корреляционную связь со всеми показателями двухэнергетической абсорбциометрии и оказался лучшим биомаркером, чем щелочная фосфатаза. Выводы. У детей с ювенильным гипертиреозом снижается минеральная плотность костной ткани. Изменения уровня кальциотропных гормонов свидетельствуют о нарушении костного метаболизма. Остеокальцин в сыворотке крови детей с ювенильным гипертиреозом может использоваться в качестве биомаркера костного метаболизма. Исследование выполнено в соответствии с принципами Хельсинкской декларации. Протокол исследования одобрен Локальным этическим комитетом участвующего учреждения. На проведение исследований получено информированное согласие родителей детей. Автор заявляет об отсутствии конфликта интересов.

Oxidative stress is a key factor in health and the pathogenesis of several metabolic diseases. It occurs when the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) exceeds endogenous antioxidant activity. A ketogenic, low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet can affect mitochondrial quantity and /or quality, this reducing oxidative stress and possibly helping to prolong life. Vitamin D supplementation can reduce the levels of hepatic oxidative stress and improve inflammation by reducing lipid peroxidation and cytokine production. The aim of our study was to evaluate the levels of Glutathione peroxidase as an antioxidant marker and 8-OHdG as a prooxidant marker in experimental animals that are supplemented with vitamin D alone, receiving ketogenic diet alone, keto-diet + vitamin D and a standard control group. Methods: 40 experimental animals (male mice) were divided into 4 groups (n-10 in each group) and subjected to different diets and supplementation for 30 days. Results: The highest levels of the antioxidant marker Glutathione peroxidase and the lowest levels of the prooxidant marker (8-OHdG) were observed in the keto-diet + vitamin D group, showing the highest antioxidant power of this combination. Vitamin D alone and keto-diet alone showed higher levels of glutathione peroxidase and lower levels of 8-OHdG, compared to the control group. Further studies are needed to thoroughly investigate the effects of different diets and vitamin supplements to optimally influence oxidative stress and cellular aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review presents data from 56 publications about functions of vitamin D in the human body, the mechanisms of its action and the relationship between lung diseases and the level of vitamin D in the blood. Low serum vitamin D levels are associated with impaired lung function and an increase in inflammatory, infectious, or neoplastic diseases. The results of numerous studies allow considering vitamin D not only a marker of different courses of bronchopulmonary diseases but also as a therapeutic target in the treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease while maintaining the immune system and anti-infectious protection.

The objective: to assess the level of vitamin D and parameters of phosphorus-calcium metabolism in children with latent tuberculosis infection.Subjects and methods. 40 children from 3 to 17 years were enrolled in the study, they all had the abnormal reaction to Mantoux test with 2 TU but no clinical, radiological and bacteriological signs of active tuberculosis; 39 of them received preventive treatment for latent tuberculosis infection during the study. The following parameters were tested: blood level of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (calcidiol, 25(OH)D) (the level of less than 10 ng/ml was considered as pronounce severe deficiency, the level of 11-20 ng/ml as moderate deficiency, 21-29 ng/ml – minor deficiency, above 30 ng/ml – an adequate level of vitamin D); total calcium, and ionized calcium.Results: 87.5% (14/16) of children from the group of 3-6 years old and 96% (23/24) of children from the group of 7-17 years old were found to have vitamin D deficiency; p > 0.05. The blood level of total calcium and ionized calcium in all children was within the age norm.

The aim of the research. To study the provision of vitamin D in infants, suffering from cow's milk proteins allergy and living in the Donbass in a military conflict. Materials and methods. 105 infants living in the Donetsk People's Republic suffering from cow's milk proteins allergy were examined. Diagnosis of allergy was based on anamnesis, objective examination and the results of diagnostic elimination diet. The level of vitamin D in serum in these patients was studied in all patients by determining serum levels of 25(OH)D. Results. Insufficient vitamin D levels were found in 57.1 ± 4.8 % infants with cow's milk proteins allergy, which was significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared to healthy children. Vitamin D deficiency was registered in 6.7 ± 2.4 % patients. Normal levels of vitamin D were established only in 36.2 ± 4.7 % in patients with cow's milk proteins allergy, which was statistically significant (p < 0.05) below compared to healthy children. Conclusion. Infants, suffering from cow's milk proteins allergy and living in the Donetsk People's Republic in a long-term military conflict, are characterized by a decrease in vitamin D, which may play a role in the formation of the immune response, the development of clinical manifestations of pathology and disrupt the development of secondary food tolerance to the allergens.

Copyright of Reproductive Health of Woman is the property of Professional-Event Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a number of challenges to the patients with rheumatic inflammatory joint diseases and their physicians. In the last 2 years, as Bulgarian rheumatologists, we have gained observations and experience in the treatment of the infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 and in the management of the complications of this infection, which in pathogenetic and clinical aspects are very similar to the immunomediated rheumatic diseases. The participation of cytokines, inflammasome, JAK-STAT signaling pathway, factors of innate and adaptive immunity, multiorgan involvement are common features in both groups of diseases. Questions have arisen as to whether immunomodulation and biological agents could help or worsen the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection. With this article, we answer some of these questions by reviewing the available literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Reproductive Health of Woman is the property of Professional-Event Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Reproductive Health of Woman is the property of Professional-Event Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Colorectal cancer presents a challenge to medical science because of its increasing incidence, and high mortality rate. There are numerous epidemiological studies on the role of vitamin D in the prevention of colorectal cancer. The aim of this review article was to analyze the development of epidemiological information on the hypothesis "Vitamin D ‒ Colorectal Cancer", focusing on geographic-ecological and observational epidemiological studies. The information system SCOPUS was used to select scientific information covering the period 1937-2020. The analysis of data from geographic-ecological and observational epidemiological studies outlined unidirectional trend supporting the hypothesis, suggested 40 years ago, concerning the preventive role of sun radiation, associated with vitamin D synthesis in colorectal cancer. The geographic location, seasonality and markers for assessment of vitamin D status of patients with colorectal cancer were emphasized, looking for a relationship with disease progression and survival. Conclusion: Further analytical and interventional epidemiological studies are necessary to clarify the mechanisms of action and determination of vitamin D intake amounts, corresponding to colorectal cancer progression. Based on this analysis we support the recommendation for vitamin D intake in colorectal cancer prevention observing the maximal safe vitamin intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of fundamental and clinical studies show the importance of providing males with vitamin D in order to (1) assist the formation of the testicles, (2) maintain the steroid-synthesizing and other functions of the testicles, (3) maintain the functioning of the spermatozoa and, in general, maintain the male fertility.

Background. The purpose of the study was to calculate the cost of lowering blood pressure (BP) in the complex antihypertensive therapy of arterial hypertension (AH) with and without Cholecalciferol. Materials and methods. 154 patients with grade II AH were divided into the AH(+)CH group receiving combined antihypertensive therapy plus Cholecalciferol in a dose of 2000 IU / day and into the comparison group — AH(–)CH. Office BP and total Vitamin D levels were measured. The costs of medication were calculated. Results. During the follow-up examination, the blood level of Vtamin D increased; in the AH(+)CH group getting higher (p = 0.0000001) than in the AH(–)CH group. The per capita cost of medication in the AH(+)CH group was higher than in the AH(–)CH group ($ 106.8 and $91.5, respectively); however, the cost of SBP reduction by 1 mmHg in the AH(+) CH group was $ 3.9 lower than in the AH(–)CH group. The Cholecalciferol dose of 2000 IU/day for 3 months results in an optimum level of Vitamin D for 83 % cases, irrespective of antihypertensive therapy. The Cholecalciferol dose of 2000 IU/day from 6.5 to 12 months results in an optimum level of Vitamin D for 100 % cases. The greatest dynamics of increase in the level of 25(OH)D achieved in response to taking cholecalciferol occurs when its initial level is < 20 ng/ml. Conclusions. The economic costs of reducing SBP, with a more frequent achievement of its target values, were the lowest in combination therapy with Cholecalciferol, especially in combination with a diuretic. In addition, with complex therapy, we received not only a correction of blood pressure, but also of the Vitamin D status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to WHO, about 150- 200 million people are currently infected with the HCV virus worldwide. Recently, in the professional literature, the number of publications on the role of vitamin D in patients with viral hepatitis C has increased as vitamin D metabolism occurs with the participation of the liver and its deficiency is associated with an increased risk of infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of seasonal factor on vitamin D (25 hydroxycalciferol) levels in patients with chronic viral hepatitis C and healthy subjects. The study involved 100 patients in the registry of patients with chronic viral hepatitis in the Dnipropetrovsk region. The prevalence and deficiency of vitamin D in patients with chronic viral hepatitis C and conditionally healthy subjects at different times of the year were determined, which showed the presence or absence of a seasonal effect on serum 25(OH)D level. Patients were divided into two groups, depending on the time of the year (autumn-winter and spring-summer), in which the level of 25 (OH) D was determined. The serum was metabolised by vitamin D, which is synthesized by the liver – 25 hydroxycalciferol (25 (OH) D), an indicator of the supply of vitamin D to the human body. Vitamin D levels were evaluated according to the M.F. Holick classification. According to the level of vitamin D patients were divided into 3 groups (patients with normal level, insufficient (suboptimal) level and vitamin D deficiency). The results of the study showed no effect of seasonal factor on the level of 25 (OH) D in the serum of patients with chronic viral hepatitis C. Vitamin D levels are controlled by the time of the year: in spring and summer this indicator is normal, in autumn and winter – seasonal decrease in vitamin D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Endocrinology / Mìžnarodnij Endokrinologìčnij Žurnal is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Endocrinology / Mìžnarodnij Endokrinologìčnij Žurnal is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Endocrinology / Mìžnarodnij Endokrinologìčnij Žurnal is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Endocrinology / Mìžnarodnij Endokrinologìčnij Žurnal is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Endocrinology / Mìžnarodnij Endokrinologìčnij Žurnal is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

According to the modern classification system, chronic disorders of consciousness are defined as an altered state of consciousness that develops after coma and is accompanied by the restoration of wakefulness without the complete recovery of conscious activity for more than 28 days after traumatic brain injury. Clinical cases of chronic chronic disorders of consciousness development in women after surgical interventions related to various obstetrical and gynecological pathologies, as well as after routine surgical interventions for comorbid somatic pathology, are of particular interest to obstetricians and gynecologists. In the presented chronic chronic disorders of consciousness related clinical cases of operations for ectopic pregnancy, as well as consequences of elective surgery for gallstone disease, the development of hypo- and normogonadotropic ovarian insufficiency associated with chronic disorders of consciousness is described. The characteristics of the thyroid status, adrenocorticotropic function, and vitamin D levels are given. Further in-depth examination and accumulation of data on patients with chronic disorders of consciousness may provide an opportunity to determine informative markers for prognostication of outcomes, as well as to develop new effective approaches to consciousness rehabilitation in this category of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Endocrinology / Mìžnarodnij Endokrinologìčnij Žurnal is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Endocrinology / Mìžnarodnij Endokrinologìčnij Žurnal is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Endocrinology / Mìžnarodnij Endokrinologìčnij Žurnal is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Aktual'naa Infektologia is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Endocrinology / Mìžnarodnij Endokrinologìčnij Žurnal is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Endocrinology / Mìžnarodnij Endokrinologìčnij Žurnal is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Osteoporosis is a disease, in which a gap between the possibilities of effective prevention and its failure is present in society. Micronutrients include vitamins and trace elements, which are taken in minimal amounts with food and are involved as cofactors of enzymes, biological substrates and even hormones in a number of physiological processes in the body. Vitamins D and K and the trace elements calcium, magnesium and zinc are particularly important. Adequate intake of these substances with the diet would be a relatively inexpensive prophylaxis and supportive treatment of osteoporosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among elderly people, falls are a serious problem associated with a deterioration in the quality of life, fractures and increased mortality. Today, on the basis of scientific literature, a connection can be clearly traced between the deficiency of serum vitamin D and muscle weakness, cognitive impairment, that is, factors that lead to poorer balance and increase the risk of falling. The review analyzes the features of the effect of vitamin D on the structure and function of muscles, as well as evaluates the effectiveness of calcium and vitamin D intake on muscle strength and reduces the risk of falls in the elderly. Based on the literature data, the role of vitamin D in maintaining normal brain function has been proved, and the incidence of vitamin D deficiency in elderly patients with cognitive impairment has been estimated. It is concluded that data on the therapeutic efficacy of supplemental vitamin D supplementation in cognitive impairment are ambiguous. Issues requiring resolution are noted. First of all, the establishment of threshold values for vitamin D in serum, the need for additional studies to determine the best treatment methods, including the dose of vitamin D and the duration of treatment. The most controversial issue is the use of high doses of vitamin D. Based on the analysis, most researchers consider it unreasonable to use high doses of vitamin D in preventing the frequency and risk of falls, and in general, their negative impact on human health. There is evidence that vitamin D is most effective in combination with calcium. However, despite the growing number of scientific studies on the association of vitamin D with falls, the role and importance of vitamin D in this process has not been conclusively established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Endocrinology / Mìžnarodnij Endokrinologìčnij Žurnal is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Medicina Neotloznyh Sostoanij is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Endocrinology / Mìžnarodnij Endokrinologìčnij Žurnal is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents an analysis of the recent scientific findings on vitamin D status in patients with different etiopathogenetic varieties of nontraumatic transient loss of consciousness. The results of recent researches suggest that vitamin D may play an indirect and, in some cases, direct role in the pathogenesis of nontraumatic transient loss of consciousness. Data on the cause-effect relationship between a low vitamin D status and syncope are mixed, controversial and ambiguous, which is largely due to the use of different doses of vitamin D, its initial concentration, duration of therapy, genetic differences in the vitamin D receptors, different age groups, physical parameters of the surveyed, medications, peculiarities of nutrition with special supplements, differences in physical activity, peculiarities of the climate and season, and others. Until now there is no convincing evidence of the benefits of using vitamin D in the treatment and prevention of syncope. Most studies are observational and relate mainly to adult populations. Therefore, randomized controlled studies focused on children may be a promising field of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin D - anti-rheumatic vitamin - directly related to calcium and phosphate metabolism and bone formation. In recent years, it has been proven to be much more important because it also has an impact on cells of the immune system, heart, endocrine and muscle cells. Vitamin deficiency also involves mental illness such as depression and schizophrenia. For the synthesis of enough vitamin D it is necessary to have a daily, all year round direct exposure to direct sunlight for at least 20-30 minutes a day. The geographic location of Republic of Bulgaria provides the average annual sunshine duration around 2150 hours and it is about 49% of the maximum possible sunshine. However, the majority (58.33%) of the study participants had a "deficiency" in serum levels of vitamin D, snd there is also a large percentage of those who are less often outdoors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zdorov'ye Rebenka is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Vitamin D was found in the beginning of the last century. Early studies clarified its role in maintaining calcium-phosphorus homeostasis. Positive effects of vitamin D intake were observed in the treatment of rickets. The result was significant reduction of the disease incidence. Over the last decade, the perspective on how vitamin D influences human health has changed dramatically based on the finding that the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and the vitamin D activating enzyme are expressed in many cell types, including cells of the immune system. Vitamin D is a key regulator for innate and adaptive immune reactions. It contributes to a more effective immune response towards various infectious agents through regulation of gene expression for the antimicrobial peptides cathelicidin and β-defensin-2. Vitamin D regulates T- and B-cell proliferation and differentiation, resulting in maintaining immune tolerance and reducing inflammatory mediators that cause tissue damage. Immune modulation has been investigated by many researchers. Considerable amount of trials confirm the protective role of vitamin D in autoimmune and infectious diseases. Its applications in preventive medicine, as well as clinical practice are significant and continue to be of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Endocrinology / Mìžnarodnij Endokrinologìčnij Žurnal is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Endocrinology / Mìžnarodnij Endokrinologìčnij Žurnal is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The review provides systematic information on the methodology for assessing content of and criteria of deficiency of vitamin D in athletes of different sports living in different climatic zones. It is suggested that the effects of vitamin D can be divided into specific ones that determine direct and indirect influence on the indicators of physical fitness and performance of athletes, and protective ones that increase resistance to infectious diseases, normalize metabolic processes, and prevent various metabolic diseases in athletes. It is postulated that among the inhabitants of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Western Europe countries, the symptoms of vitamin D deficiency are frequently observed, which are not only accompanied by decreased effectiveness of training activity, but also lead to the development of secondary dysimmune reactions, reduced bone mineralization, and increased injuries. Vitamin D medications and dietary supplements are described along with the dosage guidelines recommended by the world’s leading sport science institutes for use in athletes at different stages of the annual macrocycle. The mechanisms of the impact of vitamin D deficiency on the production of endogenous testosterone in the body are discussed.

Vitamin D belongs to the group of fat-soluble vitamins. It is naturally present in only a very limited amount of food, and the synthesis in the human body is possible only under certain conditions - when the UV rays of sunlight fall on the skin. National and foreign studies show that the insufficiency of vitamin D, defined as levels of 25(OH)D less than 30 ng/ml or less than 20 ng/ml, is widespread throughout the world. This publication is a shortened version of the guideline «Vitamin D deficiency in adults: diagnosis, treatment and prevention» which was approved on February 27th, 2015 at the session «National clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of endocrinopathies» at the VIIth All-Russian Congress of Diabetes.

The recent decades have generated increasing interest in vitamin D due to better understanding of its role in the organism. [1] At present, specialists involved in the study of metabolic and physiological effects of vitamin D are convinced that its active forms are prohormones, i.e. precursors of the hormone calcitriol. [2-8].

This article presents the results of the study of bone tissue in patients with gastrointestinal diseases. Conducted osteodensimetric study revealed a high prevalence of lower BMD in different areas of the skeleton of these patients. Osteoporosis and osteopenia in patients met more frequently than in the control group. Also showed a significant decrease in the content of vitamin D in blood serum, in comparison with the control group. Identified some factors in the development of osteopenic syndrome in patients with gastrointestinal diseases.