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Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

В статье характеризуется процесс реализации кампании по борьбе с «низкопоклонством перед Западом» в высших учебных заведениях крупнейшего вузовского и научного центра Сибири — Томска. Показана роль центральных и местных партийных органов в организации кампании, механизм ее реализации, последствия для развития высшего образования и науки в регионе. Кампания была порождена стремлением сталинского режима оградить советскую интеллигенцию от влияния либеральных западных идей в условиях нарастания противостояния с Западом в связи с началом так называемой холодной войны. Кампания включала идеологические мероприятия, направленные на усиление пропаганды советского патриотизма в высшей школе, критику преподавателей и научных работников, обвиненных в «слепом преклонении» перед культурой и научными авторитетами буржуазного Запада. Осуществляемые в рамках кампании моральные репрессии сочетались с увольнением ряда преподавателей, вместе с тем из-за недостатка научных кадров на работу в местные вузы принимали высококвалифицированных ученых из европейской части страны, прибывавших в Томск в результате гонений. Кампания, нацеленная на изоляцию отечественной науки и образования и более интенсивное использование мобилизационных ресурсов социалистической системы, с одной стороны, способствовала интенсификации научных исследований в сферах, которые считались критически важными для военно-технологического противостояния с Западом и демонстрации превосходства социализма, а с другой — способствовала углублению отставания большинства научных направлений, вынужденных развиваться в отрыве от достижений мировой науки.

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The author attempts to determine the place of the intellectuals in the social structure of the information society and the main tasks facing the intellectuals in such a difficult turning point. This fact determines the relevance of the research topic. The aim of the research is to identify main features, functions and mission of the intellectuals of the modernity. Transition to the information age leads to the transformations in all spheres of human life: economic, political, social, spiritual. The article considers the humanistic transformation of a technogenic society caused by the need to preserve spiritual and moral values and culture as a whole. The special role of intellectuals in this process is emphasized. The analysis of the works of famous theoreticians of the information society allows us to conclude that Western futurologists practically do not use the concept of “intelligentsia” in their works, preferring concepts such as “intellectuals”, “technocrats”. Russian scientists, on the contrary, note their own path of entry into the “noosphere” and assign intellectuals a central place. The author defines the intelligentsia as a spiritual and moral elite, consisting of intellectuals with a high moral position, and its main purpose is to counter the dominance of consumer mass culture in the process of spiritual and moral healing of the nation.

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Oriental Studies (Al-Farabi Kazakh National University) / Kazahskij Nacional'nyj Universitet Imeni Al'-Farabi Vestnik Seriâ Vostokovedeniâ is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing is the property of Institute of Sociology NAS of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the circumstances behind the formation of regional literary life in the 1920s outside the organising system of the Russian association of proletarian writers with reference to the literary group in the Perm newspaper Zvezda. Works devoted to Russian literature almost completely neglect the role of pre-revolutionary legacy in the cultural life of Soviet Perm. Analysing the Perm situation, one can say that the role of local social and cultural factors in constructing and functioning of literary groups in the 1920s is very important. Studying resolutions of the Central Committee of the RCP(b), archival materials, memoirs, and newspaper publications, it is possible to provide a sociocultural description of the group “We”, to reveal the reasons for its establishment and disintegration and its role in organising the regional literary process. In Perm, the pre-revolutionary circle of talented young people played a pivotal role in the cultural and literary life of the city. The circle consisted of intelligentsia and educated workers. The young authors’ creative work reflected the zeitgeist. Their texts glorified world revolution, proletariat, machines, and Ural plants while rhythmically being reminiscent of Mayakovsky’s poetry. The participants of the circle constituted the core of the provincial newspaper Zvezda and united all the literary talents of the city around themselves as they organised literary soirees, attracted new authors, and published their works on the pages of the newspaper. In 1924, the literary management functions were transferred to Sverdlovsk and the most active members of the group were sent to other regions of the country. However, the Perm branch of the Russian association of proletarian writers did not work. At the same time, the newspaper Zvezda preserved literary traditions and it can be considered the centre of literary life in the vast Perm region until the time when the Union of Soviet Writers was established.

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines a short fragment of Alexander Grin’s novel The Shining World, in which the writer employs Christian symbols. This is not typical of his literary works and incorporates this fact in the context of the writer’s biography. Indeed, those who deal with Grin’s texts (particularly specialists in literary studies) analyse the novel with no connection to the writer’s life after the revolution of 1917 and regard Grin as a non-religious person, making the evaluation of the writer’s religious views too complicated and tracing in his heroes some features of demonism and militant atheism. Such approach is hardly viable. Evidence of the contemporaries demonstrate that under the infl uence of his family (the writer’s second spouse, Nina Grin, and her mother were religious persons), as well as not supporting repressions against the Orthodox church, Grin returns to the church, which is indirectly evidenced by the fragment from the novel The Shining World, which poses certain diffi culties as to its interpretation. Grin’s faith is simple in a childlike manner, and traditional. His contemporaries’ memoirs also confirm this. It should also be noted that two days before his death, Grin asked to call for a priest and had a confession.

Copyright of Eurasian Journal of Philology: Science & Education is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the crucial 90s of the twentieth century, the removal of the ideological framework caused a sharp public interest in esoteric culture. The scientific analysis of the causes and conditions of a sharp manifestation of interest in the esoteric tradition requires a specific historical approach, which considers these problems in the context of the sociocultural characteristics of society. Society has embarked on the path of realizing esoteric knowledge, and quite selectively resorting to its values. Most of the population in one way or another has incorporated the esoteric tradition into the personal form of culture. At the same time, people engaged in intellectual activities claimed its psycho-physiological tendencies (yoga, qigong, Tibetan arts) and the values of esoteric philosophy (theosophy, Agni Yoga). The goal of mastering these and many other practices is the acquisition of quiet thought processes, psychophysiological recovery, the achievement of longevity. Another part of the population has directed its interest in the occult directions of the esoteric tradition (different types of magic, palmistry, astrology), which are in demand in order to achieve their own egoistic needs. At the present stage, a certain “result” of such a surge of interest of the population at a crucial moment for the great state to heterogeneous layers of esoteric knowledge has been formed. How to achieve success, love, justice and other high universal values taught by fortunetellers, witches, magicians – adherents of all degrees of dedication. The demand for modern times in the majority of its vulgar layers of esoteric knowledge is a bright indicator of the decadent tendencies of the spiritual life of modern society.

Purpose. Transformation processes in the Russian society over the past two decades have caused both positive and painful changes in the social, economic, political and spiritual life of the country. New socio-economic conditions resulting from the reform of science, education and culture determine the scientific interest of researching the role and place of the modern Russian intelligentsia in Russia’s socio-political life. The subject of analysis is the ontological, epistemological and axiological patterns of the influence of the Russian intelligentsia on socio-political processes. The purpose of the article is to study the essential characteristics of the intelligentsia as a special social class of people and the peculiarities of its relationship with the authorities and broad sections of the population of the country. Methodology. The methodological basis of the research was a general scientific method of analysis and synthesis, as well as interdisciplinary and comparative approaches. Results. Based on the above methods, the author comes to the conclusion that historically the intelligentsia in Russia plays a special role in the socio-political, cultural, moral life. Socio-political ideas that originated in the intelligentsia, through a certain period of time, inevitably influenced the mass mood. In the late XX – early XXI century, the prestige of the intelligentsia was seriously undermined. The author believes that the movement along the path of progressive development, sustainable social and economic development for modern Russia is impossible without strengthening the social status of this stratum of people. Practical implications. The results of the research can be applied in courses of philosophy, sociology and culturology.

The theme of happiness is a neglected topic in studies of Russian thought, in part because the Russian intelligentsia came to be associated with the ethos of self-abnegation and sacrifice in the name of the common good. It is little known that the spread of utilitarian philosophy in Russia in the early 1860s sparked a debate on the notion of happiness (individual and collective) between the left intelligentsia and their opponents on the conservative spectrum. The publication of the Russian translations of Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill in the late 1860s provided a new spur to the controversy and gave it a more philosophical flavor. While the intelligentsia thinkers asserted the right to happiness as one of the fundamental human needs, rooted in the very essence of human nature, the conservative writers contested both the idea of happiness as a right and the notion that happiness is the purpose of life. This article examines the intellectual and contextual development of the theme of happiness in Russian thought throughout the 1860s–1880s. Абстракт: В русской мысли XIX века идея счастья является малоизученной тематикой. Тот образ, который традиционно сложился вокруг интеллигенции, ассоциируется, прежде всего, с понятием самоотречения во имя служения всеобщему благу и едва ли наводит на мысли о поиске личного счастья. Мало известно, однако, что распространение английской философии утилитаризма в России в начале 1860-х годов способствовало развитию активной дискуссии вокруг понятия счастья (как индивидуального так и коллективного), в которой приняли участие мыслители из рядов интеллигенции, а также их оппоненты с консервативной стороны. С появлением в русском переводе работ Иеремия Бентама и Джона Стюарта Милля, дискуссия приобрела более философский характер но также и политическую остроту. Публицисты со стороны интеллигенции пришли к осознанию понятия чсастья как индивидуального права человека основанного на его природных потребностях, тогда как консервативные мыслители оспаривали сам принцип счастья как индивидуального права, а также идею о том, что счастье является целью жизни. Данная статья исследует тему счастья в русской мысли периода 1860-х – начала 1880х годов в контексте интеллектуальной истории. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With this paper, we continue a series of publications on the theoretical aspects of Teodor Shanin’s conception of Russia as a ‘developing society’ first published in 1986 in the book Russia as a ‘Developing Society’. The Roots of Otherness: Russia’s Turn of Century. Vol. 1. In this part, the author considers the characterization of Russia as a “developing society” at the turn of the XX century, which cannot be understood outside the context of capitalism both internationally and intra-nationally. At the same time the unique/specific features that most profoundly characterized the Russian social scene at the turn of the century and made its mark as its past within its present were represented particularly by the state, ethnos and peasantry. The power of the Russian state apparatus, its share of resources, its control over the population and its legal claims exceeded those elsewhere where capitalism was on the march. Massive processes of consolidation and ‘extended reproduction’ of cultural patterns, language usage, fundamental symbols of identification and self-identification, as well as of related political loyalties, wielded together massive populations of different origins. Finally, during two centuries only, the Russian peasants moved all the way from the payment of tribute to unheard-of levels of exploitation and cattle-like enslavement of more than nine-tenths of the Russians; however, within another century came the emancipation from serfdom which made peasantry not only ‘free’ but landowning. The Russian dependent development of that time found its expression not only at the general level of the economic flows malfunctions and transformations but also at the distinct dimension of class generation and conflict. Parallel to the general crisis of the Russian political economy and the growing and increasingly explicit conflict between major social groups was an ideological/moral crisis expressed in perceptions, concepts and values (thus, the Russian intelligentsia confronted directly the state apparatus). The author concludes with the types of dissent initiated by men of knowledge, of ideas and of moral values, which was represented in different populist theorists including revolutionary populism and subjective sociology.

Copyright of Problems of Contemporary Literary Studies / Problemy Suchasnoho Literaturoznavstva is the property of I. I. Mechnikov Odessa National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article deals with the phenomenon of «specialist-baiting» that actively developed in the early history of the Soviet Union due to the difficult conditions of home politics. This phenomenon obtained its new meaning just after the October Revolution and reached the peak of its development between the 1920-1930s. The conflict between workers and specialists should be valued in the contest of the «revolutionary spirit» of the epoch of socialist transformations. The historically based phenomenon of «specialist-baiting» was one of the reasons that were driving the country to the processes of repressions that in the most cases are associated only with the despotism of power. Real industrial problems and conflicts between workers and “old” specialists and managers existed at all the enterprises and were exploited by the government. At the same time the objective existence of that kind of conflicts increased by 1928-1929 that is proved by the fact that workers wrote about it to the main newspaper editorial offices straight from the working place. This fact does demonstrate that the proletariat followed the political course of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. Ultimately, the New Economic Policy, having used the NEP crisis and the workers and promoted bureaucratic apparatus appeals, gave the way to the politics of industrialization and collectivization.

The article presents the statements of the leading Russian social thinkers, pointing out the historical, political, philosophical and theological dimensions of the First World War. This war has become a turning point in Russian history, a new point of philosophical reflection as well as an important point of identification and self-determination of individuals and communities

The article deals with the history of the conceptualization of "cultural" or "kulturnichesky" populism.In the literature it is the name of the right wing reformist populism. In the 80-90s of the nineteenth century the intelligentsia. The author focuses on the periodization of the history of "cultural" populism. Previously, researchers paid little attention to this issue. The ideology and practice of the later ideas of populists I.I. Kablitz, Y.V. Abramov, S.N. Krivenko had a great impact on the advanced Russian populists embodied the process of liberalization of populism, its reconciliation with the autocracy and emerging capitalism. The periodization proposed by the author includes four stages: the origin of “kulturnichesky” ideas (1869-1874), the development of the theory and practice of "kulturnichestvo" (1875-1884), the evolution of "cultural" populism (1885-1894) and finally, the ideological and organizational crisis of the cultural-populist trend (1895-1904). At the heart of the author's periodization is the idea of the progressive development of populist ideas: from “kulturnichesky” trend towards the theory of "small deeds " and then, under the influence of the general crisis of populism in the early 1890s, towards the development of the concept of broad "cultural work" (with social and political implications, which the theory of "small deeds" lacked). This approach seeks to emphasize the role of the cultural ideas in the evolution of populism in the 1880-1890s, in the turning of yesterday's rebels and revolutionary propagandists into a constructive social force. According to the author, its application to the history of the Russian populism may change the image of the populist in the modern scientific and educational literature.

The article is devoted to the general characteristics of journalist practice of Claudia Paskhalov. He was a Russian conservative person who lived in the early 20 th century and whose ideas were presented in an extremely distorted form. The author examines the early articles of K. Paskhalov, reveals his basic views, compares them with the ideas of Russian liberalism, drawsparallels with the general attitudes of Russian conservatism and its historical destiny up to the present time. Also, it is shown that the main Paskhalov’s proposals to overcome Russian socio-political crisis were not the expansion of rights and freedoms on which his ideological opponents insisted, but the increase of the degree of responsibility at all levels of society and public service. In conclusion, the author states that public interest in conservative ideas and approaches in the Russian society and historical science is cyclic.

The article deals with the formation process of modern historiography ofliberal populism in the 1870-1890s and analyzes historian V.I. Kharlamov’scontributionto the study of kulturnichestvo of populist reformers.The author considers the main provisions of the concept of "liberal" populism proposed by Kharlamov, traces its evolution in the context of domestic populism studies in the 1980s - the first half of the 1990s, establishes the influence of his work on the authors of the first monographs in the mid-1990s devoted to the history of the right-wing populism. Particular attention is paid to the development of Kharlamov’s first evidence-based periodization of the history of liberal populism, the conceptual apparatus ("liberal" and "legal" populism, "kulturnichestvo of populism")proposed by him, as well as his analysis of the views of the leading theorists of the right populism headed by I.I. Kablits-Yuzov. The author concludes that Kharlamov’sattempts to study the process of the birth and evolution of the liberal trend of populism, based on the peculiarities of its ideologists’ worldview, had a considerable influence on the formation of the modern approach to the study of the history of the right-wing populism.

The paper analyzes the engineering and technical personnel production status in the Urals in the mid-1920s. The aim is to identify the causes and evolution of changes occurring at the time in the rights and duties of engineers in the industrial sector of the region. The paper is based on Ural archival documents (Proceedings of the Regional Committee of the CPSU (b), the information of the Regional Council of Trade Unions, the investigation of the case of engineers arrested by the OGPU in the late 1920s – early 1930s.). The author concludes that the pragmatic course of the Supreme Economic Council leadership to empower engineers in the field of technical guidance between 1924 and mid-1926 was replaced by an irrational one caused mainly by political factors, and aimed at reducing of the number of engineers’ rights. In the context of Ural Region (with the lack of technical staff more acute than nationwide), this leads to particularly pronounced negative consequences.

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Understanding of the philosophic content of the A.P. Chekhov’s oeuvre, which is based on the writer’s idea of the original religious and philosophic world view and at the same time of him as a thinker of an existential type, who had a significant impact on the development of Russian philosophy of the XX-th century is presented and exposed in the article.

The article considers the attitude of the greatest Russian thinkers of the liberal and reformatory democratic schools of the post-reform modernization time of the early XIX th - late XXth centuries to domestic intelligentsia. The authors analyze the self-reflectiveness of eminent representatives of the Russian intellectuals (intelligentsia) and compare the views of the most important representatives of the liberal (K. Kavelin, A. Gradovsky) and democratic (A. Peshekhonov, V. Myakotin) trends. The analysis of liberals’ and democrats’ views of the two epochs enables to conclude that they were united by their perception of the intelligentsia as a moral force of the society. They are also similar in their understanding of the role of individual freedom in the country's development. However, for the liberals the most urgent was the task of personality formation, the solution to which they associated with the intelligentsia activities. For democrats, who saw the revolutionary events of the early XX th century, the problem of interaction of people and intellectuals became more urgent. But they still maintained their belief in the creative power of people, led by intellectuals for freedom and democracy.

The article analyzes social and political views of M.D. Skobelev, an outstanding military commander, a hero of the Russian-Turkish and Balkan wars¸ who contributed greatly to the entry of Central Asia (Turkestan) and other regions into the Russian Empire. The author concludes that M.D. Skobelev’s views were close to those of the Slavophiles, though they differed greatly on a number of key issues. They both considered that it was necessary to restore national identity, to consolidate Orthodoxy, to give up European values to the detriment of national ones, to search for the own development way instead of the western one, which was deadlock and destructive.

The article is a case study of interpretation of Marxsit ideas proposed by N.F. Danielson, who was a translator of the first, second and third volumes of «Capital» into Russian. The main attention is concentrated on the problems of criterion of social progress and assessment of Marxist methodology. Despite the certain influence of Marxist theory on Danielson latter remained on the position of narodnichestvo in his conceptual approaches. The author reviled us that Danielson unlike Marx didn’t devise society into many confrontational parts and thought it ought to have a common goal. Also the Russian scholar didn’t accept a thesis upon class struggle as an engine of social progress. In this discourse Danielson gave to intelligentsia the crucial role in the evolution of society which expressed urgent needs of one. Danielson’s ideas directed at reasoning the role of advanced persons as creator of history and scientific knowledge as instrument of perfecting of society. In sum the understanding of Marxist methodology of research by Danielson intersected in many points with ideas of Positivism.

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article deals with the genesis of the term "intelligentsia" within historical dimension, consideration of basic approaches and interpretation of this concept. The origins of the definition as well as its content in diverse historical periods are considered on the basis of a number of sources. The basic issues of contemporary discussion concerning an interpretation of the intelligentsia concept within the sphere of Ukrainian science and media are distinguished. The analysis of genesis and transformation of content of the intelligentsia definition within historical dimension allows to make such conclusions. Firstly, a lack of clear and approved theory concerning the origins of intelligentsia concept has caused further mythologization of the latter. Eventually, some theses about history of the definition have become more popular and have complicated the view of a full picture. In particular, it applies to attribution of the authorship of this term to P. Boborykin and simultaneous disregard of evidences for a "Polish trace" in genesis of the term. Secondly, a view of content of the definition is deeply subjective in the contexts of personal perception and particular historical period. It makes a formulation of universal definition impossible. This circumstance causes the need for consideration of intelligentsia phenomenon within certain chronological or even geographical boundaries. A perception of the intelligentsia definition can became thereby a source for study of history of some period, country or nation. Finally, the author discerns such issues concerning an interpretation of the intelligentsia concept. The first issue deals with universality/specificity of the term (is intelligentsia a local phenomenon of Eastern Europe (within Russian Empire, USSR and countries that were in their sphere of influence), or it has a wider application?). The second one is the content of the concept in Russian Empire and USSR. The third issue concerns the relation of concepts "intelligentsia" and "the intellectuals". These circumstances make it difficult to study the topic, while actualizing the need for further balanced scientific research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article is devoted to studying social representations of the intelligenzia and the intellectual. The author’s main aim is to study social representations of the intelligenzia on the empirical level on the basis of a complex analysis applying specially elaborated techniques. The completed study allows us to reconstruct the image of the intelligenzia and the intellectual proceeding from social representations.

The article analyzes A.I. Solzhenitsyn's philosophical, social and literary features. As the basis there are taken his political essays and the main work of life - The Red Wheel. In it, he shows his critics of enlightenment rationalism, superficial humanism and spiritual impoverishment of a technocratic civilization. It reveal his dispute with the basic thoughts of Lev Tolstoy's art and attitude towards F. Dostoevsky. It considers the symbolism of The Red Wheel through the prism of which the writer analyzes the events of both - the beginning and the end of the XX century.

The article analyses the role of political exiles in the development of Local studies in Northern Russia in the 19th - early 20th centuries. The author notes that the process of local intelligentsia formation took place in this period. Local intelligentsia became actively involved in Local studies, and, therefore, the contribution of political exiles into the Local studies gradually decreased. Political exiles played the most important role in Local studies in Northern Russia only in the years 1825-1861. In 1861-1904 their contribution decreased, and in 1905-1917 political exiles activity constituted a small part of the whole Local studies.

The article is devoted to differentiation of labour activities in consciousness of Omsk painters (1920-1960s) and reflects the dynamics of values hierarchy and the change of self-appraisal not only among painters but in the Soviet society on the whole. A particular attention is paid to the opposition « work-creation» which emphasizes the dependence of art intelligentsia on social institutions.

The article is devoted to the evaluation of the role and place of intellectuals in the ideological preparation of the Velvet revolution in Czechoslovakia in November, 1989. It examines the sociological conceptions of revolution, and their applicability to the analysis of the November events. In the analysis of the subsequent evolution of the Czech republic, the author notes the difficulties of the transition from a post-totalitarian society to the market economy, describes the social-economic system, which emerged as a result of the revolution, characterized by consumerism, domination of mass culture etc, which turned out to be a far cry from what the mass, carried away with a certain euphoria, had expected.

The article gives a seaway of the social political views of a well known Russian writer V. Korolenko. The author of the article proves that the political doctrine of Korolenko is very close to reformatory democratism of N.K. Mikhailovsky.

The article analyzes the basic ideas of ideological-political movements of Russian emigration of the beginning of XX century. The author reveals the main principes of basic movements, which were in that time. The article compare the basic ideas of Smenovechovstvo, Eurasian doctrine, «Young Russia» and «New Grad».

The article presents a critical analysis of utopian and nihilistic ideology and features of the rationality of revolutionary intelligentsia by Russian religious philosophers of the early twentieth century. In the centre of the author's attention are ideas of authors of the collection «Vekhi», that have not lost their value for understanding of the causes of catastrophic events in the socio-economic and humanitarian spheres of post-communist society.