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Background. The purpose of the study was to assess the functional state of gut microbiota in patients with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) combined with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Materials and methods. The prospective interventional randomized study included 71 patients with MAFLD in combination with T2DM, who were examined and divided into the 2 groups. The first group included 39 people with MAFLD and T2DM without small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). The second group consisted of 32 patients with MAFLD in combination with T2DM and SIBO. The control group included 25 practically healthy patients. The content of serum zonulin was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using test systems IDK Zonulin ELISA, KR5601. Serum concentration of interleukin (IL) 6 and IL-10 was assessed by the ELISA method using the Human Interleukin 6 and 10 ELISA Kit test systems. The content of short-chain fatty acids in feces was determined by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry in the PerkinElmer Clarus 680 GC Gas Chromatograph. Results. Patients of the first and second groups had an increase in hepatic aminotransferases, total cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, glycosylated hemoglobin, serum zonulin, leptin, IL-6 and liver attenuation coefficient and a decrease in high-density lipoprotein. The results of steatometry revealed a severe degree of hepatic steatosis (S3) in patients with MAFLD combined with T2DM and SIBO and without SIBO. During the quantitative study of the level of butyric acid in feces, it was found to be significantly reduced, by 2.3 times in the first group and by 3.4 times in the second one, compared to the controls (p < 0.001). The content of butyric acid was decreased by 1.4 times in the second group compared to the first one (p < 0.001). When evaluating the level of acetic acid, it was found to be significantly increased compared to the controls, by 1.2 times in the first group and by 1.3 times in the second one (p < 0.001). The concentration of propionic acid was increased by 1.3 times in the first group and by 1.5 times in the second one compared the control group (p < 0.05). When comparing the level of acetic acid, a significant increase by 1.3 times was observed in patients of the first and second groups compared to patients of the control group (p < 0.001). The content of propionic and acetic acids was increased by 1.1 times in the second group compared to patients of the first group (p < 0.05). When analyzing the correlation coefficients in patients with MAFLD combined with T2DM and SIBO and without SIBO, a direct proportional strong correlation was revealed between the levels of butyric, acetic and propionic acids and serum zonulin, IL-6, IL-10. A direct moderate correlation was found between the content of short-chain fatty acids and leptin, indicators of lipid metabolism (total cholesterol, triglycerides), carbohydrate metabolism (fasting blood glucose, HOMA-IR, HbA1c) and inverse weak correlation with high-density lipoprotein. A direct moderate correlation was revealed between levels of short-chain fatty acids and indicators of functional activity of the liver (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase), liver attenuation coefficient in patients with MAFLD combined with T2DM and SIBO and without SIBO. Conclusions. Increased intestinal permeability and hyperleptinemia have been found in patients with МAFLD combined with T2DM and SIBO and without SIBO. When studying the functional state of the gut microbiota, an increase was found in propionic and acetic acids and a decrease in butyric acid, which indicates an increase in the number of Bacteroidetes in the intestine and a decrease in Firmicutes. Patients with MAFLD combined with Т2DM and SIBO and without SIBO had a direct proportional strong correlation between the levels of butyric, acetic and propionic acids and serum zonulin, IL-6, IL-10, which is associated with pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes in the intestinal mucosa and a violation of the permeability of the intestinal barrier. It was found that concentrations of short-chain fatty acids correlate with indicators of functional activity of the liver (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase), leptin, indicators of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, degree of hepatic steatosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ukraine, metabolic syndrome remains one of the most important problems of family medicine, it contributes to an increase in the prevalence of digestive diseases. Among the components of metabolic syndrome, researchers consider visceral obesity to be the most prognostically unfavorable. The purpose is to optimize diagnostic approaches to the formation of a risk group for the detection of visceral obesity in gastroenterology patients. Materials and methods. Eighty patients with gastrointestinal diseases were examined, 56 men (70.0 %) and 24 women (30.0 %). The age of the patients ranged from 18 to 66 years, with an average of (39.04 ± 1.03) years. TANITA MC-780MA body composition analyzer scales (Japan) were used to assess body structure. In all patients, serum levels of glucose, insulin, leptin, total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were determined, as well as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), atherogenicity coefficient (AC) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Results. Gastroenterological patients with visceral obesity had more pronounced changes in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, which were characterized by a decrease in the content of HDL-C by 16.3 % (p < 0.05), an increase in TG by 41.9 % (p < 0.001), VLDL-C by 41.7 % (p < 0.01), AС by 41.6 % (p < 0.01), HOMA-IR by 28.0 % (p < 0.01) compared to patients without visceral obesity. According to the results of the correlation analysis, functional relationships were found between the amount of visceral fat and the level of leptin (r = 0.37; р = 0.0008), insulin (r = 0.41; р = 0.001), HOMA-IR (r = 0.48; р = 0.00001), TG (r = 0.452; р = 0.017), LDL-C (r = 0.383; р = 0.016), AС (r = 0.566; p < 0.001), TG/glucose ratio (r = 0.27; p = 0.0181), HDL-C (r = –0.448; p = 0.004). Determined predictors for the development of visceral obesity were as follows: triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein ratio (odds ratio (OR) 1.32; p = 0.0001), triglycerides/glucose ratio (OR 1.17; p = 0.0014), HOMA-IR (OR 1.26; p = 0.0013), atherogenicity coefficient (OR 1.13; p = 0.0001), leptin/triglycerides ratio (OR 1.35; p = 0.0014). Conclusions. The formation of a risk group for the detection of visceral obesity with the help of defined diagnostic criteria will allow to personalize the management of gastroenterology patients already at the primary level of medical care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Obesity remains a global social and medical problem today. The results of recent research demonstrate the presence of overweight in 30–70 % and obesity in 10–30 % of adults, while the prevalence of obesity is increasing at an alarming rate in both economically developed and developing countries of the world. In Ukraine, according to the World Health Organization, 41.2 % of men and 58.5 % of women are overweight or obese. Obesity is a risk factor for the development of a number of diseases — type 2 diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, etc. The presence of hyperleptinemia and weight loss resistance are common characteristics of obesity. The purpose of the study was to reveal the relationship between leptin levels and cardiometabolic risk in obese patients. Materials and methods. Fifty-three patients (43 women, 10 men) were examined. Body mass index was calculated as the ratio of body weight (kg) to height (m² ). The classification criteria of the World Health Organization were used to diagnose overweight, obesity, and its degree. The level of leptin was assessed by an enzyme immunoassay on the ImmunnoChem-2000 device. The relationship between indicators was evaluated using the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Results. Hyperleptinemia in obese patients is an indicator of low-grade inflammation. A significant increase in the serum leptin is noted in obese patients. Correlation analysis of waist circumference with leptin level in women and men demonstrated its importance both before and after treatment. A significant cardiometabolic risk was detected in the examined patients from the Ukrainian population. Against the background of a comprehensive treatment for six months, a decrease in body weight, waist circumference (p < 0.05) and in leptin level (p < 0.05) was noted in both women and men. Conclusions. The relationship was found between leptin level and cardiometabolic risk in obese patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Известно, что дефицит массы тела сопряжен с повышенным риском развития осложнений беременности со стороны матери. Цель исследования. Выявить предикторы неблагоприятных событий во время беременности у женщин с дефицитом массы тела. Материал и методы. Обследованы 82 беременные женщины с дефицитом массы тела. Контрольную группу составили 35 беременных женщин с нормальной массой тела. Всем пациенткам, включенным в исследование, проводились общепринятые клинико-инструментальные и лабораторные обследования, включающие сбор анамнестических данных, физикальные обследования, комплекс лабораторных исследований, трансторакальную эхокардиографию, холтеровское мониторирование электрокардиограммы. Результаты. Выявлены предикторы риска развития осложнений беременности со стороны матери и их пороговые значения: ИМТ 1,765 ммоль/л, ЛПНП >2,79 ммоль/л, лептин 400 в сутки. Выводы. Беременность на фоне дефицита массы тела характеризуется такими осложнениями, как угрожающий выкидыш, токсикоз, ХФПН, патологическое количество околоплодных вод (многоводие, маловодие), преэклампсия, гестационная артериальная гипертензия, отслойка плаценты, гипертрофия плаценты. Разработана прогностическая модель для оценки риска развития осложнений во время беременности со стороны матери у беременных с дефицитом массы тела.

В статье представлен обзор докладов участников двух симпозиумов «Физиология дыхания: перспективные направления исследований», включенных в научную программу XXIV Съезда физиологического общества им. И. П. Павлова, состоявшегося в Санкт-Петербурге 11–15 сентября 2023 года. В краткой форме изложено основное содержание докладов ученых из университетов и научно-исследовательских институтов Москвы, Санкт-Петербурга, Самары, Рязани, Оренбурга, Красноярска, Томска, Воронежа, Луганска, Минска, Гродно; приведены ссылки на опубликованные тезисы. Заслушав и обсудив 13 устных и 12 стендовых докладов, участники симпозиумов отметили высокий методический и теоретический уровень представленных исследований. В качестве наиболее перспективных направлений в области фундаментальной и прикладной физиологии дыхания выделены следующие: исследования механизмов регуляции дыхания на различных уровнях центральной нервной системы в нормальных и экстремальных условиях с целью изучения взаимодействия респираторной и сердечно-сосудистой системы при обеспечении организма кислородом; исследования недыхательных функций легких с проведением молекулярных исследований, направленных на выявление биомаркеров метаболизма, заболеваний дыхательной системы, реакций организма на неблагоприятные факторы внешней среды; изучение возможности использования в лечебных целях искусственной атмосферы и газовых смесей, содержащих инертные газы.

Background. Leptin influences energy metabolism, as it is able to inform the central nervous system about adipose tissue reserves, and is also an important neuroendocrine regulator. Therefore, an increase in leptin stimulates thyrotropin-releasing hormone secretion, which leads to an increase of thyroid-stimulating hormone with normal or slightly elevated levels of thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Leptin imbalance leads to leptin resistance, which develops as a result of impaired sensitivity of hypothalamic receptors to leptin, its penetration through the blood-brain barrier, damage or dysfunction of these receptors, dysfunction of transport proteins accompanied by an increased content of inflammatory mediators that affect leptin receptors and, in turn, damage them. The purpose of the study was to reveal the relationship between hyperleptinemia and leptin resistance in people with different body weight and thyroid nodules. Materials and methods. One hundred and twenty-three patients were examined, who were divided into four groups depending on the body mass index to determine the levels of leptin, insulin, and degree of insulin resistance: group 1 -excess body weight (n = 22); group 2 -class 1 obesity (n = 28); group 3 -class 2 obesity (n = 32); group 4 -class 3 obesity (n = 21). The control group consisted of persons with normal body weight (n = 20). Results. It was found that all examined patients had hyperleptinemia (34.5 ng/ml) simultaneously with hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR was 8.3 units). Patients with thyroid neoplasia compared to individuals with normal body weight had significantly higher (by 1.3 times) serum leptin concentrations (p < 0.05; p < 0.001). The research proved that the level of leptinemia is directly related to the body mass index, waist circumference (r = 0.54; p < 0.001) and hip circumference (r = 0.51; p < 0.001). Conclusions. Among patients with leptin resistance and insulin resistance against the background of obesity of various classes, thyroid neoplasms occur in 28 % of cases. Leptin resistance along with insulin resistance can be considered as independent risk factor for neoplasia. People with abdominal obesity need a mandatory examination of the structural and functional state of the thyroid gland for early detection of nodular neoplasms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective: to analyze the correlations between the level of zonulin, leptin and anthropometric parameters in patients with metabolically associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in combination with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Materials and methods. 42 patients with MAFLD and type 2 diabetes took part in the study, and were examined and divided into groups. The first group included 22 patients with MAFLD and type 2 DM without bacterial overgrowth syndrome (BOS), the second group included 20 patients with MAFLD in combination with 2D DM and BOS. 15 practically healthy persons were included in the control group. During the physical examination of the patient, anthropometric indicators were measured, including height, body weight, body mass index (BMI) according to the Quetelet formula, waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference (HC) and the WC/HC ratio. The content of serum zonulin was determined by ELISA using test systems IDK Zonulin ELISA, KR5601 (Immunodiagnostic AG, Germany). An ELISA method was used to quantify serum leptin. Results. It was found that zonulin concentration in blood serum was significantly increased in patients of the first and second groups - 67.79±2.12 ng/ml and 80.36±3.44 ng/ml, respectively. In patients of the control group the zonulin amount was 12.34±1.41 ng/ml (p<0.001). Quantitative research of the leptin level in blood serum revealed a significant increase in patients of the first and second groups - 25.09±0.35 ng/ml and 28.21±1.03 ng/ml, respectively. In patients of the control group the level of leptin was 4.69±0.37 ng/ml (p<0.001). There was no significant difference in anthropometric parameters between the patients of the first and second groups (p>0.05). When comparing statistical indicators of anthropometry of patients of the first and second groups with the control group, significant differences were found in body weight, BMI, WC, HC, CTC (p<0.001), which indicates excess body weight and obesity in patients of the first and second groups. Conclusions. The results of the study present that in patients with MAFLD in combination with type 2 DM without BOS and BOS, increased intestinal permeability and hyperleptinemia were found, and a direct correlation of medium strength was established between the level of zonulin and body weight, BMI, a weak correlation between the level of zonulin and WC, HC, CTC was determined and mean strength correlation between zonulin and leptin levels was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. In recent years, pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the association of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and metabolic syndrome have caused considerable interest among researchers. The purpose is to determine the features of cytokine balance, carbohydrate metabolism, leptin and ghrelin levels depending on the amount of visceral fat in patients with GERD. Materials and methods. Fifty-six patients with GERD were examined. According to the results of bioimpedance analysis, they were divided into the groups: 23 patients with a dangerous and 33 with a safe amount of visceral fat. The levels of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, ghrelin and leptin were determined in the blood serum of all patients by the enzyme immunoassay method. Also, the levels of glucose, insulin were determined and the insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) was calculated in patients with GERD. Results. In the group of GERD patients with a dangerous amount of visceral fat, an increase in the concentration of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 by 12 % was found with a simultaneous decrease in the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 by 22 % (p < 0.05), an increase in the HOMA-IR median by 1.3 times (p < 0.05) compared to the patients with a safe amount of visceral fat. The median level of ghrelin in patients with a dangerous visceral fat amount increased significantly, by 2.0 times (p < 0.05) compared to the control group. Correlation analysis showed an association between visceral fat and leptin (r = 0.37; p = 0.0008), interleukin-10 (r = –0.28; p = 0.0116), insulin (r = 0.41; p = 0.001), HOMA-IR (r = 0.48; p = 0.00001). Conclusions. In GERD patients, an increase in the amount of visceral fat was associated with a violation of the cytokine balance, carbohydrate metabolism, increased level of ghrelin. The determined statistically significant correlation between the amount of visceral fat and the level of leptin indicates a functional relationship between the body composition according to bioimpedance analysis and the hormonal activity of adipose tissue in patients with GERD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many years, and to this day, cardiovascular disease has been and remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Cardiovascular diseases mainly affect people in countries with middle and low living standards. The aim of the study was to find out the peculiarities of lipid, carbohydrate, and hormonal changes in patients with coronary heart disease against the background of metabolic syndrome. Materials and methods: 120 patients with verified coronary heart disease were examined, including 60 patients with coronary heart disease without metabolic syndrome and 60 patients with coronary heart disease with metabolic syndrome. The control group consisted of 30 practically healthy individuals of appropriate age and sex. The content of HbA1c, glucositol C-peptide, triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, leptin, HDL-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol in blood serum was determined by modern methods. Results: The analysis of the results of laboratory tests of patients' blood revealed more pronounced changes in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in patients with coronary artery disease against the background of metabolic syndrome, which indicates the severity of the clinical course in such patients. The results obtained indicate that in coronary heart disease with metabolic syndrome, there are more pronounced dysmetabolic changes: hyperleptinemia, glucosemia, elevated HbA1c, and decreased C-peptide content. Studies have shown that obesity is accompanied by high levels of leptin, which exacerbates insulin resistance and is a trigger for the development of coronary heart disease. Conclusions: 1. Leptin resistance is a potential cause of insulin resistance and, consequently, obesity, which ultimately leads to metabolic syndrome and the development of coronary heart disease. The data obtained indicate a greater tendency to obesity in women with coronary heart disease complicated by metabolic syndrome. 2. The data obtained may indicate a latent disorder of carbohydrate metabolism in patients with coronary artery disease without metabolic syndrome. 3. The detected deviations in lipid metabolism indicate the presence of type II dyslipoproteinemia in patients of group 1 and type IV dyslipoproteinemia in patients of group 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Differential diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic liver disease (ALD) at the stage of steatosis presents significant difficulties in the practice of a primary care physician. Low-symptomatic manifestations and non-specific symptoms at an early stage of NAFLD and ALD development often complicate timely diagnosis, which is fraught with the progression of these common liver diseases. In the NAFLD pathogenesis lies a violation of lipid metabolism, which has a multifactorial character, including a disturbance of the synthesis of the adipose tissue hormone - leptin. Whereas in the ALD development, the effect on hepatocytes of ethanol and its metabolite, acetaldehyde, is of leading importance. The differences in the NAFLD and ALD etiopathogenesis gave rise to the study of the content of adipose tissue hormone in blood serum in the patients of the two groups compared. The aim is to study the level of serum leptin as an additional differential diagnostic criterion for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic liver disease. The subject of the study is the content of serum leptin in patients with NAFLD and ALD. Research methods. A comparative analysis of the serum leptin level in 108 patients with NAFLD and 80 patients with ALD was carried out, taking into account the body mass index and gender differences. Results. Significant differences in the serum leptin content in patients with NAFLD and ALD were revealed. The results obtained can serve as an additional differential diagnostic criterion between NAFLD and ALD at early stages. Conclusion. The obtained results of the study confirm the participation of the adipose tissue hormone leptin in the NAFLD development, regardless of gender differences, and can serve as a differential diagnostic criterion for NAFLD and ALD in the outpatient practice of a general practitioner. For a deeper understanding of the mechanism of the NAFLD development, it is necessary to study the polymorphism of the leptin receptor gene both in the patients with NAFLD and in the patients with ALD.

Background. Recently, there is a lot of data on the role of leptin and adiponectin in the development and progression of rheumatic diseases. It has been studied that the increase in the level of leptin and adiponectin is associated with hyperuricemia in various pathological conditions. Data on the adipokine profile, leptin and adiponectin levels in patients with gout are limited. The purpose was to study the content of leptin and adiponectin in the serum of patients with gout depending on the course of the disease, as well as to evaluate their diagnostic value. Materials and methods. We examined 151 patients with gout (100 % men, average age 52.4 ± 9.2 years). The control group consisted of 31 practically healthy men of the same age. Results. Patients with gout had higher levels of leptin, lower levels of adiponectin and lower ratio adiponectin/leptin (lg A/L) than practically healthy men. Hyperleptinemia (leptin level > 5.91 ng/ml) was found in 49.7 % of subjects, hypoadiponectinemia (adiponectin level < 3.61 μg/ml) — in 66.9 % and dysadipokinemia (lg A/L < 3.2) — in 82.1 %. The frequency of hyperleptinemia, hypoadiponectinemia, and dysadipokinemia was significantly higher in patients with tophi in 3.9; 1.7 and 1.4 times, respectively. The phenomenon of dysadipokinemia associated with an increase in the severity of the disease — a greater number of affected joints, a greater frequency of exacerbations of gouty arthritis during the year, the severity of the pain syndrome according to the VAS, a higher level of uric acid in the blood serum (r = –0.23; r = –0.24; r = –0.35; r = –0.44; p < 0.01 for all indices). Conclusions. Patients with gout have a violation of the adipokine profile: an increase in the level of leptin, a decrease in the level of adiponectin and a decrease in their ratio (lg A/L). An increasing imbalance of adipokines is associated with a more severe course of the disease and can be considered could serve as a prognostic factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is a predictor of a significant number of non-communicable diseases. Reduction of body weight by 5-10 % in 6 months, has a positive effect on the prognosis of life and is one of the goals of treatment. To achieve such goals, there is a need for a patient-oriented approach, where the degree of individualization corresponds to the personal risks and needs of the patient with his involvement in the process of choosing a treatment strategy and forming new flexible life habits through the use of motivational counseling. The objective: is to determine the effectiveness of motivational counseling for lifestyle modification in obese patients of prime working age using a patient-oriented approach. Materials and methods. 37 patients with obesity I (27 people) and II (10 people) degree, aged 38.03±1.27 years (20 women and 17 men) were examined. Patients were given motivational counseling according to the «5 As» system, the patient-oriented approach included recommendations regarding the regime and caloric content of food, physical activity (monitoring with a pedometer), compliance with sleep hygiene, correction of psycho-emotional disorders. Clinical laboratory examination in dynamics after 1 month, 3 months and 6 months included measurements of BMI, waist and hip circumference, body surface area, waist/hip ratio, conicity index, body shape index, abdominal volume index, blood pressure, levels of blood glucose, insulin, HOMA index, cholesterol, lipidogram indicators, serotonin and leptin. In addition, surveys were conducted using the HADS hospital anxiety and depression scale, Beck's scale, Hamilton scale, Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionnaire, SF-36, The International Physical Activity Questionnaire, The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics, Statistica 12, descriptive statistics Excel 2010. Results. During 6 months of observation, patients lost more than 5 % of their body weight (p<0.05), which was accompanied by a significant decrease in BMI (p<0.01) and an increase in the level of physical activity (p<0.001). The levels of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism exceeded the recommended values and had a positive tendency to decrease during treatment (p>0.05). Assessments of the manifestations of anxiety and depression according to the HADS depression and Hamilton scales, eating disorders, serotonin and leptin levels, quality of sleep, quality of life of patients improved. The prediction of the risk of developing diabetes had significant positive dynamics (p<0.05). Conclusions. The obtained results make prove that the application of of motivational counseling according to the step-bystep system «5 As» with a patient-oriented approach in patients of working age with obesity is an effective method, which is confirmed by reliable positive results and allows to reduce body weight by more than 5 % in 6 months, reduce levels of metabolic disorders, blood pressure, increase physical activity, reduce the manifestations of depression and anxiety, eating disorders, improve the quality of sleep and life of patients, improve the prognosis and reduce the risk of non-infectious diseases. If it is necessary to achieve stricter targets of indicators in obese patients and/or in a shorter time, it is necessary to carry out a further search for effective measures and consider the additional use of pharmaceutical products in prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Цель: Изучение роли носительства полиморфного варианта гена LEP (rs3828942) в развитии антипсихотикиндуцированных нарушении углеводного обмена у пациентов с шизофрениеи, постоянно проживающих в европеискои части Россиискои Федерации. Материалы и методы: В проспективное исследование были включены 117 взрослых пациентов с расстроиствами шизофренического спект ра (F2 по МКБ10) и без хронических соматических заболевании в стадии декомпенсации, постоянно проживающих в европеискои части Россиискои Федерации. Пациенты принимали антипсихотики в режиме монотерапии. Результаты: Носительство аллели А однонуклеотидного варианта Lys656Asn (rs3828942) гена лептина LEP ассоциировано с развитием нарушении углеводного обмена (увеличением концентрации глюкозы в плазме крови натощак до значения выше 6,1 ммоль/л) у пациентов с шизофрениеи, принимающих антипсихотики. Выводы: Полиморфность гена лептина LEP может являться фактором формирования нарушении углеводного обмена.

Метформин, препарат первой линии выбора при лечении сахарного диабета 2 типа (СД2), действуя как на периферические ткани, так и на различные области мозга, восстанавливает метаболические и гормональные показатели. Интраназально вводимый инсулин (ИИ), попадая в мозг, нормализует ослабленную при СД2 инсулиновую сигнализацию в ЦНС, в том числе в гипоталамусе, и тем самым улучшает центральную регуляцию метаболизма, пищевого поведения и функций эндокринной системы. Нами высказано предположение, что при совместном использовании метформина и ИИ будет наблюдаться усиление их восстанавливающего эффекта на метаболические и гормональные показатели при СД2. Целью работы было изучить влияние лечения самцов крыс с СД2, вызванным высококалорийной диетой и низкой дозой стрептозотоцина, с помощью метформина (4 недели, 100 мг/кг/сутки) и ИИ (4 недели, 0,5 МЕ/крысу/сутки), по отдельности и совместно, на чувствительность к глюкозе, уровни инсулина, лептина, глюкагоноподобного пептида-1 (ГПП-1), тиреоидных гормонов и тестостерона. Монотерапия метформином улучшала глюкозный гомеостаз, нормализовала базальные и стимулированные глюкозой уровни инсулина, лептина и ГПП-1. Совместное применение метформина с ИИ усиливало восстанавливающие эффекты метформина на чувствительность тканей к инсулину и уровни лептина. Метформин и ИИ нормализовали уровни тиреоидных гормонов и тестостерона, а их совместное применение вызывало активацию тиреоидной системы, о чем свидетельствует повышение уровней тиреоидных гормонов. Полученные нами данные указывают на перспективы комбинированного применения метформина и ИИ для улучшения метаболических и гормональных показателей, а также тиреоидного и андрогенного статуса у пациентов с СД2.

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Leptin, as a major adipokine, positively correlates with the body's fat, while atopy is an important feature in the development of childhood asthma. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between leptin, parameters of obesity, and atopy in children with asthma. The study included 112 children (73 boys, 39 girls, mean age 11.1±2.4). 41 were overweight, 38 had asthma and a normal body mass index (BMI), and 33 were overweight asthmatics. Serum leptin levels, BMI, waist circumference (WC), and waist to hips ratio (WHR) were measured. Skin prick test (SPT)/CAP, total serum IgE, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), and pulmonary function tests were performed. In asthmatic children, serum leptin median level was 9.2±16.2 ng/ml, in overweight children was 30.6±21.6 ng/ml, and in overweight asthmatics was 31.1±20.3 ng/ml with a significant difference between the groups (p=0.0374), yet with a significantly lower median level in the group of children with asthma compared to the overweight children: with asthma (p=0.00001) and without asthma (p=0.00001). In the three groups of patients, BMI and WC displayed a significant positive correlation with leptin (for BMI r=0.652 vs. r=0.530 vs. r=0.563, respectively and for WC r=0.508 vs. r=0.426 vs. r=0.527, respectively). No significant correlations of leptin within atopy parameters (Eo, IgE, SPT/CAP, FeNO) in all three analyzed groups (p>0.05) was detected. Conclusion: Atopy was not confirmed as an underlying mechanism of the association between asthma and being overweight. Leptin had a significant linear correlation as a parameter of central obesity with BMI and WC in all three groups, but not with WHR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity remains a serious health problem in all countries due to its prevalence and the development of significant health consequences associated with high morbidity and mortality. According to the World Health Organization, over 1.5 billion adults in the modern world are overweight. According to domestic studies, about 40 % of the population of Ukraine is overweight and 25 % is obese. The literature review focuses on the problem of obesity in the peri- and postmenopausal periods. Because adipose tissue is the site of conversion of bioactive estrogens from androgenic precursors, it could be assumed that obese women should be less likely to develop symptoms of menopausal disorders such as vascular disorders, osteoporosis. Obesity affects ovulation, oocyte maturation, processes in the endometrium, and the process of implantation. Obesity impairs reproductive function not only through the mechanisms of ovulation disorders: reduced fertility is observed in patients with regular ovulatory cycles. Other mechanisms (the complex influence of psychosocial factors; the level of proinflammatory cytokines secreted by adipose tissue is increased in obesity) have not only a direct embryotoxic effect, but also limit the invasion of the trophoblast, disrupting its normal formation. Excessive amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines lead to local activation of prothrombinase and as a result to thrombosis, trophoblast infarction, its detachment and, ultimately, early miscarriage. The relationship between obesity and reproductive dysfunction has long been proven. At the same time, weight loss is known to improve this function in overweight and obese women. It is especially important that women with this pathology, who visit specialist physicians, receive the necessary recommendations and support aimed at weight loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of International Journal of Endocrinology / Mìžnarodnij Endokrinologìčnij Žurnal is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

В обзоре представлены современные данные о роли лептина - пептидного гормона, выделяемого адипоцитами жировой ткани - в регуляции голода и потребления пищи. Особое внимание уделено путям, посредством которых лептин, синтезируемый периферическими тканями, воздействует на мозговые механизмы регуляции потребления пищи.

Copyright of International Journal of Endocrinology / Mìžnarodnij Endokrinologìčnij Žurnal is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Endocrinology / Mìžnarodnij Endokrinologìčnij Žurnal is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Endocrinology / Mìžnarodnij Endokrinologìčnij Žurnal is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Endocrinology / Mìžnarodnij Endokrinologìčnij Žurnal is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this review, there is the analysis of domestic and foreign literature on the study of mechanism and diagnosis of complications in pregnant women with obesity.

Aim: to study the association of the levels of leptin and its soluble receptor in blood serum with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in obese or overweight patients. Material and methods: the open study included 105 patients with obesity or excess body weight. Patients were examined for NAFLD and divided into two groups: the treatment group included patients with NAFLD (n = 77) and the control group included patients without NAFLD (n = 28). Results: complaints of pain in the right upper quadrant, hypertension and diabetes type 2, as well as waist circumference, body mass index, glucose and triglyceride levels were reported significantly more frequently in the group of patients with NAFLD. Leptin was positively and the level of its receptors was negatively correlated with the degree of weight gain. Between these parameters in the group of patients with obesity and excess body weight, an overall moderate negative correlation was reported (rs = (-0.370), p

Aim. To assess an incidence of microalbuminuria (MAU) depending on gender and its relation to intrarenal hemodynamic, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and leptin serum level in essential hypertension (HT). Material and methods. 149 patients (61 men and 88 women, aged 49.4±7.1 years, body mass index 32.2±3.8 kg/m2) with HT degree 2-3 were examined. Clinical characteristics in men and women were comparable. Ultrasonography of intrarenal vessels was performed in all patients. GFR was calculated by isotope nephroangioscintigraphy. Leptin serum level was determined\ by radioimmunoassay. MAU was detected by semiquantitative test. Results were processed with SPSS-11.0 software package. Results. MAU incidence was higher among female hypertensives in contrast to males: 40% vs 26% (p=0.056). Hypertensives with MAU of both genders demonstrated higher both resistance index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI). Gender differences of both RI and PI in patients with MAU were highly significant (p

Currently, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the main problem in the world and in Russia in particular. The study of the causes and progression of atherosclerosis is a critical moment in the fight against CVD. Adipose tissue and processes that occur in it attracts attention in recent years. The important role of adipose tissue as an endocrine and immune organ is revealed as well as its participation in the development of the inflammatory process. This leads to the development of initial manifestations of atherosclerosis a precursor of many metabolic disorders and CVD. Particular attention causes adipokines regulatory peptide hormones in the adipose tissue, as well as insulin, due to its close relationship with the adipose tissue and especially with adiponectin and leptin. Recent data on the role of adiponectin, leptin and insulin in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in order to identify new potential targets among peptide hormones for the treatment of atherosclerosis are presented.

Introduction. Obesity is a disorder of energy balance, which leads to excessive accumulation of fat. In recent years, many important discoveries were made in this field, including the discovery of hormones produced by adipose tissue and the identification of many of the central and peripheral pathways of energy balance.Objective. To study the levels of hormones that affect appetite and metabolism in women with obesity baseline and after weight loss while taking sibutramine.Materials and methods. The study included 56 women aged 42,9±9,5 years, with a BMI of 34,6±6,1 kg/m2. All patients underwent clinical, laboratory and instrumental examination. Hormonal study included determination of serotonin, leptin, ghrelin, endothelin-1, adiponectin.Results: In women with obesity we identified hyperleptinemia and increased serotonin levels. The decrease in body weight in patients receiving sibutramine was accompanied by lower levels of serotonin, leptin, ghrelin, endothelin-1, and increase of adiponectin.Conclusions: Obese patients have significantly elevated levels of leptin, serotonin, ghrelin compared to women of normal weight. Sibutramine treatment leads to a decrease in serotonin, leptin, ghrelin and is more effective in women with a BMI less than 36,5 kg/m2.

The purpose is to identify the leptin and adiponectin content in blood regarding their receptor expression in the soft tissue of the hip in case of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with the signs of osteporosis.80 COPD patients and 76 healthy persons were examined. Receptor expression to leptin and adiponectin in the vessels was tested by immune-fluorescent technique in 30 patients.Control leptin and adiponectin expression was presented in skin, subcutaneous fat and cross-striped muscles. In case of COPD leptin and adiponectin expression was identified in skin and subcutaneous fat. In control cases and COPD leptin expression was identified in endothelium and myocytes achieving confident reduction at stages II and III. Adiponectin expression in control cases and in stage I was detection only in adventitia. In stages II and III stages adiponectin is expressed in myocytes and endothelium. Receptor expression to leptin and adiponectin repeats their content in blood. The correlations between leptin and adiponectin and their expression with body mass index and mineral bone density have been found out.The detected changes confirm the contribution of adiponectin to re-modeling of muscle and bone tissue in case of COPD.

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Copyright of International Journal of Endocrinology / Mìžnarodnij Endokrinologìčnij Žurnal is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Endocrinology / Mìžnarodnij Endokrinologìčnij Žurnal is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Endocrinology / Mìžnarodnij Endokrinologìčnij Žurnal is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Endocrinology / Mìžnarodnij Endokrinologìčnij Žurnal is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Ukraine, the structure of the share of total mortality for cardiovascular disease (CVD) accounts for 62.5–63.4 %. In particular, at least 75–80 % of deaths from cardiovascular disease are associated with atherosclerotic blood vessels, namely: hypertension (HT), myocardial infarction and stroke. The aim of the study – to make a comparative evaluation of anthropometric, instrumental and laboratory indicators in patients with arterial hypertension combined with obesity and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, depending on gender features. Materials and Methods. 110 patients were divided into groups on the basis of gender. There were 42 men (38.2 %), 68 women – (61.8 %). Patients underwent anthropometric and series of instrumental and laboratory studies. Results and Discussion. Comparing the anthropometric indices, it was revealed that men were significantly dominated by height, weight and waist circumference. However, according to the average BMI value, there is no reliable difference between men and women – respectively, 32.94±0.54 kg/m2 in men versus 34.32±0.41 kg/m2 – in women. According to echocardiography, left ventricular and left atrial hypertrophy was the same in men and women, this correlates with the growth of body mass index equally in both sexes. The average levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins, medium-density lipoproteins and triglycerides, as well as the level of total bilirubin among men and women, did not differ significantly. Certain differences in hepatic transaminase activity were noted. The average value of ALT in men was 1.97± 0.82 mmol/(hour×l), in women – 0.64±0.05 mmol/(hour×l). The level of AST was also higher in men (1.74±0.81 mmol/(hour×l) vs. 0.53±0.02 mmol/(hour×l) – in women, indicating that it was in men who frequently developed steatohepatitis. In women, the average leptin concentration was 45.63±9.06 ng/ml and was higher than in men (35.94±8.12 ng/ml). The levels of interleukin-6 among women and men did not differ significantly and amounted to 8.46±1.02 pg/ml and 7.98±0.86 pg/ml, respectively. According to the results of the 13C-methacetin breath test, the metabolic rate among women and men was not significantly different. Conclusions. In patients with arterial hypertension combined with obesity and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, there were no gender differences in anthropometric examinations, ultrasound examination of the heart and liver, and also in the lipidogram. A significant increase in the mean levels of hepatic transaminases in men was diagnosed, which indicated the frequent occurrence of steatohepatitis in them. In women we noted a significant increase in the level of leptin.

Forty-four patients with allergic (ABA) and non-allergic (NABA) variants of bronchial asthma (BA) were examined to evaluate levels of key adipokines (leptin, resistin, adiponectin) in sputum in different variants of BA. Adipokines in sputum and blood plasma were measured by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The indices that reflect the percentage of adipokines in sputum regarding adipokines in plasma of the same patients were worked out to evaluate the ratio of levels of corresponding adipokines in plasma and sputum in patients with BA. Two regularities are clearly seen in the study: the first - levels of proinflammatory adipokines (leptin, resistin) in sputum in ABA correlate directly with indicators of respiratory function but levels of anti-inflammatory adipokines (adiponectin) in sputum correlate inversely with indicators of respiratory function; the second -correlation of levels of the studied adipokines with indicators of respiratory function are almost not revealed in NABA. The first regularity reflects the important fact that the content of adipokines in bronchial secretion is to a certain extent one of regulating local mechanisms in target organ controlled system levels of corresponding adipokines in exacerbation of BA.

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Copyright of International Journal of Endocrinology / Mìžnarodnij Endokrinologìčnij Žurnal is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Endocrinology / Mìžnarodnij Endokrinologìčnij Žurnal is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Endocrinology / Mìžnarodnij Endokrinologìčnij Žurnal is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Literature review takes a look at the correlation of widespread disease – obesity and respiratory function. Obesity gives a complex effect on all organs and systems of organism. In recent years has been a lot of research conducted to assess the impact of obesity on lung function. Summarizing the results of the con-ducted research at the moment, we can conclude that obesity is definitely affects the respiratory function, including patients with broncho-pulmonary disease, worsening of their symptoms.