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В работе экспериментально продемонстрированы преимущества низкотемпературных методов: инверсионной вольтамперометрии и молекулярной флуориметрии на представительных образцах природных объектов: речных взвесей, поровой воды, поверхностных водах и бутилированных водах при определении легколетучих ртутеподобных элементов. Разработана методика определения селена, в сочетании с химической подготовкой аналитического образца к инструментальному анализу. Наиболее значимы низкотемпературные инструментальные методы с жидкофазным и твердофазным концентрированием легколетучего элемента. К низкотемпературным методам химического анализа относятся методы, основанные на измерении свойств веществ при низких температурах. Отличительными особенностями низкотемпературных методов химического анализа в сравнении с высокотемпературными методами являются высокая чувствительность, поскольку они основаны на измерении очень малых изменений свойств системы при добавлении аналита – это позволяет определять даже малые количества вещества в образце; точность – низкотемпературные методы анализа обычно имеют высокую точность, поскольку они основаны на измерениях физических свойств, которые могут быть измерены с высокой точностью; селективность – низкотемпературные методы обладают высокой селективностью; простота использования – многие низкотемпературные методы просты в использовании и не требуют сложного и дорогостоящего оборудования.

Copyright of Journal of Almaty Technological University is the property of Almaty Technological University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Electronic Processing of Materials / Elektronnaya Obrabotka Materialov is the property of Institute of Applied Physics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In recent years, many countries worldwide have been revising the existing standards for introducing trace elements in mixed feed for high-performance crosses and poultry breeds, taking into account new scientific data. This also applies to Selenium, which is recognized as an indispensable biotic ultramicroelement according to the modern classification. The norms for introducing selenium into mixed feed for broiler chickens have specific differences and range from 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg of feed, which are recommended in different countries and at other times. The reason for the disagreement is probably that the experiments were conducted under different conditions, against the background of different diets, on different poultry crosses, and using other selenium-containing compounds. In addition, the norms of selenium additives recommended by foreign and domestic scientists in mixed feed for broiler chickens are not always supported by mathematical calculations, and, in our opinion, they should be evaluated as indicative, requiring further justification and clarification depending on the regional characteristics of poultry feeding. Two scientific and economic experiments were conducted to determine the optimal rate of introducing selenium into mixed feed for broiler chickens, which lasted 42 days each. The study was conducted on broiler chickens of the Coob 500 cross. Selenium was additionally introduced into mixed feeds for broiler chickens of the experimental groups in doses of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 mg/kg. Poultry in the control group did not receive Selenium supplementation. Statistical processing of experimental data obtained in two scientific and economic experiments, using graphical, variance, and regression analysis methods, allows us to conclude that the optimal dose of Selenium administration in mixed feed for broiler chickens should be considered 0.3 mg/kg. Feeding broiler chickens during the growing period of mixed feed enriched with Selenium in this amount contributed to a likely increase in their live weight in the first experiment by 7.8 % (Р < 0.001), in the second by 5.1 % (Р < 0.01), compared to the control group. Higher doses of Selenium (0.4 and 0.5 mg/kg) in mixed feed, as well as a lower dose (0.2 mg/kg), caused less intensive growth and lower live weight of broiler chickens of other experimental groups, compared to young animals fed mixed feed with the addition of selenium 0.3 mg/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatty acids have a significant impact on the overall metabolic processes in the body. One of the links of the general metabolism is the formation of peroxidation products during the oxidation of fatty acids. The aim of our work was to investigate the relationship between the content of fatty acids and lipid peroxidation products under copper, selenium, and manganese deficiency. The study was conducted on calves of the Ukrainian meat breed aged 6 months. An appropriate dose of deficient trace elements was added to the basic diet of the experimental groups. Determination of the spectrum of fatty acids in blood serum was performed using a gas chromatograph. The diet with copper, selenium and manganese increased the content of short-chain saturated fatty acids and the level of monounsaturated fatty acids decreased. The obtained results indicate the influence of individual fatty acids on the formation of peroxidation of products as a result of increased oxidation of the corresponding substrates. It is shown that deficient copper, selenium and manganese affect the correlation between fatty acids and peroxidation products. The revealed regularities can become the basis for the development of sound strategies for the mineral nutrition of beef cattle by including deficient trace elements and polyunsaturated omega fatty acids. In addition to obtaining important data on the relationship between biochemical processes in the body of beef cattle, the study of the influence of dietary strategies on the nutritional value and fatty acid composition of beef is provided by our further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Мета - дослідити клінічно-параклінічні особливості перебігу хронічних гастродуоденітів (ХГД) у дітей на тлі дефіциту селену. Матеріал та методи. Проведено комплексне клінічно-лабораторне обстеження 63 дітей (основна група) віком від 7 до 18 років із ХГД і 20 здорових дітей (група порівняння) відповідного віку. Кількісне визначення селену у плазмі крові здійснювали за допомогою мас-спектрометрії з індуктивно зв’язаною плазмою (МС-ІСП) на спектрометрі «Optima 2000 DV» («Perkin Elmer», США). Результати. Середній рівень селену в плазмі крові дітей із запаленням слизової оболонки шлунка та дванадцятипалої кишки (ДПК) становив 73,45±4,21 мкг/л, у дітей групи порівняння - 85,42±5,44 мкг/л (р

Дослідження проведені на двох групах курчат-бройлерів кросу ROOS-308, поділених на контро-льну (1) і дослідну (2) групи, в умовах промислового вирощування та щоденного додавання до води нанотехнологічних цитратів J, Se, S впродовж 24-48 діб відгодівлі. Метою досліджень ставили з’ясування комплексної поєднаної біологічної дії нанотехнологічних цитратів J, Se, S в курчат-бройлерів за умов їх застосування на 2-3 періодах вирощування. За поріодами дослідження визначали 7-добову динаміку змін маси тіла, збереженість і загибель курчат, масу внутрішніх органів та їхкоефіцієнти мас у період технологічного забою на 48 добу вирощування. У цей період відбирали зраз-ки крові для визначення біохімічних показників і внутрішніх органів з дослідженням їх розвитку замасою і коефіцієнтами мас. Встановлено коригуючий вплив нанотехнологічних цитратів J, Se, S напоказники білкового і мінерального обміну, ріст і розвиток печінки, шлунку, селезінки і щитоподібноїзалози птиці. Відзначено підвищення приростів маси тіла курчат-бройлерів на 5,2% на 48 добужиття за періодами росту та застосування цитратів J, Se, S на тлі зниження показників загибеліна 0,62% за дослідний період (К – 1,64%; Д – 1,02%). Середньодобовий приріст за 48 діб у курчатконтрольної групи становив 59,6г з досягненням маси тіла 2859г, а дослідної 62,7 г і 3009 г відпо-відно.Вказується, що вивчення можливості збагачення продукції птахівництва деякими новими спо-луками мікроелементів, у т.ч. J і Se, покращить їх вплив на здоров’я птиці та людини (Nys Y. et al.,2018)

The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of a nutritional supplement containing a combination of Betox-93® beta-1.3/1.6-glucan 100 mg, ResistAid™ arabinogalactan 166 mg, zinc 7 mg and selenium 50 mcg, in patients 10 years of age and older on the frequency of acute upper respiratory tract infections (AURTIs) and the dynamics of their symptoms (severity). Material and methods. 242 patients with at least 3 AURTIs in the past 6 months were followed up for a period of 8 weeks during which they took the nutritional supplement at a dosage according to the product's prescription. The number of AURTIs episodes during the previous 24 weeks of observation, additionaly for the previous 8 weeks, the observation period of 8 weeks and the same 8 weeks as the observation period but the previous year were recorded. A general practitioner ambulatory assessed the intensity (severity) and dynamics of the symptoms of AURTIs during the observation period. Data are collected between September 15, 2022 and January 31, 2023. Results. Patients reported a median of 4 (IQR 3-4) episodes of AURTIs in the previous 24 weeks, of which 1 (IQR 1-2) in the last 8 weeks. The episodes of AURTIs had a median of 1 (IQR 0-1) during the followup period, which is significantly lower than the previous 8 weeks (p < 0.001). A median of 2 (IQR 2-3) AURTIs episodes were reported for the same 8 week period in the previous year, which was significantly more then the follow-up period (p < 0.001). An episode of AURTI was recorded during the follow-up period in 155 patients (64.0%), and in 13 (5.4%) also a second such episode. As expected, the assessed 10 symptoms of AURTIs showed significant improvement between days 1 and 5 in both reported frequency and severity. When evaluating the dynamics of the symptoms during the second episode of AURTI, a significant improvement was proved only in some of them, due to the small number of cases with infection. Conclusion. The results showed that patients' health is improved after supplementation with Betox-93® beta-1.3/1.6-glucan, ResistAid™ arabinogalactan, zinc and selenium dietary supplement. On one hand, the number of AURTI episodes for the observation period was significantly less than the previous 8 weeks, and on the other hand, they are significantly less than the same time interval in the previous year. In addition, a significant improvement in the presence and intensity of 10 recorded symptoms between days 1 and 5 was found for the first episode of AURTI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. In livestock farming, the balance of feed and diet, including macro-, microelements and vitamins, is important. This is facilitated by control of microelements in feed. Purpose. Determination of selenium and zinc content in husks and meal using SEM and X-ray fluorescence analysis. Methodology. SEM "JEOLJSM -- IT200 LA", X-ray fluorescence analyzer "SpectraXEPOSX-ray" and optical spectroscopy devices were used. Originality. Data were obtained to select the optimal method for detecting selenium and zinc in animal feed. Findings. The sensitivity of X-ray fluorescence analysis and SEM methods with respect to selenium and zinc in meal husks was revealed. A method for its enrichment with microelements has been developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Дефицит питательных микроэлементов является признанной проблемой глобального общественного здравоохранения, а плохое питание предрасполагает к формированию заболеваний. По данным Всемирной организации здравоохранения (ВОЗ), здоровье человека на 50% за- висит от образа жизни, в основном от качества питания, на 10% влияет организация меди- цинской помощи, на 15% — наследственность и на 25% — факторы окружающей среды. По данным института питания РАМН, каждый второй ребенок, живущий на территории РФ, имеет одно или несколько хронических заболеваний, а среди взрослых преобладают неинфекционные хронические заболевания, такие как ожирение, сахарный диабет и сердечно-сосудистые патологии. Основной причиной является неправильное и несбалансированное питание. У детей преобладает дефицит таких микроэлементов, как селен, цинк и йод. Результаты широкомасштабных исследо- ваний элементного статуса населения России, в том числе Республики Татарстан, в рамках Федеральной целевой программы «Национальная система химической и биологической без- опасности Российской Федерации (2010–2014 гг., 2015–2020 гг.)», региональной программы Республики Татарстан, указывают на неудовлетворительную обеспеченность эссенциальны- ми микроэлементами среди населения, в частности селеном до 80%. Потребность в жизненно важных пищевых веществах, в частности в микронутриентах, в современных условиях меняется в зависимости от возраста, сезона, физической активности. Из обычных натуральных продуктов современный рацион не может обеспечить достаточный уровень потребления микронутриентов, которые играют важную роль в различных обменных процессах организма. Для коррекции дефи- цита селена в рационе предложена сезонная фортификация путем обогащения пищевых продуктов селеном и йодом одновременно, так как данные микроэлементы функционально тесно взаимосвя- заны. Учитывая высокую биологическую значимость селена, а также геохимические особенности территории проживания, необходимо увеличить ассортимент производимой обогащенной данным микроэлементом пищевой продукции, дефицит которого распространен и опасен для здоровья.

Background. In recent years, in Ukraine and other countries of the world, there has been an increase in the frequency of autoimmune thyropathies. A significant role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) is played by cytokines whose production is increased significantly during immunopathological reactions. The purpose of study was to investigate the effect of the combined use of myo-inositol, vitamin D and selenium on the cytokine status of women with euthyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism and overt hypothyroidism against the background of autoimmune thyroiditis. Materials and methods. One hundred and forty-seven women aged 18–43 with AIT and 30 women of the control group were under observation. Patients of first group (n = 74) received myoinositol at a dose of 2000 mg/day, cholecalciferol 2000 IU/day, and selenium 100 μg/day additionally to the main treatment. Patients of the second group (n = 73) received only cholecalciferol at a dose of 2000 IU/day and selenium 100 μg/day additionally to the main treatment. The functional state of the thyroid gland was studied by determining the levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine, antibodies to thyroid peroxidase (Ab-TPO) and antibodies to thyroglobulin (Ab-TG). The state of the systemic and local inflammatory process was evaluated according to parameters of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukins 6, 10, 17, and 23. Results. It should be noted all patients with AIT had changes in cytokine status, with some differences depending on the clinical variant of autoimmune thyroid disease. After three months of treatment of patients of the first group with myo-inositol at a dose of 2000 mg/day, cholecalciferol 2000 IU/day and selenium 100 μg/day, and patients of the second group only with cholecalciferol at a dose of 2000 IU/day and selenium at 100 μg /day, a significant difference was found between the indicators in both studied cohorts. Conclusions. The administration of myo-inositol, vitamin D, and selenium had a combination effect on the reduction of cytokine indicators, Ab-TPO and Ab-TG levels, which contributed to the compensation of the underlying disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Processing of Materials / Elektronnaya Obrabotka Materialov is the property of Institute of Applied Physics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Введение. Патогенетической терапией эндокринной офтальмопатии (ЭОП) средней степени тяжести является введение глюкокортикоидов (ГК), которые оказывают иммуносупрессивное, противовоспалительное, противоотечное действие. На современном этапе в составе комбинированного лечения заболевания рассматривается применение препаратов селена, пентоксифиллина, а также воздействие на параорбитальную область переменного магнитного поля. Цель исследования. Оценить результаты комбинированного консервативного лечения пациентов с ЭОП средней степени тяжести. Материал и методы. В исследование включены 25 пациентов (50 орбит) с клиническими признаками ЭОП средней степени тяжести течения заболевания. В зависимости от схемы проводимой терапии пациенты были разделены на группу А (сравнения) и группу Б (основная). Группа А (сравнения) – 10 пациентов, которые получали пульс-терапию метилпреднизолоном. Группа Б (основная) – 15 пациентов, которым назначена комбинация пульс-терапии метилпреднизолоном и разработанная схема дополнительного лечения: селен – 100 мгк 2 раза в день, в течение 6 месяцев, пентоксифиллин в дозе 600 мг 2 раза в день, 6 месяцев; низкочастотное импульсное магнитное поле, генерируемое аппаратом «УниСПОК», продолжительностью 10-20 минут, на курс лечения 8-12 процедур, проводимых ежедневно. Терапия метилпреднизолоном в виде внутривенной пульс-терапии подбиралась коллегиально врачом-эндокринологом и врачом-офтальмологом индивидуально для каждого пациента и суммарно не превышала рекомендованную для данной интенсивности процесса – 4,5 г (в среднем 4,5±0,5 г в обеих группах). Результаты. Выявлена последовательность нивелирования клинических признаков ЭОП у пациентов, получающих комбинированную терапию: снижение тремора, отека век и показателя ширины глазной щели по сравнению с исходным состоянием отмечалось уже к третьему месяцу лечения, через 6 месяцев данные показатели исчезли. Слезотечение в исследуемых группах не регистрировалось к шестому месяцу, что можно объяснить применением кортикостероидов. Достоверное уменьшение экзофтальма на разработанной терапии установлено через 6 месяцев, тогда как в группе стандартного лечения уменьшения показателя не наблюдалось. Выводы. Метод комплексного лечения ЭОП, включающий пульс-терапию метилпреднизолоном в сочетании с селеном, пентоксифиллином и магнитотерапией, эффективен при средней степени тяжести процесса, что привело к уменьшению выраженности симптомов офтальмопатии. Положительный эффект комбинированной терапии указывает на необходимость проведения курса лечения на протяжении шести месяцев.

Научная статья посвящена вопросам производства продуктов для персонализированного питания, в частности разработке рецептуры и технологии приготовления сахарного печенья для людей с предрасположенностью к возрастной макулярной дегенерации. Данная болезнь развивается у людей пожилого возраста, при этом наблюдается дегенерация макулы –наиболее значимой части сетчатой оболочки, отвечающей за остроту, резкость и уровень центрального предметного зрения. Одной из причин развития заболевания является наследственная предрасположенность. Однако развитие болезни можно приостановить в случае, если в рацион человека входят в достаточном количестве каротиноиды (лютеин и зеаксантин), а также способствующие повышению их усвояемости полиненасыщенные жирные кислоты, витамин Е и микроэлементы (цинк, селен, медь). В работе осуществлен подбор сырья, содержащего данные микронутриенты, и разработана рецептура сахарного печенья, систематическое употребление которого приведет к метилированию генов, ответственных за возникновение возрастной макулярной дегенерации. В работе произведена комплексная оценка полученных продуктов по потребительским свойствам - органолептическим и физико-химическим показателям– на соответствие требованиям национального стандарта. Для выбранного образца, значения показателей качества которого не выходило за нормируемые, произведен расчет пищевой ценности. Полученное сахарное печенье содержит необходимые для людей с предрасположенностью к возрастной макулярной дегенерации нутриенты, а также обладает высокой биологической эффективностью. Регулярное употребление в рационе данного продукта позволит предотвратить развитие заболевания на предсимптомной стадии.

Актуальність. Використання добавок дієтичних селен-білкових (ДДСБ) є актуальним із медичного та економічного погляду, оскільки може забезпечити споживачів необхідною кількістю селену та підвищити цінність і привабливість харчових продуктів. Харчування сучасної людини дуже різноманітне за складом жирових інгредієнтів. З усіх природних жирів молочний за своїм хімічним складом є найбільш складним та унікальним. ДДСБ «Сивоселен Плюс» містить у своєму складі до 10 % жиру, тому його дослідження викликають певний науковий інтерес з огляду на вищеозначене. В багатьох наукових дослідженнях газова хроматографія використовується для визначення складу не тільки жирової фракціїдобавок, що містять рослинні олії та тваринні жири, а й органічних кислот. Дослідження жирової фракції та фракції органічних кислот добавок цим методом дозволяє визначати і прогнозувати склад аналогічних фракцій у кінцевому продукті з ДДСБ. Це, зі свого боку, дозволяє контролювати комплексно якість та склад таких кінцевих продуктів. Метою дослідження є визначення кількісного та якісного складу жирних і органічних кислот у добавці дієтичній селен-білковій «Сивоселен Плюс» методом газової хроматографії та порівняння результатів визначення з показниками гіпотетично ідеального жиру. При написанні статті використовувались статистичний і фізико-хімічний методи дослідження, а саме метод газової хроматографії, за допомогою яких вирішуються наступні завдання: кількісно та якісно визначається склад жирової фракції ДДСБ; встановлюється ступінь відповідності основних показників жиру ДДСБ «Сивоселен Плюс» гіпотетично ідеальному; визначається склад органічних кислот у добавці. Результати. Досліджений жирнокислотний склад молочного жиру, молочної сироватки та ДДСБ. ДДСБ «Сивоселен Плюс» містить значну, у порівнянні із молочним жиром, кількість пальмітинової (3117,71 мг/кг), стеаринової (1618,61 мг/кг), олеїнової (1397,95 мг/кг) та міристинової (1296,69 мг/кг) жирних кислот, що підтверджується хроматограмами жирових фракцій молочного жиру і ДДСБ. Наведені основні показники гіпотетично ідеального, молочного, сироваткового жирів та ДДСБ, в результаті чого встановлено, що складом жиру, який найбільш споріднений з ідеальним, серед об’єктів дослідження володіє ДДСБ «Сивоселен Плюс» (показник співвідношення суми олеїнової та лінолевої до суми пентадеканової і стеаринової кислот збігається із показником ідеального жиру, а показники співвідношення лінолевої до ліноленової кислот та лінолевої до олеїнової наближені до значень показників ідеального жиру). Проведене дослідження складу органічних кислот ДДСБ «Сивоселен Плюс». Переважними є фракції бурштинової, азелаїнової та левулінової органічних кислот, що може бути обумовлено видом молочної продукції, з якої була отримана сироватка, умовами зберігання молочних продуктів та самої сироватки, видом мікроорганізмів, які здійснюють процес ферментації і можуть виробляти різні органічні кислоти, технологічним процесом виробництва молочної продукції та її складом. Висновки та обговорення. Аналіз жирнокислотного складу та якісного вмісту органічних кислот у ДДСБ «Сивоселен Плюс» підтвердив доцільність застосування дієтичної добавки у технологіях харчових продуктів оздоровчого призначення, оскільки остання містить достатньо поліфункціональних жирних та органічних кислот.

The effect of plasmonic nanostructures (NSs) on the Raman spectra and underlying structural changes in thin chalcogenide films is investigated. Several tens of nanometers thick As2S3 and Se films were deposited by thermal sputtering on glass and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates based on gold nanostructures for comparison. The films on glass were practically not detectable by the Raman spectroscopy. Using gold NSs as the substrates enabled reliable registration of the Raman spectra of both the As2S3 and Se films. The registered Raman spectra contained all the features usually present in the films with the thicknesses ~1 μm or more. Based on our analysis of the spectra obtained at different excitation wavelengths, we may conclude that the SERS chemical mechanism makes the main contribution to the enhancement of the Raman signal from chalcogenide films. Adjustment of the parameters of SERS substrates to tune their plasmon band position in resonance with the excitation laser radiation enables increasing the plasmonic enhancement contribution. Besides the effect of enhancement, localized plasmon resonance in the gold NSs causes local heating of the chalcogenide film around them leading to local structural transformations, which can be controlled using the Raman spectra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

В статье рассматриваются региональные географические особенности эпидемиологии хронического аутоиммунного тироидита Хасимото, болезни фон Базедова-Грейвса, гипотироза и энцефалопатии Хасимото. Обсуждается связь с доступностью ряда микроэлементов, витаминов, влияние климата, антропогенных поллютантов, а также местных особенностей питания, образа жизни, распространенности гельминтозов, специфики местных медико -профилактических программ на медицинскую географию самого распространенного аутоиммунного и эндокринного заболевания современности. В настоящее время убедительно показаны в отношении аутоиммунного тироидита: провоцирующая роль избытка йода и фтора, недостатков селена, железа, цинка, меди и магния, патогенность некоторых загрязнений (соединениями ртути, свинца, кадмия, алюминия, ванадия, полихлорбифенолами, производными диоксина, радионуклидами), неоднозначное влияние гельминтозов, а также защитное действие витаминов D и А. Авторы на основании анализа литературных и собственных данных высказываются против слепой йодной профилактики гипотироза, за ее районирование и контролирование, а также отдают предпочтение фотопериодизму и сезонным колебаниям освещенности перед температурными колебаниями в долгосрочной регуляции функций щитовидной железы. Специально рассматривается адаптация тироидной функции к экологическим условиям заполярных регионов - Арктики и Антарктиды.

The relevance of the study subject is due to the need to create effective methods for preventing the poisoning of animals with heavy metals because lead and cadmium are among the environmental pollutants that negatively affect agriculture and are potentially dangerous to animal and human health. The purpose of the study was to establish the effect of the feed additive Butaselmevit-Plus on the antioxidant protection of the rat body under the chronic action of cadmium and lead. Experimental studies were performed on 2 groups of male rats, 6 animals each. In the control and experimental groups, rats were given a 16.6% aqueous solution of lead acetate at a dose of 100 mg/kg (0.6 ml/kg) of body weight and 0.029% aqueous solution of cadmium chloride at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg (6.9 ml/kg) of body weight. In the experimental group, the rats were additionally provided with food containing the feed additive Butaselmevit-Plus in the amount of 0.1 g per 100 g of body weight. Experimental lead-cadmium toxicosis in the blood serum of rats demonstrated a substantial decrease in the indicators of the antioxidant protection system (reduced glutathione - by 38.4%, superoxide dismutase - by 27.6%, catalase - by 22.7%). On the fourteenth day of the experiment, the lowest activity of the antioxidant protection system indicators in the blood of control rats was observed with the combined administration of heavy metals. Under the experimental load of lead and cadmium, the feed additive Butaselmevit-Plus demonstrated antioxidant properties, which is due to its chemical composition (milk thistle, selenium, methionine, and vitamins). The introduction of the feed additive Butaselmevit-Plus to the rats of the experimental group contributed to an increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase in the blood serum by 22.7 and 20.7%, respectively. When providing this feed additive to rats of the experimental group, an increase in the level of reduced glutathione was also identified, which reached its maximum value on the 28th day of the experiment. Thus, the results of the study confirm the effectiveness of using the supplement Butaselmevit-Plus to improve the antioxidant status of animals in conditions of chronic intoxication of the rat body with lead and cadmium. The practical value of the results obtained is to substantiate the feasibility of using the feed additive Butaselmevit-Plus in animal husbandry to prevent the negative impact of heavy metals on the animal body [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is a review of the literature in Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine and The Cochrane Library and is devoted to the analysis of the evidence base of the use of selenium supplements for the treatment of thyroid pathology. Despite the variety of thyroid pathology: changes in size and structure, hypo- and hyperfunction, autoimmune, oncopathology, there are not so many drugs used in its medical treatment. Drugs that are justified for various thyroid pathologies include iodine, levothyroxine and, to some extent, triiodothyronine, thyrostatics (methimazole, carbimazole, propylthiouracil), radioactive iodine and glucocorticoids, such as beta-blockers. Acute thyroiditis requires the appointment of antibacterial therapy, and oncopathology — specific chemotherapeutic agents, the effectiveness of which, unfortunately, is not high, and the frequency of appointment is significant. Along with these drugs, selenium drugs have become unprecedented in the last decade in thyroid pathology as a component of possible pathogenetic therapy. These drugs are prescribed to patients with diametrically opposed functional state of the thyroid gland, autoimmune pathology, nodules. It appears that thyroid carcinogenesis remains the only pathology where the use of selenium drugs is not recommended, although there are studies that indicate a link between thyroid cancer and selenium deficiency. The results of clinical studies and meta-analyzes are provided through the prism of a survey of Italian and European endocrinologists on the appointment of selenium drugs for the treatment of relevant thyroid pathology. The lack of evidence base for the use of selenium in most types of pathology of the thyroid gland: autoimmune thyroiditis, overt and subclinical hypothyroidism, Graves’ disease. According to most studies, the supplementation of selenium to therapy increases its plasma level, affects the activity of selenoproteins and level of antithyroid antibodies, but in no way affects the main clinical parameters such as thyroid hormones, levothyroxine dose, clinical symptoms. In general, the use of selenium in thyroid pathology cannot be considered appropriate, except for a mild form of Graves’ orbitopathy. Significant differences in the data of clinical trials and recommendations of thyroid societies with a real frequency of selenium administration by practitioner for the treatment and prevention of thyroid pathology are indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study objective is to compare the level of micronutrients in men with infertility and men with normal fertility. Materials and methods. The levels of А, В9, D, Е, С vitamins in blood using high-performance liquid chromatography and selenium and zinc in hair using atomic absorption mass-spectrometry were measured in men with diagnosis of male idiopathic infertility (n = 82) and men with normal fertility (n = 93).Conclusion. Absence of a total lack of micronutrient deficiency in men with infertility was observed. Presumably, azoospermia can be associated with deficiency in some micronutrients casting doubt on the necessity of administration of multicomponent vitamin and mineral complexes.Results. Blood levels of А, D and В9 vitamins did not significantly differ in the studied groups, while differences in blood levels of С and Е vitamins and selenium and zinc in hair were statistically significant. While the levels of А, Е, В9 vitamins, selenium and zinc were in the reference ranges, vitamin C deficiency was observed in the test group and vitamin D deficiency in both groups. Higher level of selenium in the test group presumably reflects its higher metabolism due to higher influx of xenobiotics in the organism and indicates pre-deficiency state.

Terpenic alcohols linalool, nerolidol and α-terpineol were subjected to the PhSe-induced cyclization, where corresponding cyclic ethers were obtained. The heterocyclic product derived from α-terpineol is a derivate of the natural product eucalyptol, while linalool cyclization produces precursors of the natural product karahanaenone. All three cyclic ether products have an organoselenium moiety in the side chain, which can represent a significant source of bioactivities. Biological evaluation of obtained products, in vitro cytotoxicity and redox status parameters, was performed on two model systems: HCT-116 -- immortalized colon cancer cell line, and MRC-5 -- healthy fibroblasts isolated from lung pleura. The results indicate a strong prooxidative character of all compounds on colon cancer HCT-116 and healthy MRC-5 cells in the highest applied concentrations. Selectivity towards cancer cells was not observed, except when nerolidol-derived product was used for longer exposure time. A biological evaluation was conducted to establish the quantitative relationship between enhanced radical species formation and cell viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) is an enzyme that has 8 isoenzyme forms, of which GPx-1 is an obligatory intracellular enzyme, while GPx-3 is active in extracellular fluids, especially in blood plasma. The main role of GPx is the protection of cells from oxidative stress induced by free oxygen radicals. GPx activity is taken as a reliable indicator of selenium status in the human and animal organism. Selenium is introduced in organism mainly through the food chain. Ingested selenium is incorporated in the form of selenomethionine and selenocysteine into tissue proteins, i.e. enzymes. Detailed investigation related to the content of selenium in feed and domestic animals were carried out in Serbia, especially in economically significant species such as poultry, pigs, sheep and cattle. However, working coldblooded horses, especially those that are fed exclusively with locally grown feed, or are on pasture, have not been examined in detail so far. Due to their specific way of breeding, they are ideal indicators of the selenium status of monogastric herbivores in a given locality. The goal of our study was to determine the status of selenium based on the activity of GPx-1 and GPx-3 in blood samples of non-supplemented working horses in the territory of central Serbia. In our study, a total of 12 samples of horse blood taken from the localities of the municipalities of Kraljevo, Zaječar, Valjevo and Dimitrovgrad were tested as follows: 12 samples of blood plasma and 12 samples of washed erythrocytes. Measurement of GPx-3 and GPx-1 activity was carried out using the Guncler method at a wavelength of 366 nm. For each animal, during sampling, data on gender, age, vaccination and deworming, composition and origin of the given nutrients were recorded.The average activity of GPx-1 was 502.02 ± 91.77 µKat/l, and GPx-3 3.46 ± 1.02 µKat/l, which indicates the existence of a marginal selenium deficit in the population of unsupplemented working horses in the territory of central Serbia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Influence of sucrose and selenium on enzymatic activity of a pulp of cutters of infant rats is investigated. It is shown that consumption within 30 days of sucrose didn't lead to change of amount of protein, but activated demineralization processes. During this period effect of selenium as against a full-fledged diet, and high-saccharose is most expressed. By 60th day of experiment high doses of sucrose, but not selenium had bigger effect on activity of hydrolytic enzymes of a pulp of cutters of skilled animals.

Николаевское скарново-полиметаллическое месторождение расположено в Восточно-Сихотэ-Алинском вулканогенном поясе, в пределах Дальнегорского рудного района Приморья, известного серебро-полиметаллической, оловянно-полиметаллической и боросиликатной минерализацией. Основную экономическую значимость района составляют скарново-полиметаллические месторождения, из которых Николаевское - наиболее крупное. Сульфидное оруденение наложено на основную скарновую залежь Восток-1, расположенную на глубине 700-1300 м от поверхности, и «глыбовые», образованные в результате частичного или полного замещения крупных обломков известняков, на расстоянии 100-200 м выше основной. Рудные залежи имеют сложное внутреннее строение и состоят из зон, отличающихся по минеральному составу, содержанию основных и попутных компонентов (редких элементов). Исследованиями установлено распределение серебра, висмута, селена, таллия, индия и кадмия (РЭ) в различных минералах, типах руд и рудных телах Николаевского месторождения. Главным минералом-концентратором Ag, Bi, Te, Se, Tl является галенит, а In и Cd - сфалерит. В кварц-карбонат-сульфидных рудах, расположенных на верхних горизонтах скарновых рудных тел и в целом месторождения, содержание РЭ в 2 и более раз выше, чем в сульфидно-геденбергитовых, слагающих нижние горизонты оруденения. Статистически установлена геохимическая ассоциация висмута с серебром, теллуром, селеном для верхнего, а висмута со свинцом - для нижнего горизонта скарновых рудных тел. Проведен анализ поведения элементов в технологическом процессе и возможность их комплексного извлечения. Свинцовый концентрат характеризуется значительным содержанием Ag, Bi, Se, Te; цинковый - In, Cd, Ag.

The aim of the study was to compare effects of two levels of selenium yeast (SY) and sodium selenite (SS) supplementation on blood, colostrum and milk Se levels, blood chemistry parameters in dairy cows under field conditions. The study included 36 Holstein cows from 5 weeks prepartum to 12 weeks postpartum. The cows were divided into 4 treatments (n = 9): 1. Negative Control (NC) - no Se supplement; 2. Positive Control (PC) - 0.3 ppm Se (from sodium selenite); 3. S1 - 0.3 ppm Se (from selenium yeast - SELSAF®, Lesaffre Feed Additives, France); 4. S2 - 5 ppm Se (SELSAF®, Lesaffre Feed Additives, France). At 5 and 1 weeks prepartum, on the calving day, and 4, 8, 12 weeks postpartum, blood samples were taken. Colostrum and milk were collected on the calving day and 4, 8 and 12 weeks postpartum and analysed for Se content. Initial Se status in all the cows was marginal. Negative Control cows showed suboptimal blood Se levels for the whole period under study. S1 and S2 showed significantly (P < 0.01) higher values than NC and PC cows. Colostrum Se levels were significantly higher in S1 (128.17 ug/L) and S2 (155.58 ug/L) than in NC (94.68 ug/L) and PC (99.3 ug/L) cows. Overall mean milk Se levels in S1 (20.4 ug/L) and S2 (50.0 ug/L) were higher than in NC (10.9 ug/L) and PC (16.6 ug/L). Biochemical indicators of blood did not significantly differ between the treatments and were within the physiological ranges. Se levels in whole blood, colostrum and milk, and GSH-Px activity were significantly increased by selenium yeast supplementation. The response was dose dependent and consistent. Selenium from organic source was more bioavailable than selenium from sodium selenite. Dietary Se at a tolerance dose (5 ppm) had no detrimental effect on the blood chemistry parameters analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The aim of this study was determination of the stability of selenium and iodine in the functional meat products prepared with seaweeds under different cooking procedures. Materials and methods. Three edible seaweeds Fucus, Cystoseira, and Laminaria were used in the study. Different meat products with addition of seaweeds were prepared. Selenium concentration was measured using diaminonaphtalene method. Content of iodine was determined by inverse voltammetry. Results and discussion. Meat-based food products prepared with seaweeds to enrich them with iodine and selenium were proposed. Seaweed Laminaria had too high iodine and selenium contents to be used for preparation of dietary products. Cystoseira was the better source of iodine than Fucus. All ready-to-eat products with Cystoseira had higher iodine content than ones with Fucus. Iodine losses were lower and the contents of iodine in ready-to-eat products were higher in the products prepared at lower temperature 100-110 °C (steamed cutlets) in comparison with 170 °C (fried cutlets). Altogether, method used for product preparation had a great influence on iodine losses during cooking. The biggest losses were observed for products prepared in liquid: 50% iodine losses in meat balls braised in sauce and 61% in quenelles cooked in soup. Loss of iodine in dumpling was lower, 38%, maybe due to protection of meat with the dough cover. The lowest loss of iodine, around 17%, was in grilled sausages due to relatively low temperature of cooking and absence of liquid environment. Cystoseira was a lit bit better source of selenium than Fucus. All ready-to-eat products with Cystoseira had slightly higher selenium content than ones with Fucus. Influence of temperature and method for food preparation was not so evident, selenium losses varied from 19 to 27% for steam cutlets, meat balls and even for quenelles and dumpling prepared with Laminaria. The lowest loss of selenium, around 7%, was in the grilled sausages. Conclusion. Fried and steamed minced-meat cutlets, meat balls, and grilled sausages prepared with addition of 2% (w/w) of seaweeds Cystoseira or Fucus can be recommended to be used as the functional food supplying needed daily quantity of iodine and selenium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Endocrinology / Mìžnarodnij Endokrinologìčnij Žurnal is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Endocrinology / Mìžnarodnij Endokrinologìčnij Žurnal is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Endocrinology / Mìžnarodnij Endokrinologìčnij Žurnal is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Endocrinology / Mìžnarodnij Endokrinologìčnij Žurnal is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Endocrinology / Mìžnarodnij Endokrinologìčnij Žurnal is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In-plant reference material for composition of Chinese cabbage with certified selenium content was developed for accuracy control of the results of selenium determination and within-laboratory quality control of analytical work in the analysis of food raw material.

Rationale. The reference material of composition with the established metrological characteristics including a certified value and an expanded uncertainty is necessary to ensure an effective accuracy and precision control of results of element composition determination in food ingredients and products. This paper represents the development of a reference material of food crop composition for selenium, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content. Methods. To identify the selenium the hybrid atomic absorption method was used, to identify the nitrogen and phosphorus the photometric method was used, to determine the potassium flame-photometric method was used. When determining the metrological characteristics of the reference material the Russian national instructions and recommendations MI 3174-2009 and P 50.2.058-2007 were applied. Results. Based on the research findings the reference material of Chinese cabbage composition with a certified value and an expanded uncertainty was developed: for selenium 0.044 ± 0.017 mg/kg; for nitrogen 4.09 ± 0.27 %; for phosphorus 0.69 ± 0.14 %; for potassium 2.87 ± 0.22 %.

Two new organoselenium analogs, (3,3'-(1,2-phenylenebis(methylene))bis(2-selenoxo-2,3- dihydro-1H-imidazole-3,1-diyl))bis(methylene) dibenzoate (III) and 3,3'-(1,2-phenylenebis(methylene)) bis(1-benzyl-1H-imidazole-2(3H)-selenone) (V), were derived from newly synthesized organic salts 1,1'- (1,2-phenylenebis(methylene))bis(3-(2-phenoxyacetyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium) chloride (II) and 1,1'-(1,2- phenylenebis(methylene))bis(3-benzyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium) chloride (IV), and each was characterized by various analytical techniques, such as Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV-visible, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, as well as Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry/Photodiode array (UHPL-MS/PDA). All synthesized compounds were tested for their antioxidant and anticancer potential. Very good radical scavenging results were obtained for salts II and IV, with cell viability values of 84.6 ± 3.5 and 56.7 ± 5.5%, respectively, compared to their organoselenium adducts. All synthesized products showed significant activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells, but compounds II and III showed better results, with cell viability values of 40.5 ± 2.0% and 34.4 ± 1.5%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Endocrinology / Mìžnarodnij Endokrinologìčnij Žurnal is the property of Zaslavsky O.Yu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the work was to research the spectral characteristics of collagen substances bioengineered by using complex collagenolytic proteases preparation obtained before and after the immobilization of selenium compounds in acidic and alkaline media and to comparate the degree of interaction of selenium preparations with collagen matrix upon immobilization and its influence on the conformation of protein molecules. The results of the immobilization of selenium preparations on biomodified collagen by the IR spectroscopy method are presented, analyzed, and discussed. Biomodified collagen was obtained from beef trimming waste (veins and tendons) by sequential peroxide-alkaline and enzymatic hydrolysis with the food collagenase preparation. The following sources of selenium were used as compounds with bioprotective properties for subsequent immobilization on biomodified collagen proteins: 4,4-di[3(5-methyldiprazolil)]selenide (DMDPS) with the content of 0,657g DMDMS in 100 cm³ and sodium selenite. Spectrograms are carried out for products of biomodification of collagen before sorption of compounds of selenium, (at the rate of 1.2 g-6 of selenium on 1 g of collagen) in acid (рН =5) and alkaline (рН =10) environments at a research of influence of compounds of selenium on IR spectrums of products of biomodification of collagen. It was established, that the immobilization takes place by a chemical reaction of selenium preparations with functional groups of the side chains of protein molecules, and its degree varies in the range Na2SeO3 (pH=5) > 4,4-di[3(5-methyldiprazolil)]selenide (DMDPS) > Na2SeO3 (pH=10). It is shown that under the interaction of selenium products with collagen, there is no change in the conformations of its molecules occurred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biological Resources & Nature Management is the property of National University of Life & Environmental Sciences of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective – evaluating the effectiveness of dietary supplements on the basis of selenium and spirulina, vitamin and mineral complex, nutritional therapy in the adaptation of the military after community-acquired pneumonia. Methods. Three experimental groups were formed: Group 1 received vitamin and mineral complex, Group 2 – complex of spirulina supplements and dietary supplements of selenium and ascorbic acid, and Group 3 received dietary supplement spirulina. Control group received nutritional therapy. We determined the adaptation index by Garkavi L.H. and adaptive capacity by Baevskiy R.P. Studies were carried out on the day before the treatment and after 21 days. The study determined the average values, the average values deviations, the significance of differences between mean values was evaluated by Student's t-test. Results. The use of vitamin and mineral complexes allows to achieve significant reduction of adaptation index. The use of complex Spirulina plus selenium and ascorbic acid allows to achieve significant reduction in adaptive capacity to the level of satisfactory adaptation. Using only spirulina does not allow to achieve a satisfactory adaptation. Isolated nutritional therapy had no significant effect on the considered indicators. Conclusions: the military need to receive adaptogens after community-acquired pneumonia. A complex of biologically active supplements containing the combination with spirulina dietary supplement, selenium and ascorbic acid, can be recommended for this purpose.

Экспериментально установлены условия ферментативного гидролиза отходов, полученных при разделке промысловых голотурий, добываемых в морских акваториях российского Дальнего Востока. Показано, что гидролизаты содержат высокое количество тритерпеновых гликозидов, а также отличаются разнообразным составом макро- и микроэлементов, что позволяет позиционировать их как источник полезных минералов. Содержание селена настолько высоко, что 2-5 г лиофилизированного гидролизата фактически соответствуют рекомендованной суточной дозе этого элемента. Гидролизаты обладают высокой антиоксидантной активностью. Их органическая составляющая более чем на половину представлена биологически активными пептидами с молекулярной массой 2,5-5,0 кДа. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о перспективности использования отходов переработки голотурий для получения биологически активных добавок широкого спектра действия.

Aim. Study of the influence of the novel form of selenium-containing additives, selenium nanoaquachelates carboxylated with citric acid, on biomass accumulation and efficiency of the reactions of the light stage of photosynthesis in unicellular green algae Chlorella vulgaris. Materials and methods. Algae were grown under sterile conditions in 1 L flasks on liquid mineral medium at 25–26 °С. Cultures were provided with continuous irradiation with 40–42 μmol m-2·s-1 photon flux density. The solution of selenium nanoaquachelates carboxylated with citric acid was added to algal cultures immediately after inoculation. The dry mass of algae was determined gravimetrically. Modulated chlorophyll a fluorescence was measured at room temperature, and common fluorescence parameters were calculated. Results. Selenium nanoaquachelates at 0.4–4 mg/L concentrations stimulated the growth of C. vulgaris, and the increase in biomass reached 40–45%. The addition of Se nanoparticles at smaller concentrations (0.07 or 0.2 mg/L) at first caused the retardation of culture growth, but that effect disappeared after 18–24 days of cultivation. When added to C. vulgaris cultures at 0.4–4 mg/L concentrations, selenium nanoaquachelates evoked the initial increase in maximal efficiency of Photosystem II (PSII ) photochemical reactions and in the efficiency of photochemical reactions in open PSII reaction centres. After 6 days of the addition of 2 or 4 mg/L selenium nanoparticles, the fluorescence photochemical quenching coefficient also increased. As a result, the quantum yield of PSII electron transport has risen. Conclusion. Selenium nanoaquachelates carboxylated with citric acid, being added to C. vulgaris cultures at 0.4–4 mg/L concentrations, have positive effect on biomass accumulation, and transiently improve the efficiency of Photosystem II photochemical reactions as well.

The review deals with the literature data on the role of probiotics in increasing nonspecific resistance of the human body. It has been described their ability of accumulation and biotransformation selenium. The mechanisms of action of selenium in the human’s body and the ways of its biotransformation from inorganic forms to organic forms by microorganisms were elucidated. The role of probiotics and selenium in the process of normalization of the functioning of body systems were described.

In order to develop and to test the technique of restoration/preservation of fertility in prostate tuberculosis patients and to evaluate its e_ciency the open prospective comparative randomized trial was conducted which included 72 prostate tuberculosis patients. The patients were divided into 2 groups: the main group (49 patients) who had standard etiotropic treatment with sperm-protecting therapy, including selzinc plus and chorionic gonadotropic hormone and the comparison group (23 persons), who received etiotropic treatment only. Anti-tuberculosis treatment provided the negative impact on the ejaculate in prostate tuberculosis patients: two month treatment with TB drugs promoted the reduction of sperm number by 23.9% and the number pf actively moving sperms reduced by 10.6%, and the number of normal sperms reduced by 32.3%. The administration of sperm-protecting therapy increased the number of sperms by 47.8%, the actively moving forms of sperms (totally Group A and B) – by 40.5%, and the forms of normal sperms – by 41.9%.