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The process of changing the conditions of a company’s (enterprise’s) activity prompts relocation processes through the movement of its employees both within Ukraine and abroad. The relocation of companies as a response to emergency circumstances requires an understanding of their activities in terms of innovative growth rates, both in Ukraine and abroad, as well as their dynamic capabilities in management, coordination, and monitoring of various elements of the cooperation process. The purpose of this article is to analyze the issues related to possible algorithms for a company’s response to changes in the level of threats and critical risks to its operations, and to the socio-economic and legal aspects of relocation. A set of general scientific and special methods was used. The materials for the study were publications by domestic and foreign scholars, as well as norms of the current legislation of Ukraine and the EU. The article analyzes the peculiarities of company (enterprise) relocation as a mechanism that allows a company to respond promptly to changes in external socio-economic and legal factors, promising areas of relocation implementation, and its shortcomings. An analysis of relocation, which manifests itself in several dimensions, is carried out. It is argued that internal relocation is an effective mechanism for responding to emergency circumstances, such as martial law or a full-scale military invasion, while cross-border relocation is an effective mechanism in the context of EU accession and the application of relocation opportunities provided for EU member states to domestic companies. The authors of the article provide considerations on the basic tools that can serve as the foundation for the development of directives and procedures that will regulate the company’s immediate actions after relocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the legal principles of the formation and development of cross-border and regional cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union. Having summarized the entire complex of special legal literature, it is determined that the legal principles of the formation and development of cross-border and regional cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union have practically not been studied by legal science. It is established that the current policy of Ukraine is marked by a European integration priority, the implementation of which is impossible outside the format of cooperation with the European Union, including cross-border and regional cooperation. The process of forming the studied sphere of legal relations is determined, the main trends and features of the development of these relations at different stages of historical development are determined, it is determined that the functioning of cross-border and regional cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union can be possible only under the condition of sufficient and proper regulatory regulation. It has been studied that Ukraine's intentions to develop relations with the European Union were first enshrined in a Resolution of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, and later recorded in the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement between Ukraine and the European Communities and their Member States, and the requirements for cross-border and regional cooperation were defined in the Ukraine-European Union Action Plan "European Neighborhood Policy", and later became more detailed in the Association Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, on the other hand. It was found that although the analysed regulatory legal acts of Ukraine have become somewhat oriented towards the norms of European Union law in the field of cross-border cooperation and regional cooperation, they still need improvement in terms of unification of terminology in the field of cross-border cooperation and regional cooperation; clear regulation of the status of the cross-border cooperation body under the euroregional cooperation groupings, clear regulation of the competence of local authorities regarding forms of cross-border cooperation, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Respect and protection of human rights is one of the main areas of activity of the European Union in accordance with the objectives and principles of this organization, enshrined in the founding treaties. Any European country that adheres to the principles of liberty, democracy, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, as well as the rule of law, may apply to the EU with an application for membership, as provided for in the Treaty on European Union. The criteria that candidate countries must meet for accession to the European Union (the Copenhagen criteria) were approved at the meeting of the European Council in Copenhagen in June 1993. According to them, membership in the EU from the point of view of political standards requires the candidate country to have stable institutions that guarantee democracy, the rule of law, respect for human rights and the protection of minorities. Countries wishing to become members of the EU must not only enshrine the principles of democracy and the rule of law in their constitutions, but also implement them in everyday life. The constitutions of the applicant countries must guarantee democratic freedoms, including political pluralism, freedom of speech and freedom of conscience. They must establish democratic institutions and independent judicial bodies, bodies of constitutional jurisdiction, which create conditions for the normal functioning of state institutions, the holding of free and fair elections, periodic changes of the ruling parliamentary majority, as well as recognition of the important role of the opposition in political life. There is no integrated mechanism for the protection of human rights in the European Union. The national system of human rights protection operating in the Member States is complemented by a system of protection at the European Union level. In addition, the protection of human rights and freedoms is carried out within the framework of the Council of Europe, of which all Member States of the European Union are members. The formation of a system of legal norms at the European Union level that ensure the protection of human rights and freedoms has occurred gradually, and this system has significant potential for its development. Over the past 60 years, the European Union has come a long way in establishing its own system of human rights protection: from a complete rejection of the idea that the protection of human rights can take precedence over the provisions of EU law, to the development of its own catalogue of human rights, which became the Charter of Fundamental Rights. In addition, the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty introduced legal grounds for the EU to join the European Convention on Human Rights. All this raises the question for Ukraine of the need to improve its own system of human rights protection, since, according to the criteria for accession to the EU, only a state with an appropriate level of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms can become a full member of the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the work is to investigate the role of the European Union as a key partner of Ukraine in forming a new model of economic security, to analyze key aspects of cooperation, such as macro- financial assistance, harmonization of legislation and post-war recovery, and to identify prospects and challenges of Ukraine's integration into the European economic space. The research methodology is based on a comprehensive analysis of scientific and theoretical sources, regulatory legal acts of the EU and Ukraine, as well as empirical data on economic cooperation between Ukraine and the EU. The system-structural method was used to analyze cooperation mechanisms, the comparative law method to assess the harmonization of legislation, and the logical-semantic method to clarify the key concepts of the study. The study found that the European Union is a strategic partner of Ukraine, providing significant macro-financial support, contributing to the harmonization of national legislation with the acquis communautaire and playing a leading role in creating conditions for the post-war recovery of the Ukrainian economy. It is proven that the implementation of European standards in the field of economic policy creates a basis for strengthening the economic security of Ukraine. However, the study also revealed significant challenges related to the need to modernize the institutional system, adapt to European norms and overcome dependence on external financial assistance. The work offers a new approach to understanding the role of the EU in shaping the economic security of Ukraine, focusing on the complex impact of macro-financial assistance, harmonization of legislation and sanctions policy on the development of the Ukrainian economy. For the first time, the impact of post-war EU initiatives on the economic stability of Ukraine has been systematically studied. The results of the study can be used to improve the strategy of economic security of Ukraine in the context of integration into the EU. Practical recommendations can serve as a basis for developing state policies in the areas of economic development, legal regulation and investment attraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Україна неодноразово підтверджувала наміри запровадити правове регулювання систем штучного інтелекту, що, зокрема, втілилося в Концепції розвитку штучного інтелекту, схваленій у 2020 р. Потреба в регулюванні зумовлена багатьма чинниками, зокрема активним впровадженням систем штучного інтелекту в Україні та необхідністю встановлення правил розроблення та використання таких систем. Водночас дедалі частіше стверджується, що для встановлення правового регулювання Україна має врахувати підхід, який уже виробив Європейський Союз. З огляду на євроатлантичний вектор розвитку України важливо простежити генезу виникнення регулювання штучного інтелекту в ЄС, його сучасний стан та перспективи. У статті досліджено передумови виникнення правового регулювання, наведено приклади появи перших етичних стандартів регулювання штучного інтелекту та продемонстровано, як ці стандарти було втілено в нещодавно прийнятому Акті про штучний інтелект. Також розглянуто перспективи правового регулювання систем штучного інтелекту.

The article analyzes the issues related to the problems arising in the field of humanitarian assistance to Ukraine by the EU, the USA and other foreign partners of Ukraine. The author emphasizes that, given that Ukraine's foreign policy plans include integration into the European political, economic, and legal space with a view to gaining membership in the European Union, national legislation should certainly take into account generally accepted international principles, including the basic principles of humanitarian assistance. The author defines the role played by the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine in matters related to humanitarian aid as a specially authorized central executive body for ensuring equal rights and opportunities for women and men and providing humanitarian aid. It is noted that scientific research on the selected issues is currently being actively conducted. However, such research is carried out mainly in the field of criminal law, criminal procedure and criminology. There is no comprehensive study of current issues related to the legal regime of humanitarian aid, especially in view of the introduction of martial law. This, in turn, increases the relevance and timeliness of the study. The dynamics of humanitarian assistance to Ukraine by the EU and its member states, the United States, other partner countries of Ukraine, international organizations, including the United Nations, since 2014 and its strengthening since the full-scale invasion of Russia are revealed. The reasons for the current decline in humanitarian aid and possible ways out of this crisis are outlined. The author emphasizes the need to study the following main problems in this area: - the issue of existing mechanisms for the implementation and control of humanitarian assistance in terms of identifying internal and external factors of corruption risks in the performance of relevant functions by authorized state bodies in the field of humanitaria n assistance; - inconsistency of the regulatory framework of Ukraine in the field of humanitarian aid with the principles of humanitarian aid enshrined in international law; - lack of sufficient and complete legal mechanisms for implementing state control and monitoring of the procedure for recognizing cargo as humanitarian, its customs clearance, distribution and rep orting; - identification of fundamental anti-corruption safeguards that should be reflected in the procedure for importing, providing, processing, distributing and monitoring the intended use of goods recognized as humanitarian aid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines international legal standards for the formation of environmental responsibilities of man and citizen. The evolution of the formation of the system of environmental rights and responsibilities in international law, which took place in stages over several decades, is considered. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of key international documents that laid the foundation for environmental rights and responsibilities: the Stockholm Declaration of 1972, the Rio de Janeiro Declaration of 1992, and the Aarhus Convention of 1998. The author analyzes in detail universal and regional international treaties in the field of environmental protection, in particular the UN Convention on Biological Diversity, the Bonn Convention, the CITES Convention, the Bern and Ramsar Conventions. Considerable attention is paid to the study of the constitutional consolidation of environmental responsibilities in various European countries. Based on the analysis of the constitutional provisions of foreign states, the author identifies five main models of consolidation of environmental responsibilities of citizens: a general statement of the obligation to protect the environment; indication of environmental responsibilities in the context of property rights; an expanded statement of environmental responsibilities as derivatives of environmental rights; a combined approach; an expanded statement of environmental responsibilities without reference to environmental rights. Additionally, two constitutional models of establishing environmental responsibilities are distinguished - passive and active. The passive model involves refraining from actions that harm the environment, and can be implemented in two ways: as an element of the legal status of the property owner or as an independent environmental responsibility of citi zens. The conclusions emphasize the uniqueness of the institution of environmental responsibilities as a holistic legal entity and focus attention on the relatively late (second half of the twentieth century) recognition of environmental rights and responsibilities in the system of human and civil rights, which first occurred at the international level and was later implemen ted in national legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the emergence of European values in the concepts of philosophers of Ancient Greece and state thinkers of Ancient Rome. The author shows their further development under the influence of Christianity, social church doctrine, ideas of German classical philosophers, thinkers of the Enlightenment, and founders of the concept of natural law. The significance of the first European documents on the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms, in particular the Magna Charta of 1215, the Habeas Corpus of 1679, the English Bill of Rights of 1689, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789, the first constitutions in Europe, and the US Constitution (1787) are studied. The study of the genesis of the values on which the EU is based today takes into account the development of the Ukrainian state and law and their impact on this process, in particular the establishment of Greek city-states in the Southern Black Sea region, the introduction of Christianity in Kyivan Rus. The significance of the documents and treaties of Kyivan Rus and the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk (1710) in terms of their compliance with the values of the EU and their influence on their formation is clarified. Particular attention is paid to the evolution of EU values after the conclusion of the 1950 Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms within the framework of the Council of Europe and the creation of the European Communities. The author analyzes the texts of the Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (1951), the Treaty on the European Economic Community (1957), and the Single European Act (1986). The transformation of EU values and their legal nature from the Draft Treaty on a Constitution for Europe (2003) to the Charter of Fundamental Rights (2001), which became part of the Lisbon Treaty (2009), is studied in more detail. Special attention is paid to the evolution of legal terminology in EU law, when the term «principles» is still used in the text of the Treaty of Amsterdam, and the term «values» is used in the text of the Treaty of Lisbon. The author shows how values developed from philosophical, concepts, under the influence of religious and political teachings, supplemented and transformed in EU law from legal principles to values. In the final part of the article, conclusions are formulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of the European Union (EU) in ensuring Ukraine's energy security in the conditions of modem geopolitical challenges is studied. Since the onset of Russia's full-scale aggression against Ukraine, the country's energy infrastructure has suffered significant damage, leading to an energy supply crisis. In such conditions, cooperation with the EU is critically important for the restoration and stabilization of Ukraine's energy sector. The key directions and mechanisms of cooperation between Ukraine and the EU in the field of energy security, including the provision of financial assistance, technical support, as well as the implementation of joint projects in the field of renewable energy and energy efficiency, were considered. Special attention is given to the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) until 2030, developed with EU support and serving as a crucial component of Ukraine's energy security strategy. The article also analyzes the impact of the implementation of the EU Clean Energy Package on Ukraine's regulatory environment, promoting predictable conditions for investors and facilitating Ukraine's integration into the European energy market. The role of market incentives in attracting investments in renewable energy sources and their impact on Ukraine's energy security is examined. The impact of the implementation of the EU Clean Energy Package on the regulatory and legal environment of Ukraine is analyzed, which contributes to the creation of predictable conditions for investors and ensures the integration of Ukraine into the European energy market. The significant role of international cooperation and the role of international financial institutions in providing the necessary funding for the implementation of the NECP is also discussed. Particular attention is given to the potential of Ukraine's renewable energy sector, including opportunities for expanding wind, solar, biomass, and hydropower capacities. The implementation of distributed generation, energy storage systems, and microgrids, which contribute to enhancing energy independence and resilience at the community level, is also considered. Conclusions were made about the need for further close cooperation between Ukraine and the EU to ensure Ukraine's energy security, as well as Ukraine's prospects for becoming a leader in the field of renewable energy in the region. The article provides recommendations on priority areas for the development of the energy sector and measures that will strengthen Ukraine's energy security in the context of European integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article addresses the realization of economic sanctions, which have become one of the key instruments for ensuring compliance with international law, given the inability of the United Nations Security Council--paralyzed by Russia's veto power--to fulfill its primary role of maintaining international peace and security. Particular attention is given to the realization of economic sanctions in the European Union (EU), which, alongside the United States, currently serves as a leading proponent of these coercive measures. The focus on the EU is explained by Ukraine's aspirations for EU membership, which necessitates the systematic alignment of national legislation with EU law, as well as by the critical need to ensure the effective implementation of economic sanctions, which today represent one of the few viable tools for influencing violators of international law. In this context, the article aims to analyze the practice of economic sanctions realization in the EU and to identify the problematic aspects that affect the effectiveness of these coercive measures. To achieve this goal, the process of sanctions realization in the EU is divided into three stages: the initiation and imposition of sanctions, their implementation, and the monitoring and evaluation phase. It is established that the initiation and imposition stage faces significant challenges, including the need to reach consensus among EU member states on sanction decisions, which can be complicated by the divergent political interests of individual European countries, the timely adoption of the necessary legal acts by the Council of the EU, and the legality of these measures. In contrast, the implementation stage is characterized by the lack of a unified approach to transposing economic sanctions into the national legal frameworks of EU member states, which hinders the effective enforcement of sanction regimes. The monitoring and evaluation stage reveals issues such as the lack of sufficient resources in EU member states to fulfill their reporting obligations to the European Commission regarding the implementation of EU sanctions legislation, the complexity and ambiguity of EU acts in the area of restrictive measures, the unclear definition of the objectives of economic sanctions, and the absence of a unified system for evaluating the effectiveness of sanction measures. The author emphasizes that these factors negatively impact the achievement of the goals at this stage, which in turn undermines the overall effectiveness of EU restrictive measures. The article stresses that the identified shortcomings in the EU's sanction implementation practices could serve as a foundation for improving domestic sanctions legislation and enhancing its effectiveness. In particular, it is recommended to develop mechanisms for the monitoring and evaluation of sanctions effectiveness, introduce liability for violations of sanction laws, and authorize a designated state body to provide clarifications on compliance with sanction regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the transformation of the intellectual property rights protection system in the context of advancing artificial intelligence technologies, with a particular focus on the challenges faced by Ukrainian researchers and scientific institutions, as well as the potential for adapting successful EU experiences. The relevance of this research is driven by several factors. Firstly, the increase in data volumes and computing power has facilitated new approaches in science, where AI plays a crucial role in analysing and interpreting results. Secondly, traditional intellectual property protection mechanisms are proving inadequate as AI algorithms independently generate new knowledge. Thirdly, Ukraine's integration into the European research area necessitates the harmonization of intellectual property protection approaches, considering the specificities of AI usage. The current state of AI utilization in scientific research is analysed, including the automation of data collection and analysis, the acceleration of scientific discoveries, and the evolving role of researchers. Key risks to intellectual property rights protection are identified, particularly concerning authorship issues related to works created with the assistance of artificial intelligence, difficulties in tracking original sources, and the risks of unauthorized use of scientific data. Special attention is given to analysing the European regulatory experience regarding AI use, particularly the provisions of new EU legislation in the field of AI and its significance for safeguarding researchers' rights. A comprehensive approach to addressing the identified issues is proposed, incorporating both legal mechanisms (harmonization of legislation with EU norms) and technological solutions for protecting researchers' rights. Such solutions may include blockchain technologies, digital rights management systems, and plagiarism detection tools. Ensuring a balance between the principles of open science and the protection of intellectual property rights is an essential task. This can be achieved through the implementation of flexible licensing models and the use of AI technologies to monitor compliance with rights. It is recommended that the use of AI in scientific research be explicitly noted in the methodology, and that all data generated by artificial intelligence undergo thorough verification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the legal status of the high representative of the European Union for foreign affairs and security policy. It has been discovered that the High Representative of the EU for foreign affairs and security policy is appointed by the European Council by a qualified majority of votes in agreement with the President of the European Commission and with the consent of the European Parliament. The High Representative is responsible to the European Commission, the Council of the EU and the European Parliament. The European Parliament can announce a vote of no confidence in the European Commission, which will result in the resignation of the EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, who will at the same time retain his position in the Council of the EU until the appointment of a new member of the European Commission. The High Representative of the EU heads the Council of Foreign Affairs and contributes with his proposals to the preparation of a common foreign and security policy and ensures the implementation of decisions approved by the European Council and the Council of the EU. The High Representative of the EU for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy is one of the deputy heads of the European Commission. The main task of the High Representative in this position is to ensure the coherence and consistency of the external activities of the European Union. The high representative of the EU for foreign affairs and security policy is assisted by the European External Action Service in the exercise of his powers. It was determined that the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy performs the following tasks: participation in the work of the European Council; conducting and implementation of common foreign policy and security policy; the role of the Deputy Chairman of the European Commission; management of the EEAS, including EU representations; mediation; a request to the Committee on Policy and Security to obtain an opinion from the common foreign policy and security policy; the right to develop the CSDP project (perhaps jointly with the European Commission); coordination of civil and military aspects; management of the mission assigned by the Council of the EU to a group of member states; cooperation on the implementation of structural cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the ever-evolving landscape of modern finance, virtual assets have emerged as transformative elements, propelled by blockchain technology. This article delves into the European system of regulation governing virtual assets, exploring the roles played by both supranational and state authorities in fostering innovation and mitigating risks. The European Union (EU) has responded to the challenges posed by virtual assets through a harmonized regulatory framework, with directives and regulations shaping its approach. The EU’s regulatory landscape is characterized by the proactive stance of the European Commission, which introduced the Fifth Anti-Money Laundering Directive (AMLD5) and the Digital Finance Package, encompassing proposals like the Digital Operational Resilience Act (DORA) and the Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA) regulation. These initiatives aim to provide comprehensive regulation for crypto-assets, enhance transparency, and ensure operational resilience within the financial sector. Supranational entities like the European Banking Authority (EBA) and the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) contribute by offering guidelines and overseeing compliance. The EBA, in particular, emphasizes the risks associated with virtual currencies, urging consumers to remain vigilant. ESMA’s role extends to supervising the application of MiCA across member states, ensuring a consistent interpretation of regulations. National authorities retain autonomy in implementing EU directives, transposing them into national law to address local circumstances. Financial Intelligence Units (FIUs) and prudential supervisory bodies collaborate to combat money laundering, terrorist financing, and oversee financial institutions involved in virtual asset activities. Challenges persist, including technological complexity, cross-border transactions, and regulatory fragmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the ever-evolving landscape of modern finance, virtual assets have emerged as transformative elements, propelled by blockchain technology. Looking forward, the article proposes strategic considerations for effective regulation, emphasizing dynamic updates, global coordination, technologyagnostic approaches, enhanced surveillance, stakeholder education, regulatory sandboxes, collaboration with industry players, and staying abreast of technological innovation. The European regulatory framework for virtual assets represents a dynamic and evolving approach. While the MiCA Regulation and oversight by ESMA and EBA provide a foundation, collaboration between supranational and state authorities remains paramount for an effective and balanced regulatory environment. As virtual assets continue to evolve, regulators must strike the right balance between fostering innovation and ensuring market integrity and investor protection within the EU. In the complex landscape of virtual assets, it is clear that anticipating and addressing future challenges is essential for effective pan-European regulation. The dynamic nature of blockchain technology and its applications requires regulators to take a progressive approach. In the pursuit of a sustainable regulatory framework, certain considerations arise that shape the future trajectory of virtual asset regulation. As virtual assets continue to evolve, regulators must remain vigilant, fostering innovation while safeguarding against risks. Regulatory frameworks must be agile, globally coordinated, and adaptable to technological advancements to strike the right balance between fostering innovation and ensuring market integrity and investor protection. The collaboration between supranational and state authorities is paramount to achieving a balanced and effective regulatory environment that promotes the responsible and secure use of virtual assets within the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It analyzes the legal differences in the regulation of national armed forces between EU member states and how these differences constitute significant obstacles to the creation of a single army of the European Union. The discussion covers historical attempts and current debates around European defense integration, highlighting the tension between national sovereignty and collective security. The article examines the role of NATO, various national interests, and the legal, political and financial challenges that prevent the creation of a cohesive EU military force. These factors contribute to further dependence on national defense structures and NATO, and not to the formation of a single European military entity The author concludes that the main reasons why the EU may not create a common army in the near future include: national sovereignty (each EU country has its own army and military policy. Many countries fear losing control over their national security and sovereignty by handing these issues at the EU level), different strategic interests (EU member states have different foreign policy and security interests, which complicates the formation of a unified approach to defense issues), NATO membership (most EU countries are also NATO members, already have a system of collective security, which has been functioning for decades, the creation of a separate EU army may cause duplication of functions and even disputes with NATO), financial costs (the creation and maintenance of an army at the EU level would require significant financial costs, which may be too burdensome for some countries, especially against the background of economic difficulties), political will (creating a joint army requires a strong political will and agreement among all EU members. At the moment there is no such unity), institutional and legal challenges (implementing new institutional structures and legal frameworks for a joint army would require considerable time and effort, which also slows down the process). These factors have proven to make the creation of an EU army a complex and possibly long-term process that may never be completed [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fintech technologies have achieved great success in expanding access to payment services in some countries of the world. They are used by major digital platforms to fill gaps in the traditional payment system. More and more companies around the world are embracing Fintech and moving to the latest technologies that can lead to significant efficiency gains in the financial sector, including payments, financing, investments, asset management and insurance. However, they can also pose risks to the stability and integrity of the financial system, especially when they operate outside the scope of financial regulation and supervision. Every country in the world is unique, each country has its own legislation and its own approach to legal regulation of Fintech. Currently, there is no single legal act in the world that would regulate Fintech in absolutely all countries. Just as there is no single tax code in the world, there cannot be a single regulatory act regulating Fintech, because each country has its own legislation, traditions, culture, etc., so the approach to Fintech in each country is individual. The article analyzes the experience of legal regulation of the Fintech market in the European Union and examines in depth the experience of the Kingdom of Belgium. The Fintech legal regulation of the Kingdom of Belgium is based on EU directives, regulations, resolutions and other legal acts, which are the basis of Belgian law. Belgian fintech legislation is adapted to the norms of the European Union and defines the “rules of the game” for Fintech services in Belgium, allowing Belgian authorities to carry out financial regulation, supervision, control over Fintech platforms for their compliance with relevant laws, regulations, standards, which enable government agencies to fight cybercrime, money laundering, bring perpetrators to justice, and provide Fintech platforms with corporate transparency, integrity, and consumers with protection from cybercrime, fraud, and other crimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is indicated that the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, which has been going on for the third year, and the progress of European integration processes taking place in our country, require overcoming challenges in the field of higher legal education. One of the important such challenges is the increase in demand from employers for qualified graduates of higher educational institutions who have modern theoretical and practical training in the fields of tax, administrative, contractual, economic and corporate law. At the same time, there is a high demand among employers for specialists who specialize in the field of corporate relations for legal support of the business activities of international corporations working in the agricultural and other sectors of the Ukrainian economy; participation in international and national arbitration and commercial courts in the consideration of corporate disputes in the interests of companies that do not fulfill their obligations in favor of counterparties that maintain relations with the aggressor state or sanctioned persons; judicial protection of corporate rights of foreign and domestic investors; protection in international arbitrations of the interests of Ukrainian business companies that supply material property for the Armed Forces of Ukraine in case of violation of their obligations to them by foreign companies; participation in legal proceedings regarding the recovery of funds and other assets from sanctioned persons in favor of Ukraine or its business entities, etc. The article examines ways of reforming higher legal education in the conditions of armed aggression of russian federation against Ukraine and its European integration into the European Union. The current requirements of employers for law graduates of higher educational institutions are analyzed. The proposed vectors of reforming the educational process, in particular, from the corporate law course, through the introduction of innovative educational programs that meet international world standards, including EU requirements in the field of higher legal education. The need to develop and use interdisciplinary educational programs for the training of lawyers is substantiated. It is recommended that a separate section in these programs provide for the teaching of a corporate law course. Suggested topics from this course include, in particular, corporate law under martial law; adaptation of Ukrainian corporate legislation to the legislation of the European Union - status and prospects; the accession of Ukraine to the European Union as a factor in its victory over russian aggressor country and other topics. A comparative analysis of EU directives and regulations and Ukrainian legislation regulating corporate relations was made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses the reasons and potential consequences of the abolition of the Commercial Code of Ukraine. It is noted that the Ukrainian legal system, like any other, must adapt to changes in society. Among the key factors influencing the need for changes are European integration processes and the consequences of the Russian-Ukrainian war. It also highlights internal problems and contradictions between different legislative acts that need to be resolved. The Commercial Code of Ukraine was adopted in 2003 to regulate economic relations between business entities and public authorities. It consisted of nine chapters covering various aspects of economic activity. Over time, shortcomings of the Code were identified, such as fragmentation of legal provisions and conflicts of consistency with other legislative acts. This necessitated its revision and improvement. It is emphasised that there are several approaches to solving the problem. Some experts believe that the contradictions between the Commercial and Civil Codes can only be resolved by cancelling the Commercial Code. Others are convinced that the Code can be modernised by removing contradictory provisions and harmonising it with other legislation. The abolition of the Commercial Code may lead to significant changes in the legal framework, create a period of legal uncertainty and cause problems for legal entities engaged in economic activity. However, it may also help to simplify the legal regulation of economic relations, making it more transparent and understandable for business entities in other societies. This can create the basis for the development of the business sector and attract investment to our country. It is important to carefully prepare for the abolition of the Commercial Code, ensure a smooth transition to the new legal framework and minimise possible risks to Ukraine’s economy and legal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the main directions of harmonization of Ukrainian tax legislation in accordance with the EU standards, key measures to optimize the taxation system of Ukraine in accordance with European norms. Considerable attention is paid to the harmonization of Ukraine's tax policy with the approaches used in the EU. The article identifies the main principles and objectives of the EU tax policy, analyses the priority areas for improving the Ukrainian tax system in the context of its adaptation to European standards. The author emphasizes that direct taxation in the EU is based on harmonization of standards for taxation of individuals and legal entities, especially in the context of preventing tax evasion and resolving the issue of double taxation. Ukraine has already implemented some European and international standards, which helps to stabilize the basic principles of taxation, create a coherent tax base and improve the mechanisms of tax assessment and collection. The author comes to the conclusion that at the present stage the main difficulties of the Ukrainian tax system include: predominance of the fiscal function of taxes over the regulatory function; numerous regulations from other areas of law which partially regulate tax relations; insufficient level of legal guarantees for all participants of tax relations. Considerable attention is paid to the analysis of international experience in the field of indirect taxation, which demonstrates the effectiveness of accumulating tax revenues for economic development, supporting low-income groups of the population, stimulating scientific and technological progress and increasing the country's labor potential. The article suggests ways to overcome the challenges in harmonizing the tax legislation of Ukraine and the EU. Integration into the EU is a priority of Ukraine's foreign policy, and harmonization of legislation is an important step in this process. Improving the efficiency of the tax system contributes not only to the financial stability of the state, but also to the intensification of business activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is indicated that the migration policy of the European Union has come a long way of evolution from individual national approaches to the formation of a single comprehensive system for managing migration flows. The creation of the Schengen area and the introduction of common border control standards laid the foundation for the further development of EU migration legislation, which today covers a wide range of issues - from granting asylum to combating illegal migration. The article examines the evolution of legal regulation of migration control in the European Union from its foundation to the present day, with a special emphasis on the changes caused by the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Five main stages of the development of EU migration legislation and their characteristic features are analyzed. The first stage, which was characterized by the lack of a systematic approach to migration regulation, and the second stage, the key event of which was the adoption of Regulation 1612/68, are considered in detail. The significance of this document for establishing the principle of nondiscrimination of workers and the right to family reunification is examined. Important court decisions that shaped the practice of applying the Regulation and influenced the further development of migration legislation are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the third stage, when migration issues were transformed from the economic sphere into the political sphere. The role of the Special Group on Immigration (TREVI) and the importance of the Schengen Agreement in the formation of a common EU migration policy are highlighted. The fourth stage, which began in the 2010s and was characterized by the emergence of new challenges for the EU migration policy, in particular the crisis of 2014-2015, is analyzed. The modern stage of legal regulation of migration control, which began after the Russian invasion of Ukraine, is examined in detail. The unprecedented application of the Directive on Temporary Protection and the implementation of a set of measures to support Ukrainian refugees are analyzed. Key changes in legal regulation are identified, including operational measures at the borders, financial support, coordination between Member States and integration measures. Based on the research conducted, a conclusion was drawn about the EU's ability to adapt its legal mechanisms to new challenges and about the possibility of using the experience of responding to the Ukrainian crisis as a model for the further development of the EU's migration policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the key elements and criteria for European integration, focusing on the specifics of establishing new connections between Ukraine and EU member states. The study analyses the dynamics and structure of Ukraine's trade turnover from 2013 to 2023, highlighting a significant increase in trade volumes with EU countries following Russia's invasion in 2022. It explores the importance of regulating migration processes and enhancing economic security as part of Ukraine's path towards European integration. The research emphasises the need for greater transparency and cooperation between the state, businesses, and civil society to accelerate Ukraine's integration process. The analysis underscores the pivotal role of legislative initiatives in fostering a favourable business environment and promoting harmonious socioeconomic relations among stakeholders. The findings of the study hold practical significance in the context of developing harmonious socioeconomic relations among participants in global production processes. This article examines the key elements and criteria of European integration, focusing on the establishment of new ties between Ukraine and EU member states. The study analyses the dynamics and structure of Ukraine's trade turnover from 2013 to 2023, highlighting a significant increase in trade volumes with EU countries following Russia's invasion in 2022. It explores the importance of regulating migration processes and enhancing economic security as integral parts of Ukraine's path toward European integration. The research emphasises the need for greater transparency and collaboration between the state, businesses, and civil society to accelerate Ukraine's integration process. The analysis underscores the pivotal role of legislative initiatives in creating a favourable business environment and fostering harmonious socioeconomic relations among stakeholders. The study's findings have practical relevance in the context of developing harmonious socioeconomic relations among participants in global production processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of protecting the rights of stateless persons remains relevant despite a number of international treaties aimed at preventing this negative legal phenomenon. The purpose of this article is to research and establish the peculiarities of the regulation of the legal status of stateless persons in the law of the European Union. The relevance of the chosen topic is due to the lack of comprehensive research and domestic science, as well as the need to study the legal standards of the European Union in the context of acquiring membership in this organization and the need to bring domestic legislation to the EU acquis. It has been established that the legal regime applied to stateless persons is close to that applied to persons who have the citizenship of third countries. At the same time, EU member states retain the right to determine the content of national citizenship, in particular, the grounds for acquisition and loss. However, this should take place taking into account their international obligations, as well as obligations related to EU membership, and be based on the principles of non-discrimination, legal certainty, ensuring gender equality, etc. Current EU regulations contain only minimum legal standards for the rights of stateless persons, which must be ensured by member states in their national legislation. It has been demonstrated that the lack of a single legislative approach to the definition of a stateless person among the EU member states can have negative consequences. Conclusions. The key practical problem in EU law today remains the need to introduce a single, unified for EU member states approach to determining a stateless person, as well as measures aimed at reducing cases of statelessness. Further development of EU law in this area should be aimed at convergence of the legislation of the member states in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Today, the Eurasian Economic Union (hereinafter the EAEU) has formed its own labour market; however, in the current international environment, issues related to ensuring the health protection of migrants and their access to employment persist. Despite ongoing efforts within the EAEU to develop and deepen Eurasian integration and improve the regulatory framework, there is a need in the age of digitalisation to develop better access for workers to social protection and medical support systems. The relevance of this scientific article lies in the presence of problematic issues related to the fact that many migrants are not registered and lack the documentation to protect them legally and financially; this situation contributes to the development of informal employment and low labour productivity. Although the EAEU countries have established working and socioeconomic conditions, the issue of ensuring health protection, access to work, and social protection for labour migrants remains unsolved. Methods: This article employs various methods of scientific cognition, including historical and legal analysis, comparative legal study, induction and deduction, as well as analysis and synthesis. It also applies the acts and regulations of the ILO. What is the role of protecting the socio-economic and labour rights of migrant workers as the main task of receiving states? In law enforcement practice, to what extent do the provisions of international agreements on the organised hiring of workers between receiving countries and countries of origin of migrants ensure the adaptation of migrants to the legal regime of the host country, the participation of migrants in the functioning of civil society institutions, and the monitoring of migration processes? How does national regulation of labour migration in integration associations of states rationally organise their actions on the principles of national treatment for migrant workers? Labour migration strengthens integration unions, creating strong social ties and developing civil society institutions within the boundaries of integration associations. Since state sovereignty is inextricably linked to the protection of the interests of fellow citizens in regulating labour migration, all states participating in regional integration are called upon not only to protect the rights of migrant workers but also to provide all conditions for migrants to fulfil their obligations to civil society. The study examined the free movement and provision of labour and social guarantees for labour migrants in the EAEU and compared their situation in the EU. It also surveyed labour migrants in the EAEU by questioning workers in education, medical care, and various private sectors. This article is based on the results of this study. This article examined the challenges in providing guarantees and social protection for EAEU labour migrants. It proposed improvements to legal regulatory mechanisms and outlined recommendations for improving and expanding opportunities for free movement while better safeguarding the social and labour rights of migrants in the EAEU. The study's primary objectives were as follows: - Examining the provisions of the ILO Convention on migrant workers. - Collecting and analysing data on labour movement across the EAEU - Analysing international EU treaties regarding the legal status of migrant workers - Interviewing migrant workers in the EAEU on issues related to their provision of rights and guarantees under the EAEU Treaty. Results and conclusions: This study highlights the need to organise safe labour migration, provide labour migrants with full access to digital services, improve the system of vocational and technical education in line with labour market demands, as well as develop and implement a unified system for ensuring the safety of workers and their families. Successful adaptation in the host country is identified as a critical factor for both labour migrants and their families. The authors recommend adding a dedicated chapter to the EAEU treaty that would comprehensively address labour and social rights, along with their guarantees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By the example of one post-Soviet state, namely, Estonia, the article reviews the trends of world political and economical development that have been manifested in specific international factors that affect all countries. The survey's time scope includes three recent decades facing crucial change in the world order in crisis circumstamces, its key trend being the strife of democratic powers oriented towards the West with its priority of innovative development, against tyranny which is archaic and mostly pertinent to the East. One of the leading trends in global history is the collision of civilizations, exacerbated in the late XX -- early XXX cc. Some lands have found themselves in the limes, i.e. at the margins of empires or civilizations. The Baltic states, as well as Ukraine, are among such countries. A true war of civilizations is taking place, centered in Ukraine and "irradiating" to other territories. The present study is relevant to the importance of Baltic, Estonian experience of survival and development in a crisis not only civilizational, but also in the crisis of a phase transition -- from industrial to postindustrial / information society, where aiming to the European historical and cultural community is an essential requirement. Revealed is the main and manifold threat to independent progress from the Russian part. Specific consideration is given to the grounds and ways of cooperation between Estonia and Ukraine in countering imperialism and aggression. It's proven that it was Estonia's orientation towards Europe, and Europe towards Estonia, that had played the decisive role in strengthening democracy and all things that it fosters -- from free market to improved living.The way to EU and NATO, the safeguarding powers, was not fast and easy. Also emphasized is the Estonians' innovative approach to solving the resource problem while postmaterial values and the human factor gain essential importance. In the Estonian case, mentality played a substantial role: combining traditional diligence in reaching goals with creative ability that has become the main leverage of change in times of world order transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

В статті аналізуються питання, пов’язані із проблемами, що виникають у сфері надання Україні гуманітарної допомоги країнами ЄС, США та іншими іноземними партнерами України. Наголошено на тому, що у зв’язку із тим, що зовнішньополітичними планами України є інтеграція в європейський політичний, економічний, правовий простір з метою набуття членства в Європейському Союзі, безумовно, національне законодавство повинно враховувати загальноприйняті міжнародні принципи в тому числі базові принципи здійснення гуманітарної допомоги. Визначено роль, що відіграє Міністерства соціальної політики України в питаннях, пов’язаних із гуманітарною допомогою, як спеціально уповноважений центральний орган виконавчої влади з питань забезпечення рівних прав та можливостей жінок і чоловіків, надання гуманітарної допомоги. Зазначено, що наразі активно здійснюються наукові дослідження обраної проблематики. Однак такі дослідження здійснюються переважно у сфері кримінального права, кримінального процесу та кримінології. Комплексне дослідження сучасних проблем щодо правового режиму гуманітарної допомоги, особливо, зважаючи на введення воєнного стану, відсутнє. Що у свою чергу посилює рівень актуальності та своєчасності здійсненого дослідження. З’ясовано динаміку надання Україні гуманітарної допомоги ЄС та його державами-членами, США, іншими країнами-партнерами України, міжнародними організаціями, зокрема ООН, з 2014 р. та її посилення з часу повномасштабного вторгнення рф. Позначено причини сучасного спаду надання гуманітарної допомоги і можливі шляхи виходу з цієї кризи. Акцентовано увагу на необхідності дослідження таких основних проблемах в означеній сфері: питання діючих механізмів здійснення та контролю гуманітарної допомоги з точки зору визначення внутрішніх та зовнішніх факторів корупційних ризиків у виконанні відповідних функцій уповноваженими державними органами у сфері гуманітарної допомоги; невідповідність нормативно-правової бази України в сфері гуманітарної допомоги принципам надання гуманітарної допомоги закріпленим у міжнародному праві; відсутність достатніх і завершених правових механізмів реалізації державного контролю і моніторингу процедури визнання вантажу гуманітарним, його розмитнення, розподілу та звітування; визначення принципових антикорупційних запобіжників, що мають бути відображені в процедурі ввезення, надання, оформлення, розподілу і контролю за цільовим використанням товарів, визнаних гуманітарною допомогою.

The article is dedicated to analyzing the cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union, which began with the signing of the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement in 1994 and reached a new level after the signing of the Association Agreement in 2014. The focus is on the impact of this agreement on Ukraine's domestic and foreign policies, particularly in the context of sustainable development and ensuring environmental security. The article examines the role of international agreements in regulating Ukraine's environmental policy, particularly the principles of preventive measures and the use of natural resources within the framework of sustainable development. Despite the formal incorporation of relevant provisions in international treaties, the real situation regarding environmental security remains challenging due to the conflict between the economic interests of developed countries and transnational corporations and the demands of environmental protection. The article separately addresses the influence of international law on the development of Ukraine's energy policy and its integration into the pan-European energy space. The importance of transitioning to renewable energy sources and the role of the European Union in financing and supporting such projects are analyzed. It is noted that sustainable development and environmental protection should become priorities within the framework of Ukraine's energy security policy. The article also outlines the main challenges Ukraine faces in the context of international environmental security, particularly the insufficient effectiveness of international organizations in recognizing and counteracting environmental crimes. Despite this, the importance of cooperation with the EU to achieve a stable deceleration of environmental degradation is emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to clarifying the peculiarities of the international and European standards of regulation of the institute of whistleblowers. It was found that whistleblowers play an important role in detecting violations that can cause significant damage to society, accordingly, international and European standards protect not only the right of every person to disclose information of public interest, but also the rights of persons who report such information (whistleblowers). It has been established that the concept of «whistleblower» is most widely interpreted by Directive 2019/1937 of the EU and the Council of the EU on the protection of persons who report violations of Union legislation. It was determined that the standards for the protection of the rights of whistleblowers, but only in the field of corruption, are contained in the UN Convention against Corruption, the Criminal Convention on the Fight against Corruption, the Civil Convention on the Fight against Corruption, among them, in particular, the duty of the states that have joined them to determine the competent authority(ies) for reporting whistleblowers and the ability to provide them with the protection they need. At the same time, attention is focused on the fact that EU Directive 2019/1937, in contrast to the mentioned acts, more broadly defines the standards for the protection of whistleblower rights, in particular: it extends its effect simultaneously to the private and public sectors, provides for the protection of not only persons who report violations, but also of persons who contributed to such a report, relatives, colleagues of whistleblowers, etc., as well as persons who suffered from false reports of whistleblowers, which minimizes abuse of the latter's status (protection). The essential role of the ECtHR's practice in establishing standards for the regulation of the whistleblower institute is emphasized. It was found out that the ECtHR determines the very concept of «exposure» as one of the manifestations of freedom of expression, which is guaranteed by Article 10 of the Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and provides for adequate protection for whistleblowers from arbitrary interference in the exercise of this freedom and retaliation for the consequences of its exercise. Analysis of the practice of the ECtHR shows that the court is gradually expanding the standards of protection of whistleblowers, emphasizing their role in exposing violations in various areas and protecting public interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the study of the protection of the rights of foreign investors during the state of war in Ukraine. The author focuses on the fact that this topic is currently relevant due to the fact that the reconstruction of Ukraine will become necessary. The war caused the outflow of foreign investments from our country. In addition, corruption, pressure from the authorities, and unfair justice are the reasons why foreign investors leave Ukraine. Every investor aspires to work in a state where law and justice reign, so Ukraine, which aspires to membership in the European Union, should create just such a state. Therefore, its primary task is to create a favorable business climate for foreign investors to carry out their activities. Current Ukrainian legislation guarantees compensation and indemnification of losses to a foreign investor, guarantees are also provided in case of termination of investment activity; state guarantees for the protection of foreign investments are defined. In accordance with the Law of Ukraine «On State Support of Investment Projects with Significant Investments in Ukraine», the state provides support to large investment projects. In connection with the introduction of the state of war in Ukraine in 2024, the Law of Ukraine on the insurance of investments against war risks entered into force. The Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine established a credit agency that provides investment insurance. Although the war made Ukraine unattractive to foreign investors, the authorities are taking all possible measures to improve the country's investment climate. The author draws attention to the need to study and transpose the experience of successful countries in this regard. For example, Australia offers quite good conditions to foreign investors - consistent economic growth, highly qualified labor force, strategic location, efficient administration and judicial system, and good infrastructure. Mexico is also attractive to foreign investors, the «Invest in Mexico» business center has been created to assist investors. The war is an accelerant for positive changes in the state, and after its end, the reconstruction of Ukraine is an important task, therefore the efforts of all branches of government should be directed at overcoming all obstacles to the effective work of foreign investors in our state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of studying the Vision Zero strategy is driven by the growing challenges in road traffic safety faced by modern societies. Despite advances in technology and infrastructure, the number of fatalities and injuries in road accidents remains a significant issue, requiring new approaches for resolution. In the context of increased attention to sustainable development and reducing the negative impact on the environment, Vision Zero offers innovative solutions aimed at harmonizing human safety with the ecological and economic demands of modern transportation systems. The Vision Zero strategy represents a modern and ambitious approach to road safety, aiming for the complete elimination of deaths and serious injuries on the roads. This study is dedicated to a comprehensive analysis of the main goals and principles of the Vision Zero strategy, as well as its application in the context of road safety within the European Union. The aim of the study is to thoroughly examine the key objectives of Vision Zero, such as achieving zero fatalities in traffic accidents and reducing serious injuries. Special attention is given to defining serious injuries and methods to reduce them, including both technical and infrastructural solutions. The paper discusses the core principles of the strategy, including ensuring the safety of vehicles, infrastructure, and driver behavior, as well as the principles of a systems approach and proactive risk management. The findings of the study confirm that the Vision Zero strategy is an effective tool for reducing the number of traffic accidents and serious injuries, due to its comprehensive approach to road safety. Specifically, the research shows that achieving Vision Zero's goals has a significant socio-economic impact, including reduced medical costs and improved quality of life for citizens. The realization of these goals also promotes the implementation of new technologies and innovations in the field of safety, making transportation systems more efficient and reliable. By analyzing and justifying the importance of achieving the Vision Zero goals, the study underscores the need for a comprehensive approach to managing road safety and demonstrates the potential of this strategy to ensure a safer and more sustainable transportation environment in the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is determined that the process of cooperation within the framework of the European Union has increased the need for identification and exchange of legal information coming from regional and national authorities at the European level. This need is partially met by digitally accessible legal information and the widespread use of the Internet. However, the exchange of legal information is largely limited by the differences that exist in different national legal systems, as well as the differences in their technical systems used to store and display the law on their respective websites. This hinders interaction between the information systems of national and European institutions, despite the increase in the availability of documents in electronic format. At the same time, the interconnection of national and international legal information from various sources and their presentation in the form of linked data of legal knowledge will undoubtedly improve the process of searching for legal information, expanding the possibilities of inquiries that are not currently possible. Moreover, in an increasingly digital society, where the number of cross-border civil and criminal proceedings is rapidly increasing, and given the complex diversity of different legal systems in the EU Member States, the simplification and facilitation of cross-border judicial cooperation is essential to ensure effective access of citizens and businesses to justice. At the same time, the system of identification and metadata should be well known to citizens and specialists in the field of law. In addition, to increase the chances of finding case law that is supported by an identifier and metadata, these court decisions should be searchable - by identifier and a minimal set of metadata - through a common interface. The exchange of digital evidence in the EU is also an important aspect. Currently, countries cooperate using private international law in cross-border criminal cases and exchange digital evidence based on these tools. The choice of tool depends on the countries involved and the type of information required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relevance. Enhancing the development of the machinery manufacturing sector significantly contributes to realizing sustainable economic development goals, thereby fostering sustainable growth opportunities across various scales, ranging from local to global. The active advancement of the machine-building sector, which serves as the foundation for sustainable societal progress, demands careful consideration of key factors for the effective operation of machinery manufacturing enterprises with investments being one of the foremost. This highlights the imperative for comprehensive research into the tangible impact of investments in securing the sustainable growth of machine-building businesses. Objective. The paper targets the conduct of analytical research on investment practices and approaches adopted by machine-building enterprises in European Union countries to specify the key investment factors for their sustainable development. Methods. The research is based on both general scientific and specialized methods of economic theory, including methods of theoretical synthesis and comparative analysis. Throughout the research, statistical data from the European Union regarding the operation and performance of machinery manufacturing enterprises were utilized and processed using analysis methods, including comparison, grouping, calculation of averages, and absolute growth. Furthermore, a rating methodology was implemented to identify European Union member states exhibiting the most favorable indicators about the status and dynamics of the machine-building industry. Results. A comprehensive analysis of contemporary scholarly advancements regarding the examination of the role of investments and effective methodologies for their implementation within the machine manufacturing industry was conducted. A grouping of 22 European Union member states was undertaken based on the criteria of the number of machine-building enterprises and indicators of its absolute growth over a ten-year temporal span. The 22 EU member states are grouped by the parameters of the number of machine-building enterprises and their absolute growth over a tenyear period. The average revenue and gross income per enterprise in the selected countries of the European Union’s machinery sector were studied, and based on the results, a ranking was conducted. Utilizing the established ranking of the top selected countries, a comprehensive analysis of key investment indicators was conducted, focusing on parameters that include investments in tangible assets, machinery and equipment, as well as human resources. An overview of investment practices by machinery manufacturing enterprises was undertaken, resulting in the identification of their respective strengths and weaknesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern integration priorities for Ukraine necessitate defining and measuring its competitive power (CP) as an EU candidate country. One of the key objectives of competitive policy is identifying the factors that can enhance Ukraine’s CP, thereby strengthening its European integration potential. The study aims to develop a model that comprehensively examines the interdependence and interaction of parameters and components of Ukraine’s CP across global, regional, and national dimensions in the event of its potential accession to the EU. To achieve this goal, the study utilizes a special statistical indicator, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, as part of the regression-correlation analysis framework. The article provides an assessment of three main aspects: (1) Ukraine’s competitive potential in both global and regional economic systems; (2) dependencies within datasets representing ratings, as well as the variance in ranks of factor values (one of the components of the global CP index) and performance characteristics; (3) the reserve competitive advantages of Ukraine, which are evaluated by comparing actual and potentially possible values of the rank correlation coefficients of the components of the global CP index and its integral value. The calculation results indicate that Ukraine’s CP at the time of potential EU participation is low, primarily due to Ukraine lagging behind the EU members across a multitude of factors. This underscores the necessity for not only formal accession and legal unification but also a series of comprehensive reforms to attain tangible competitive advantages from participation in this integration association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is a comprehensive study of the nature and essence of legal values, general theoretical analysis, determination of the characteristics of the values and principles of the European Union, as well as the impact on national legal systems and integration processes. Their multifaceted and interdisciplinary nature is emphasized, which leads to the use of various methodological tools, general scientific and special legal methods (in particular, axiological, dialectical, phenomenological, anthropological, epistemological, comparative legal, historical, etc.), complex and systemic, comparativist, other approaches and principles Emphasis is placed on the nature, signs and typology of legal values through the prism of Ukrainian and foreign scientific work, their constitutional and legal regulation in Ukraine and foreign states as a result of the evolution of national legal traditions, the basis of the Europeanization of national legal systems, the process of joining the EU. The essence of legal values, principles of the EU, their contractual and legal and institutional mechanisms of ensuring in supranational and national legal systems are analyzed. The role of the bodies of constitutional jurisdiction, along with other authorized ones, in ensuring the implementation of EU legal values is singled out. Given the general civilizational character, the accumulation of state-building and legal traditions, the best practices of legal reforms, and the globalization potential of the studied values, their further study and implementation in various spheres and levels, including in countering modern threats and challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines special principles of administrative procedure. On the basis of a comprehensive system analysis of the official legislation and regulations of the member states of the European Union (Federal Republic of Germany, Estonia, Switzerland), an analysis of the changes in special principles of administration new procedures and prescribed in official administrative legislation. It is noted that in the administrative-legal science the concepts of the principles of administrative-procedural law have not been formally formed. This is the reason for the emergence of a debate about its shift and replacement, the role of the subordinate subdivision of administrative law. Therefore, there is a pressing need to investigate the concept that is basic to Galatian science of administrative law. The approaches to the classification of special principles of the administrative procedure are reviewed and the classification is based on power. The state's activity is directed towards the process of European integration. This raised the obvious need to bring the legal system up to European standards. This transfers the reform of the law of administrative and administrative-procedural law. It has become more important to reconsider the principles of interaction between public administration and individuals and legal entities, which is reflected in administrative and procedural activities. The following principles are enshrined in the Law of Ukraine "On Administrative Procedure": the rule of law, legality, fairness of participants in the administrative procedure before the law, publicity, efficiency, immediacy and lack of priority found the effectiveness of the management activities of public authorities and local authorities and gave the ability to citizens to exercise their rights and freedoms. At the same time, the presence of special principles of the administrative procedure does not contribute to the effectiveness of the government's government, the security of rights and freedoms. Regardless of any different approaches to classification, it is wise to divide these principles into two groups: organizational and functional (axiological) principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author examines the legal nature and content of the EU founding treaties in the part of their impact on the regulation of tax relations. Having the nature of international legal acts, the EU founding treaties emerge as a result of the treaty process. They are aimed at establishing the European Communities and the European Union itself with the relevant functions and tasks. As a result, these treaties form the legal basis for the functioning of the entire EU structure. They also create an international treaty-based integration mechanism for future members, which is carried out within the framework of the latter. This functional system is a set of international agreements that guide the development of integration processes for the entire association. In the context of demonstrating the taxlegal dimension of the EU founding treaties, we distinguish the understanding of the EU founding treaties in three aspects. Taken together, they will be defined as the result of the systemic action of specific legal and social factors that influence the nature, usefulness and appropriateness of the regulation of tax relations within the EU. Firstly, the founding treaty as the primary act of EU tax law itself is expressed in the fact that the legal norms enshrined in the founding treaties form the constitutional basis - the fundamental legal framework, the basis of the legal order of the European Union. It is a primary law that can be compared and equated with national constitutional provisions. The rules of primary law directly give rise to rights and obligations of both Member States and individuals (natural and legal) of these states, and this trend is no exception in the tax area. Today, the functioning of the legal order of the European Union is based on the Lisbon Treaty, which includes the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. They demonstrate the primary foundations of tax and legal regulation: the key feature of tax regulation is the fundamental principle of harmonisation of tax legislation of the EU Member States. This is implemented in the process of creating and using various legal forms (legal acts) that enshrine the rules of tax integration law created by EU legal institutions. Secondly, the founding treaty is an act of defining and establishing secondary acts of tax law. And this is reflected in the fact that the provisions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, which relate to and define the basis of tax regulation within the EU, are both law-making and law-implementing. Thus, the tax-legal dimension of the EU founding treaties can be considered both as a rule-making constant of provisions that determine the specifics of legal acts envisaged by the founding treaties, their legal nature and peculiarities of adoption. Moreover, as a law enforcement constant of provisions regulating the harmonisation of taxation legislation, approximation of laws in this area and other provisions that may be relevant to taxation. Thirdly, the actual content of the founding treaty with tax-legal elements. This is because EU tax regulation is aimed at the continuous operation of the single market. Therefore, the enshrined legal provisions are mainly related to indirect taxation (value added tax, excise duties, import duties, energy and other environmental taxes). However, the provisions of EU tax law limit the sovereign taxation rights of EU Member States in the area of direct taxation mainly when the object or subject of taxation has a connection with two or more EU Member States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides an in-depth analysis of the principles of freedom of contract, which is a fundamental principle of civil law, from its historical origins to its current state and challenges. Beginning with Roman law, through medieval legal thought and codifications of the 19th century, the evolution of freedom of contract can be traced. Emphasis is placed on the works of prominent thinkers such as John Locke, Adam Smith, and Friedrich Hayek, who laid the foundations for understanding contractual autonomy and economic freedom. The implementation of directives and regulations, in particular the Directive on consumer rights (2011/83/EU) and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), creates uniform standards for EU member states, contributing to the harmonization of legal norms and protection of the rights of participants in contractual relations. The influence of these norms on freedom of contract is analyzed, in particular the question of the balance between the autonomy of the parties and the need for state regulation. The contribution of Ukrainian jurists, such as Oleksandr Svyatotskyi, Nataliya Kuznetsova, and Vasyl Kravchuk, to the study of the principles of freedom of contract is considered. Their works contribute to the integration of Ukrainian legislation into the European legal field, which is an important step in the context of European integration. The article also outlines the modern challenges facing freedom of contract in the context of globalization and the digital economy. Issues of electronic contracts, protection of personal data, regulation of online trading platforms and digital services, as well as the role of social responsibility of companies are discussed. Problematic issues related to the restriction of freedom of contract, the need for state intervention and ensuring the equality of the parties to the contract are considered. Conclusions were made about the need for further research and development of legal doctrine, taking into account international experience and best practices. It is important to continue adapting contract law to new conditions, ensuring a balance between the autonomy of the parties and the protection of public interests in a globalized world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the European integration path of Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova; the dynamics of economic, political, and social relations between the countries and the European Union were followed; the key factors that made it impossible for these states to join the EU from 1991 to 2024 are characterized. The article singles out external and internal factors that contributed to both the rapprochement and distancing of Ukraine and Moldova from the EU member states. The essential role of Russia, which is trying by all possible means to maintain its influence in these countries and prevent their joining the European Union, is also taken into account. The determining factor of orientation towards the West, and not towards the East, is that Moscow uses dirty tricks to achieve its goals. In particular, political provocations, threats of escalation, nuclear blackmail. Both countries have conflicts with the Russians, such as Transnistria in Moldova and the war in Ukraine started by Russia. Perhaps 200 or 300 years ago, this would have happened, and the Kremlin would have reached its, but modern 21 century changes all rules and possibilities. Therefore, it is only a matter of time before military Russia and its ambitions disappear. It was concluded that Ukraine and Moldova have come a long way in the direction of the EU, changing their orientations either to Europe or to Russia. Such a frequent change of views was influenced by the change of power in both countries, which focused on both the EU and Russia. In Ukraine, this was due to the fact that some Ukrainian politicians were openly pro-Russian and often acted as puppets of the Kremlin. In Moldova, the situation is somewhat different, in the country, both pro-Moscow and pro-European officials constantly lobbied between the two sides, trying not to quarrel with one or the other. And one cannot reject the Kremlin’s blackmail, threats, and direct aggression. However, all Moscow’s efforts did not come true, both countries were only hardened, consolidated and united by these events in a single desire to forever reject Russia in the past and enter the European future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines, in practical and theoretical aspects, of influence of judicial practice and judicial precedent on the modern legal system of Ukraine. Since Ukraine has been granted candidate status for accession to the European Union, significant changes have been taking place in the legal system of Ukraine, particularly in international law norms, where international treaties have become not only obligatory for application within the legal system of Ukraine but also have priority in case of conflicts between national and international legislation. These changes are driven, in part, by the inclusion of judicial power and issues of justice in the negotiating process regarding Ukraine’s membership in the European Union, identified as the most important tasks for Ukraine. This cluster, which opens first and closes last, defines the fundamental aspects of legal and institutional alignment between Ukraine and the European Union. The importance of this cluster lies in the fact that the judicial system and justice play a key role in ensuring the rule of law, democracy, and the protection of human rights. This significantly influences modern judicial practice and envisages an even wider use of existing precedents or precedents being formed. Currently, in the judicial practice of Ukraine, there are processes that can be interpreted as an indicative mechanism influencing the legal system of Ukraine. It involves a qualitatively distinct set of characteristics that were not evident in previous years. This concerns the interrelation between the legal system of Ukraine and contemporary judicial practice with inherent features of normativity of a precedent-based type. There is a mutually conditioned process. On the one hand, judicial practice is becoming increasingly internationalized, meaning it increasingly employs principles, standards, and norms of international treaties, increasingly accepts judicial precedent of varying degrees of formation, and increasingly orients itself toward widely recognized judicial-legal ideas and principles. On the other hand, the legal system of Ukraine provides for the possibility of effective control over the implementation of international acts within the framework of judicial practice, including the use of judicial precedent to a certain extent and in certain areas of application. Thus, judicial practice, utilizing judicial precedents of national and international origin, serves as an indicative mechanism for analyzing the legal system. Actual judicial practice becomes an indicator of the development of the legal system and its adequacy to contemporary socio-legal and state-legal processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ukraine has been a priority partner of the EU since the signing of the Association Agreement in 2014. It was the significant financial and economic support of the EU as a whole and, in particular, of individual EU member states that became a key tool for avoiding catastrophic consequences in the financial and economic system of our country at the beginning of a full-scale war and for the current financing of the state budget deficit. Today, the European Union's support for Ukraine is extremely significant, although it is accompanied by a number of problematic issues that require an in-depth study of certain aspects of economic partnership in terms of finding ways and directions to improve the use of the potential of bilateral economic relations with the European Union as a whole and with individual EU member states. The methodological basis of the study is based on general scientific and special methods of economic theory, in particular, methods of theoretical generalization and comparative analysis for a comprehensive consideration of the research issue, and statistical methods of analysis. In the course of the study, the statistical materials of the European Union and the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine on foreign trade in goods were used. Modern scientific views on the content and prospects of Ukraine's economic partnership with the EU are studied. The key stages of the development of Ukraine's economic partnership with the European Union are summarized and schematized, with details of the areas of sectoral cooperation. The main indicators of trade relations and their role in the economies of the studied countries are analyzed. The key obstacles to further deepening of the economic partnership are substantiated, the elimination of which should be the primary goal of our country on the way to European integration. The obtained results can serve for further study of trade relations and their role in the economies of the studied countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

У статті досліджуються особливості інвестиційної політики багатонаціональних корпорацій Європейського Союзу. Акцентовано увагу на тому, що Європейські багатонаціональні компанії дуже різноманітні, включають як надвеликі, так і відносно невеликі компанії, які мають різну історію створення, галузеву та національну специфіку. Виокремлено особливості діяльність європейських багатонаціональних компаній. Ідентифіковано, що Європейський Союз має один із самих відкритих інвестиційних режимів у сучасному світовому господарстві, і у сукупності країни-члени ЄС мають найменші обмеження щодо прямих іноземних інвестицій. В результаті проведеного дослідження зроблено висновок, що інвестиційна політика ЄС як складова спільної комерційної політики є сьогодні виваженою, послідовною та збалансованою.

Вказується, міграційна політика Європей­ського Союзу пройшла довгий шлях еволюції від окремих національних підходів до формування єдиної комплексної системи управління мігра­ційними потоками. Створення Шенгенської зони та запровадження спільних стандартів прикор­донного контролю заклали фундамент для по­дальшого розвитку міграційного законодавства ЄС, яке сьогодні охоплює широкий спектр пи­тань - від надання притулку до протидії неле­гальній міграції. У статті досліджується еволюція правового регулювання міграційного контролю в Європей­ському Союзі від його заснування до сучасності, з особливим акцентом на зміни, спричинені ро­сійським вторгненням в Україну. Проаналізова­но п’ять основних етапів розвитку міграційного законодавства ЄС та їхні характерні особливості. Детально розглянуто перший етап, який ха­рактеризувався відсутністю системного підходу до міграційного регулювання, та другий етап, ключовою подією якого стало прийняття Рег­ламенту 1612/68. Досліджено значення цього документу для встановлення принципу недискримінації працівників та права на возз’єднання сімей. Проаналізовано важливі судові рішення, які сформували практику застосування Регла­менту та вплинули на подальший розвиток мі­граційного законодавства. Особливу увагу приділено третьому етапу, коли відбулася трансформація міграційних пи­тань з економічної площини в політичну сферу. Висвітлено роль Спеціальної групи з питань ім­міграції (Треві) та значення Шенгенської угоди у формуванні єдиної міграційної політики ЄС. Проаналізовано четвертий етап, що розпочав­ся у 2010-х роках та характеризувався появою нових викликів для міграційної політики ЄС, зо­крема кризою 2014-2015 років. Детально досліджено сучасний етап пра­вового регулювання міграційного контролю, що розпочався після російського вторгнення в Україну. Проаналізовано безпрецедентне засто­сування Директиви про тимчасовий захист та впровадження комплексу заходів для підтримки українських біженців. Визначено ключові зміни в правовому регулюванні, включаючи операцій­ні заходи на кордонах, фінансову підтримку, ко­ординацію між державами-членами та інтегра­ційні заходи. На основі проведеного дослідження зроблено висновок про здатність ЄС адаптувати свої пра­вові механізми до нових викликів та про можли­вість використання досвіду реагування на укра­їнську кризу як моделі для подальшого розвитку міграційної політики ЄС.

В статті аналізується зародження європейських цінностей у концепціях філософів Древньої Греції та державних мислителів Древнього Риму. Автор показує подальший їх розвиток під впливом християнства, соціальної церковної доктрини, ідей німецьких класичних філософів, мислителів епохи Просвітництва та засновників концепції природнього права. Досліджується значення перших європейських документів щодо захисту основних прав і свобод, зокрема Magna Charta 1215 року, Habeas Corpus 1679 року, Англійського Біля про права 1689 року, Декларації прав людини та громадянина 1789 р., перших конституцій в Європі та Конституції США(1787). При дослідженні генези цінностей, на яких сьогодні базується ЄС, враховується розвиток української держави і права та їх вплив на цей процес, зокрема заснування грецьких міст-полісів в Південному Причорномор’ї, запровадження християнства в Київській Русі. З’ясовується значення документів та договорів Київської Русі та Конституції Пилипа Орлика (1710) на предмет їх відповідності цінностям ЄС та впливу на їх формування. Особлива увага приділяється еволюції цінностей ЄС після прийняття Конвенції про захист прав людини та основних свобод 1950 року в рамках Ради Європи та створення Європейських співтовариств. Автор аналізує тексти Договору про заснування Європейського об’єднання вугілля та сталі (1951), Договору про Європейське Економічне співтовариство (1957), Єдиного Європейського акту (1986). Більш детально досліджується трансформація цінностей ЄС та їх правової природи від Проекту Договору про Конституцію для Європи (2003) до Хартії основних прав (2001), яка стала яка частиною Лісабонського договору (2009). Окремо звертається увага на еволюцію правової термінології у праві ЄС, коли в тексті Амстердамського договору все ще використовується термін «принципи», а вже в тексті Лісабонського договору використовується термін «цінності». Автор показує як цінності розвивались з філософських, концепції, під впливом релігійних та політичних вчень доповнювались та трансформувались вже у праві ЄС з правових принципів у цінності. У завершальній частині статті формулюються висновки.

Досліджено роль Європейського Союзу (ЄС) у забезпеченні енергетичної безпеки України в умовах сучасних геополітичних викликів. З моменту початку повномасштабної агресії росії проти України, енергетична інфраструктура країни зазнала значних пошкоджень, що призвело до кризи енергозабезпечення. У таких умовах співпраця з ЄС стає критично важливою для відновлення та стабілізації енергетичного сектору України. Розглянуто ключові напрямки та механізми співпраці між Україною та ЄС у сфері енергетичної безпеки, включаючи надання фінансової допомоги, технічну підтримку, а також впровадження спільних проектів у галузі відновлюваної енергетики та енергоефективності. Особлива увага приділяється Національному енергетично-кліматичному плану (НЕКП) до 2030 року, який був розроблений за підтримки ЄС і є важливою складовою стратегії енергетичної безпеки України. Аналізується вплив впровадження Пакету чистої енергії ЄС на нормативно-правове середовище України, що сприяє створенню передбачуваних умов для інвесторів і забезпечує інтеграцію України в європейський енергетичний ринок. Розглядається роль ринкових стимулів у залученні інвестицій у відновлювані джерела енергії та їх вплив на енергетичну безпеку України. Досліджено питання зміцнення довіри інвесторів через вирішення занепокоєнь щодо стабільності політики та повернення інвестицій, що є важливим для успішного переходу до стійкої енергетики. Важливе місце у дослідженні займає аналіз міжнародної співпраці та роль міжнародних фінансових інституцій у забезпеченні необхідного фінансування для реалізації НЕКП. Окрему увагу приділено потенціалу відновлюваної енергетики України, включаючи можливості для розширення потужностей вітру, сонця, біомаси та гідроенергетики. Обговорюються питання впровадження розподіленої генерації, систем зберігання енергії та мікромереж, що сприяють підвищенню енергетичної незалежності та стійкості на рівні громад. Зроблено висновки про необхідність подальшої тісної співпраці між Україною та ЄС для забезпечення енергетичної безпеки України, а також про перспективи України стати лідером у сфері відновлюваної енергетики в регіоні. Стаття містить рекомендації щодо пріоритетних напрямків розвитку енергетичного сектору та заходів, які сприятимуть зміцненню енергетичної безпеки України в контексті європейської інтеграції.

У статті розглядаються питання реалізації економічних санкцій, які, з огляду на неспроможність Ради Безпеки Організації Об’єднаних Націй, заблокованої правом вето Росії, виконувати свою основну функцію підтримання міжнародного миру та безпеки, стали одним з ключових інструментів забезпечення дотримання норм міжнародного права. Головну увагу приділено реалізації економічних санкцій Європейського Союзу (ЄС), який, поряд із Сполученими Штатами Америки, наразі виступає провідним адресантом цих примусових заходів. Вибір цього міжнародного актору пояснюється прагненнями України до членства в ЄС, обов’язковою умовою якого є системна адаптація національного законодавства до законодавства ЄС, а також важливістю забезпечення ефективної реалізації економічних санкцій, які, на сьогодні, представляють собою чи не єдині дієві засоби впливу на порушників норм міжнародного права. У зв’язку з цим, ця стаття визначає своєю метою аналіз практики реалізації економічних санкцій в ЄС та виявлення проблемних аспектів, що впливають на ефективність цих примусових заходів. Задля досягнення визначеної мети, у процесі реалізації економічних санкцій в ЄС було виокремлено три етапи: етап ініціювання і введення санкцій, етап їх імплементації та етап моніторингу й оцінки ефективності. Встановлено, що для етапу ініціювання та введення економічних санкцій першочерговими викликами є досягнення консенсусу між державами-членами ЄС щодо ухвалення рішень про запровадження санкцій, що може бути ускладнено через розрізнені політичні інтереси окремих європейських країн, своєчасне ухвалення відповідних правових актів Ради ЄС, а також їх законність. Натомість, етап імплементації обмежувальних заходів ЄС характеризується відсутністю уніфікованого підходу до імплементації економічних санкцій у національні правопорядки держав-членів ЄС, що перешкоджає ефективному виконанню санкційних режимів. На етапі моніторингу та оцінки ефективності економічних санкцій виявлено проблеми, повʼязані з браком ресурсів у держав-членів ЄС для належного виконання обовʼязків щодо звітування перед Європейською комісією про стан імплементації санкційного законодавства ЄС, складністю та розпливчатістю актів ЄС в сфері застосування обмежувальних заходів, нечітким визначенням цілей економічних санкцій, а також відсутністю єдиної системи оцінки ефективності санкційних заходів. Автор підкреслює, що ці фактори негативно впливають на досягнення завдань цього етапу, що в подальшому негативно відображається на ефективності реалізації обмежувальних заходів ЄС в цілому. Стаття робить акцент на тому, що виявлені недоліки практики реалізації економічних санкцій в ЄС можуть слугувати основою для вдосконалення вітчизняного санкційного законодавства та підвищення ефективності його реалізації. Зокрема, рекомендується розробити механізми для моніторингу та оцінки ефективності санкцій, запровадити відповідальність за порушення санкційного законодавства та уповноважити відповідний орган державної влади на надання роз’яснень щодо дотримання норм санкційного законодавства.

У статті здійснено комплексний аналіз трансформації системи захисту прав інтелектуальної власності в умовах розвитку технологій штучного інтелекту, з особливим фокусом на виклики, що постають перед українськими дослідниками та науковими установами, та можливості адаптації успішного досвіду Європейського Союзу. Актуальність дослідження зумовлена кількома чинниками. По-перше, зростання обсягів даних і обчислювальних потужностей сприяло новим підходам у науці, де штучний інтелект відіграє ключову роль в аналізі та інтерпретації результатів. По-друге, традиційні механізми захисту інтелектуальної власності стають недостатніми, коли алгоритми штучного інтелекту самостійно генерують нові знання. По-третє, інтеграція України в європейський науковий простір вимагає узгодження підходів до захисту права інтелектуальної власності з урахуванням особливостей використання штучного інтелекту. Проаналізовано сучасний стан використання штучного інтелекту в наукових дослідженнях, включаючи автоматизацію збору та аналізу даних, прискорення темпів наукових відкриттів та зміну ролі дослідника. Визначено ключові ризики для захисту прав інтелектуальної власності, зокрема: проблеми визначення авторства на твори, створені за допомогою штучного інтелекту, складнощі з відстеженням першоджерел та ризики несанкціонованого використання наукових даних. Особливу увагу приділено аналізу європейського досвіду регулювання використання штучного інтелекту, зокрема, розглянуто положення нового законодавства Європейського Союзу у сфері штучного інтелекту та його значення для захисту прав дослідників. Запропоновано комплексний підхід до вирішення виявлених проблем, який включає як правові механізми (гармонізація законодавства з нормами Європейського Союзу), так і технологічні рішення для захисту прав дослідників. Зокрема, такі рішення можуть включати блокчейн-технології, системи управління цифровими правами та інструменти виявлення плагіату. Забезпечення балансу між принципами відкритої науки та захистом прав інтелектуальної власності є важливим завданням. Це може бути досягнуто через впровадження гнучких ліцензійних моделей та використання технологій штучного інтелекту для моніторингу дотримання прав. Рекомендовано, щоб при використанні штучного інтелекту в наукових дослідженнях зазначення цього у методології було обов’язковим, а всі дані, згенеровані штучним інтелектом, підлягали ретельній перевірці.

У статті представлено аналіз 23 національних цифрових стратегій у країнах ЄС, виокремлено ключові фактори цифрових стратегій: спрямованість, ініціатор і рік прийняття, джерела фінансування та горизонт планування. Проведене дослідження заповнює прогалину в комплексному вивченні національних цифрових стратегій європейського регіону. Актуальність дослідження підкреслюється глобальним прискоренням цифрової трансформації після пандемії COVID-19. Результати проведеного дослідження показують, що цифрові навички та цифрова трансформація бізнесу є найбільш поширеними напрямками цифрових стратегій країн ЄС, тоді як цифровізації державних послуг, включно з територіальним розвитком та державними фінансами, приділяється значно менше уваги. Виявлено, що профільні міністерства є головними ініціаторами прийняття цифрових стратегій у країнах ЄС, ухваленням яких також можуть займатися інші суб’єкти, такі як непрофільні міністерства, центральні уряди та інші державні установи. У статті розглянуто переваги та ризики, пов’язані з ініціюванням цифрової стратегії кожним із зазначених суб’єктів. Проаналізовано різні механізми фінансування національних цифрових стратегій, включно з державним бюджетом, надходженнями від фондів ЄС і приватних інвесторів, акцентовано увагу на перевагах і недоліках кожного підходу. Виконаний аналіз дат прийняття цифрових стратегій вказує на значне підвищення уваги урядів європейських країн до цифрової трансформації після 2020 року, що збігається з початком пандемії COVID-19. Розглянуто наслідки ухвалення короткострокового та довгострокового стратегічного планування для цифрової трансформації держави, їх переваги та недоліки. Практична цінність статті полягає в тому, що вона надає зацікавленим сторонам інформацію про особливості національних цифрових стратегій країн ЄС, сприяючи формулюванню більш ефективної та цілеспрямованої політики країн, що знаходяться в процесі розробки та впровадження національної цифрової стратегії, зокрема України. Це сприяє також обговоренню питань управління та формування політики цифровізації.

Визначається, що процес співпраці в рам­ках Європейського Союзу збільшив потребу у виявленні та обміні правовою інформацією, що надходить від регіональних і національних органів влади на європейському рівні. Ця по­треба частково задовольняється доступною в цифровому вигляді правовою інформацією та широким використанням Інтернету. Однак об­мін правовою інформацією значною мірою об­межений відмінностями, які існують у різних національних правових системах, а також від­мінностями в їхніх технічних системах, які ви­користовуються для зберігання та відображен­ня законодавства на відповідних веб-сайтах. Це перешкоджає взаємодії між інформаційни­ми системами національних та європейських установ, незважаючи на збільшення доступно­сті документів в електронному форматі. У той же час, взаємозв’язок національної та міжна­родної правової інформації з різних джерел і представлення їх у вигляді зв’язаних даних правових знань безперечно покращить про­цес пошуку правової інформації, розширивши можливості запитів, які наразі неможливі. До того ж, у суспільстві, яке стає все більш циф­ровим, де стрімко зростає кількість транскор­донних цивільних і кримінальних судових про­цесів, і враховуючи складну різноманітність різних правових систем у державах-членах ЄС, спрощення та полегшення транскордонної судової співпраці є важливим вкрай важливою для забезпечення ефективного доступу грома­дян і бізнесу до правосуддя. При цьому, систе­ма ідентифікації та метаданих має бути добре відома громадянам та фахівцям у сфері права. Крім того, щоб підвищити шанси знайти прецедентне право, яке забезпечене ідентифіка­тором і метаданими, ці судові рішення повинні бути доступними для пошуку - за ідентифіка­тором і мінімальним набором метаданих - че­рез загальний інтерфейс. Важливим аспектом є також обмін цифровими доказами в ЄС. В даний час країни співпрацюють за допомогою міжнародного приватного права у транскор­донних кримінальних справах і обмінюються цифровими доказами на основі цих інструмен­тів. Вибір інструменту залежить від залучених країн і типу необхідної інформації.

Статтю присвячено з’ясуванню особливостей міжнародних та європейських стандартів регу­люванняінституту викривачів. З’ясовано, що викривачі відіграють важливу роль у виявлен­ні порушень, які можуть завдати істотної шкоди суспільству, відповідно міжнародними та євро­пейськими стандартами не лише захищається право кожної людини на розкриття інформації, що становить суспільний інтерес, але й права осіб, які повідомляють таку інформацію (викри­вачів). Встановлено, що поняття «викривач» найширше тлумачить Директива 2019/1937 ЄС та Ради ЄС про захист осіб, які повідомляють про порушення законодавства Союзу. Визначе­но, що стандарти захисту прав викривачів, але лише в сфері корупції, містяться в Конвенції ООН проти корупції, Кримінальній конвенції про бо­ротьбу з корупцією, Цивільній конвенції про бо­ротьбу з корупцією, серед них зокрема обов’я­зок держав, які приєднались до них, визначити компетентний орган(и) для повідомлень викри­вачів, а також можливість забезпечити їм необ­хідний захист. Разом з тим акцентовано увагу на тому, що Директива 2019/1937 ЄС, на відміну від зазначених актів, ширше визначає стандар­ти захисту прав викривачів, зокрема: поширює свою дію одночасно на приватний і публічний сектор, передбачає захист не лише осіб, які повідомляють про порушення, але й осіб, які сприяли такому повідомленню, родичів, колег викривачів тощо, а також осіб, які постражда­ливід неправдивих повідомлень викривачів, що мінімізує зловживання останніми своїм статусом (захистом). Наголошено на істотній ролі практи­ки ЄСПЛ у становленні стандартів регулювання інституту викривачів. З’ясовано, що ЄСПЛ саме поняття «викриття» детермінує як один із про­явів свободи вираження поглядів, що гаранту­ється статтею 10 Конвенції про захист прав та основоположних свобод людини і передбачає належний захист викривачам від свавільно­го втручання у реалізацію цієї свободи та по­мсти за наслідками її реалізації. Аналіз практи­ки ЄСПЛ свідчить, що суд поступово розширює стандарти захисту викривачів, підкреслюючи їх роль у викритті порушень в різних сферах і за­хисті громадських інтересів.

The object of this study was the process of digitalization of the economy and society of the European Union. The task of researching the impact of digitalization on the economic growth of the European Union has been solved. The relevance of the chosen topic is due to the complexity of digital transformation processes taking place in the world economy and the economy of the European Union, in particular, the need to assess their directions and intensity. Four approaches to modeling the impact of digitalization on economic growth based on the neoclassical production function were proposed. The structure of the model was chosen, which makes it possible to evaluate the influence of various factors of digitalization on the key parameters of economic growth. A regression multivariate model for assessing the impact of digitalization on the economic growth of the European Union has been developed. To this end, a sequence of stages was performed: formation of the information base, grouping of digitalization factors, as well as their selection based on correlation analysis. With the help of regression analysis, the parameters of the production function were expressed through digitalization indicators. At the same time, due to the limitation of input data, the Elastic Net Regression method was used. This made it possible to ensure the quality of the new model, namely, to remove low-impact parameters, reduce the multicollinearity of factors, make the model statistically significant, and ensure the stability of coefficients to data changes. The resulting model is eleven-factor; it demonstrates a high predictive ability (the coefficient of determination is 0.987). It can be used as an analytical tool for assessing the impact of digitalization on the economic growth of the European Union. Practical use of the model will help governments and businesses make informed decisions about digital transformation policies [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, the authors researched the priority areas of development of post-war entrepreneurship in Ukraine. In order to assess entrepreneurial activity in the conditions of martial law, profitability indicators of enterprises were studied and their dynamics were determined. A special place in the research process is occupied by the analysis of registered legal entities and individual entrepreneurs. The analyzed indicators of the volume of industrial products sold and indexes of industrial products are quite significant and indicative in the assessment of business activity. State and donor programs, private initiatives of the EU to support entrepreneurs in war conditions are characterized in the work, and anti-crisis directions of entrepreneurship development are determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]