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مقدمه نانونیوزوم‌ها، وزیکول‌های چندلایه‌ای هستند که امروزه به عنوان یکی از سیستم‌های نوین انتقال هدفمند دارو، مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرند. در این مطالعه، عصاره گیاه درمنه بیابانی (Artemisia deserti L.) در نانونیوزوم انکپسوله شد، اثرات ضدمیکروبی و سمیت سلولی آن مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. روش کاردر این مطالعه تجربی، ابندا نانونیوزوم‌های حاوی عصاره گیاه درمنه دشتی سنتز گردید، خصوصیات ظاهری و ساختاری آن بررسی شد. پس از تایید ساختار، اثرات ضدمیکروبی و ضدبیوفیلمی آن بر روی سویه‌های بیماری‌زای کلبسیلا پنومونیه بررسی شد. در انتها، به منظور بررسی سازگاری زیستی، از روش رنگ سنجی سمیت سلولی نانونیوزوم‌ها بر روی رده سلولی فیبروبلاست نرمال HFF استفاده شد. نتایجنتایج سنتز نیوزوم ها نشان داد که نانونیوزوم های سنتز شده دارای ساختار کروی بوده و دارای اندازه 3/29 ± 4/125 نانومتر می باشند. علاوه بر آن، نتایج FTIR سنتز نیوزوم‌ها را تایید نمود. نتایج اثرات ضدمیکروبی نشان داد که نانونیوزوم های حاوی عصاره درمنه دارای اثرات ضدمیکروبی و ضدبیوفیلمی معنادارتری نسبت به عصاره تنها دارند، بطوریکه حداقل غلظت مهاری (MIC) نیوزوم‌ها بین 2 تا 4 برابر کاهش یافته بود. هم چنین، نتایج سمیت سلولی نشان داد که نیوزوم‌های سنتز شده دارای اثرات سمیت سلولی معناداری نیستند. نتیجه‌گیریبطور کلی، نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که نانونیوزوم‌ها میتوانند به عنوان یک سیستم دارورسانی مناسب برای عصاره گیاه درمنه عمل کنند، بطوریکه میزان اثرات ضدمیکروبی و ضدبیوفیلمی را افزایش دهند. بنابراین با مطالعات بیشتر میتوان از این سیستم به عنوان سیستم بهینه دارورسانی جهت اهداف دارویی درمانی استفاده نمود.

تولید ماسه در مخازن ماسه سنگی به‌دلیل آسیب‌ها و مشکلات اقتصادی که به‌همراه دارد، موضوعی اساسی در برخی میدان‌های نفت و گاز به شمار می‌رود. تولید ماسه منجر به‌وقوع مشکلات پرشماری از جمله فرسایش تجهیزات زیرزمینی و روزمینی، آسیب‌های زیست‌محیطی، کاهش و وقفه در تولید و گاهی از دست دادن چاه می‌شود. بنابراین کنترل تولید ماسه از چاه‌های دارای تولید ماسه بسیار مهم است. تا کنون روش‌های مختلفی از جمله مکانیکی و شیمیایی برای کنترل تولید ماسه ارائه و انجام شده‌اند که در روش‌های شیمیایی از طریق تزریق سیال پلیمری همچون انواع رزین، ژل پلیمرها و ... سازند ماسه‌ای تحکیم می‌یابد. در پیشینه تحقیق‌، اقدام‌ و آزمایش‌های انجام شده در استفاده از انواع رزین‌های مختلف جهت تحکیم مخازن ماسه سنگی، نتیجه‌های حاصل شده نشان‌دهنده موفقیت‌آمیز بودن تزریق رزین بوده است. در بیشتر موارد رزین‌های پایه حلال مورد استفاده قرار گرفته‌اند، که به‌دلیل برطرف کردن نگرانی‌های زیست‌محیطی، ایمنی و هزینه‌های اقتصادی ناشی از بهره‌گیری از این نوع رزین‌ها امروزه رزین‌های پایه‌ آبی بیشتر مورد توجه قرار گرفته‌اند. هدف اصلی این مطالعه ارائه نوعی رزین پایه آبی که علاوه‌بر ایجاد مقاومت فشاری و کاهش اندک تراوایی، در مقایسه با رزین‌های پایه حلال سازگار با محیط زیست بوده و از نظر بهداشت و ایمنی موثر و کارآمد است. روش انجام آزمایش‌ها به این صورت است که با ترکیب نمودن مقدار درصدهای مختلف و معینی از رزین، سخت‌کننده مناسب آن و نمونه ماسه تولیدی، نمونه‌های مختلف مغزه ساخته شد. مغزه‌های ساخته شده جهت اندازه‌گیری تراوایی و مقاومت فشاری آزمایش شدند. آزمایش‌های انجام گرفته نشان دادند که سیال مورد استفاده توانایی مقاوم‌سازی ماسه را داشته و مقادیر مقاومت فشاری و تراوایی باقی‌مانده با تغییر مقدار ترکیب درصد رزین و سخت‌کننده آن نیز تغییر می‌کنند

سابقه و هدف. با توجه به کمبودهای موجود در زمینه رقم های عدس سازگار به مناطق دیم معتدله و نیمه گرم کشور، شناسایی ژنوتیپ های واجد پتانسیل جهت معرفی به عنوان رقم، بسیار مهم میباشد و در واقع میتواند بخشی از محدودیت ها در زمینه عملکرد عدس در این مناطق را برطرف نماید. این ژنوتیپ ها افزون بر عملکرد بالا باید واجد پایداری عملکرد در مناطق گوناگون و به عبارتی سازگاری عمومی باشند. در این راستا در پژوهش حاضر، در ادامه برنامه های به نژادی عدس در اقلیم معتدل و نیمه گرم، ژنوتیپهای عدس پیشرفته برگزیده از آزمایش های سال های گذشته، در قالب آزمایش های چندمحیطی، جهت شناسایی برترین ژنوتیپ(ها) با سازگاری عمومی قابل قبول و عملکرد بالا، با روش چند متغبیره GGE بایپلات مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند.مواد و روشها. به منظور بررسی پایداری عملکرد ژنوتیپ های پیشرفته عدس، پژوهش حاضر با 14 ژنوتیپ برگزیده برنامه بهنژادی سال های گذشته به همراه دو رقم گچساران و سپهر به عنوان شاهد طی دو سال (از سال 97) و در چهارمنطقه گچساران، خرم‌آباد، ایلام و مغان در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی و در سه تکرار انجام پذیرفت. یافته ها. تجزیه به مولفه‌ها در مدل GGE بایپلات نشان داد که 1/47 % تنوع، توسط دو مولفه نخست، توجیه می‌شود. نمودار موزاییکی آشکار ساخت که سهم تنوع ناشی از برهم کنش ژنوتیپ × محیط، به طور قابل توجهی بالاتر از تنوع ناشی از ژنوتیپ به تنهایی است. با استفاده از مدل GGE بایپلات و در نظر گرفتن دو ویژگی توان تمایز و نمایندگی، محیط های 1و2 مربوط به منطقه گچساران به عنوان محیط مطلوب جهت تفکیک ژنوتیپ‌ها ، شناسایی شدند. بایپلات روابط میان محیطها، آشکار ساخت که همبستگی هیچ یک از مناطق خرم اباد، گچساران، مغان و ایلام به نحوی نبود که بتوان گفت که برخی از مناطق یادشده میتوانند از یکدیگر نمایندگی کنند و به نحوی امکان کاهش مکانهای اجرای آزمایش در اینده وجود داشته باشد. ژنوتیپ 11 از نظر عملکرد، نزدیکترین فاصله را با ژنوتیپ ایده‌آل داشت. این ژنوتیپ در محور عملکرد ، واجد بالاترین عملکرد بود و از نظر پایداری نیز در وضعیتی متوسط قرار داشت. ژنوتیپ 9، از نظر عملکرد در رتبه دوم قرار داشت ولی پایداری عملکرد بهتری از ژنوتیپ 11 و سایر ژنوتیپ‌ها داشت و در واقع از نظر پایداری نزدیکترین ژنوتیپ به ژنوتیپ ایده‌آل بود. ژنوتیپ های 10 و 1 نیز در رتبه‌های بعدی قرار داشتند. نتیجه گیری. با در نظر گرفتن هر دو فاکتور عملکرد و پایداری عملکرد در محیط های گوناگون، ژنوتیپ های 9، 11، 10 و 1 ، ژنوتیپ-های مطلوب می‌باشند. این ژنوتیپ ها از هر دو رقم شاهد (ژنوتیپ های 15 و 16) به طور قابل توجهی هم از نظر عملکرد و هم پایداری عملکرد، برتر بودند.

کودهای زیستی بدلیل محلول نمودن فسفات­های تثبیت شده و در اختیار گذاشتن عناصرغذایی جهت رشد گیاه در خاک، نقش مهمی در حاصلخیزی خاک دارند، قارچ میکوریزا از جمله مهمترین ریزسازواره­های مفید خاکزی بشمار می­آید، به همین منظور جهت ارزیابی و نقش تلقیح با قارچ میکوریزا روی سیستم ریشه ارقام جو دیم، آزمایشی مزرعه­ای به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در ایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی سرابله واقع در شهرستان چرداول در سال زراعی 99-1398 اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل عامل ارقام جو (محلی، ماهور، خرم و فردان) و تیمار منابع کودی شامل شاهد (عدم مصرف هیچ منبع کودی)،50 درصد کود شیمیایی فسفر، قارچ میکوریزا (Glomus mosseae, Glomus etunicatum and Rhizophagus irregularis)، مصرف توآم قارچ میکوریزا و50 درصد کود شیمیایی فسفر و مصرف 100 درصد کود شیمیایی فسفر قابل توصیه بودند. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که برهمکنش رقم و منابع کودی بر خصوصیات ریشه­ای جو دیم معنی­دار بود، به طوری­که بیشترین طول ریشه (افزایش 6/76 درصدی)، حجم ریشه (افزایش 7/75 درصدی)، سطح ریشه (افزایش 3/73 درصدی)، تراکم طول ریشه (افزایش 8/76 درصدی)، تراکم بافت ریشه (افزایش 9/89 درصدی)، حجم مخصوص ریشه (افزایش 7/65 درصدی) و چگالی سطح ریشه (افزایش 6/70 درصدی) در رقم فردان با مصرف توآم قارچ میکوریزا و50 درصد کود شیمیایی فسفر نسبت به شاهد (عدم مصرف هیچ منبع کودی) بدست آمد. بنابراین در بین ارقام مورد استفاده رقم فردان با مصرف توآم قارچ میکوریزا و 50 درصد کود شیمیایی فسفر می­تواند موجب توسعه سیستم ریشه­ای و در نهایت سبب افزایش عملکرد دانه تحت شرایط دیم گردد.

نانو ذرات اکسید آهن متخلخل کاربردهای مختلفی در صنایع پزشکی و دارویی دارند بنابراین بررسی اثرات آن‌ها روی سلول‌های سرطانی بسیار مهم می‌تواند باشد. بر این اساس، هدف از این مطالعه سنتز نانو ذرات اکسید آهن متخلخل و مقایسه تأثیر آن‌ها بین سلول‌های لنفوسیتی و سلول‌های لوسمی میلوئیدی مزمن (562K) است. نانو ذرات اکسید آهن متخلخل توسط روش هیدروترمال ساخته شد و توسط میکروسکوپ الکترونی روبشی و عبوری موردبررسی قرار گرفتند اثر غلظت‌های مختلف از این نانو ذرات بر روی سلول‌های لنفوسیتی و سلول‌های لوسمی میلوئیدی مزمن (562K) با به‌کارگیری آزمون MTT و تجزیه‌وتحلیل فلوسایتومتری بررسی شد؛ مطالعه های پراش اشعه X ، میکروسکوپ الکترونی عبوری و هیستوگرام پراکندگی نور پویا((Dynamic light scattering ساخته‌شدن نانو ذرات اکسید آهن متخلخل را تائید کرد. این نتایج نشان داد نانو ذرات به شکل کروی با قطر متوسط حدود 100 نانومتر می‌باشند؛ نتایج آزمون MTT آشکار کرد که نانو ذرات اکسید آهن متخلخل باعث کاهش حیات سلول‌ها وابسته به دوز می‌شوند، این سمیت در سلول‌های لوسمی میلوئیدی مزمن نسبت به سلول‌های لنفوسیتی بیشتر بود. پس از مشخص شدن غلظت 50IC نانو ذرات اکسید آهن متخلخل، تجزیه‌وتحلیل فلوسایتومتری به‌منظور بررسی مرگ برنامه‌ریزی‌شده سلولی (آپوپتوزیس) بر روی سلول‌های لنفوسیتی و سلول‌های لوسمی میلوئیدی مزمن ؛ در مقایسه با سلول‌های بدون تیمار( کنترل)، انجام پذیرفت. میزان مرگ برنامه‌ریزی‌شده و نکروز در سلول‌های لوسمی میلوئیدی مزمن تیمار شده توسط نانو ذرات اکسید آهن متخلخل نسبت به سلول‌های لنفوسیتی به‌مراتب بیشتر بود. می‌توان استنباط کرد که نانو ذرات اکسید آهن متخلخل به‌عنوان عوامل ضد سرطان محتمل استفاده شوند.

The integration of the two stability assessment methods of the best linear unbiased predictions (BLUP) and AMMI in multi- environment experiments based on the stability index of weighted average absolute scores (WAASB) helps to better evaluate plant genotypes. In the present study, the seed yield stability of 13 advanced lentil genotypes was evaluated in a multi-environment trial in three locations including; Khoramabad, Ilam and Kermanshah in 2019-2022 cropping seasons. The experimental design was randomized complete block design with three replications. In order to evaluate genotype × environment interaction, AMMI and BLUP methods were combined by introducing WAASB and WAASBY indicators and the yield stability was evaluated by drawing various graphs. Considering the significant G×E interaction based on the results of the relative likelihood test (LRT), it was possible to perform BLUP analysis on the data. The highest predicted seed yield by BLUP method belonged to genotype no. 12 followed by genotypes no. 6, 4, 3, 5 and 9 which had higher than average predicted seed yield. To enable simultaneous selection based on both seed yield and yield stability, by combining seed yield (Y) and WAASB, a new index “WAASBY” was created. Considering 50% contribution of each of the two components of seed yield and yield stability, seven genotypes showed above average WAASBY. Genoypes no. 3, 6, 5 and 2 had considerably higher WAASBY when compared with other genotypes and was identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background : Lentil is a popular legume crop in the Mediterranean region, widely grown for its nutritious seeds and improving soil fertility. Interest in legumes is increasing as a protein source to replace meat in the future. Identification of high-yield genotypes with adaptation to a wide range of environments is one of the major goals in crop and lentil breeding programs. Combining the best linear unbiased predictions (BLUP), additive main effects, and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) methods in multi-environment experiments and multi-trait stability selection (MTSI) helps to better evaluate plant genotypes and achieve more accurate results. Additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and BLUP are two methods for analyzing multi-environment trials. The linear mixed effects model (LMM) and the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimator methods are among the important methods that have been proposed to analyze the data of multi-environmental experiments. In this regard, the BLUPs obtained from the interaction of genotype and environment are performed with principal component analysis or single value analysis on the matrix. This method uses the stability index of the weighted average of absolute scores of the best unbiased linear forecasts (WAASB), the weighted average of the stability index of WAASB, and the dependent variable (WAASBY). Researchers have also proposed an MTSI based on factor analysis, in which grain yield, other traits, and the stability of each are simultaneously used to identify stable genotypes. This research aimed to identify stable and high-yielding lentil genotypes in autumn cultivation. Methods: To evaluate the seed yield stability of 12 lentil genotypes along with three check genotypes, including Kimia, Bileh Sawar, and local landrace, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications at Agricultural Research Stations of Khorramabad (Lorestan), Zanjireh (Ilam), and Sararoud (Kermanshah) in three cropping years (2019-2022). Each plot consisted of four lines with a length of 4 m and a distance of 25 cm from each other. iIn addition to the usual crop care such as weeding and pest control, the desired traits and characteristics, such as the number of days to 50% flowering, plant height, and number of days to maturity, were measured during the growing season. Hundred-seed weights and the yield of each plot were measured after the maturity and harvesting of experiments. Combined analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using SAS software, and the average traits of the treatments were compared using the LSD test. For statistical analyses, the Metan Ver.1.9.0 (multi-environment trial analysis) package was used in the R software environment. To estimate stability quantities, singular value decomposition (SVD) was applied to the matrix of BLUPs obtained from genotype-by-environment interactions with an LMM. Variance components were estimated by the REML method. After analyzing the variance of the data, the stability parameters of WAASB and WAASBY (for simultaneous selection based on average performance and stability) were estimated using the eigenvalues obtained from the AMMI analysis on BLUP, and the best genotypes were selected with these two indicators. Genotypic stability values were obtained from the Harmonic Average of the Genotypic Values (HMGV) index. The compatibility of genotypes was evaluated based on the relative performance index of genotypic values (RPGV). The harmonic mean index and relative performance of genotypic value (HMRPGV) were used to simultaneously evaluate stability, compatibility, and seed yield. Results: The effect of environment, genotype, and genotype × environment interaction were significant on seed yield, plant height, days to flowering, days to maturity, seed filling period, seed filling ratio, seed yield formation rate, rainfall efficiency, and single seed weight. The genotype effect was significant on all traits, except for the seed-filling period. Based on the biplot analysis, genotypes 4, 6, 7, 9, and 10 had higher yield stability in addition to the highest seed yield. The Scree test showed that the first three principal components explained 45.41, 19.13, and 14.34% of the genotype × environment interaction variation obtained from BLUP for grain yield, respectively; in total, they justified 78.87% of the variation. Based on a weighted average of absolute scores of WAASB, genotypes 6, 10, and 12 were high-yielding and stable. Genotypes 1 and 10 were superior based on the (MTSI). The harmonic mean and HMRPGV introduced genotypes 10, 9, 4, and 12 as the genotypes that had high stability and compatibility in addition to high seed yields. Conclusion: Based on all the analyses, genotype 10 was the most stable genotype, which, in addition to seed yield, was superior to other genotypes in terms of the other measured traits and can be a candidate for introduction as a new cultivar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction Estimating the amount and intensity of precipitation and its spatial distribution in various return periods is necessary for flood estimation hydrological models. This information is obtained based on traditional methods through intensity-duration-frequency curves with many assumptions, such as the choice of suitable distribution for each period, and the requirement of many parameters in different return periods. If a study area has incomplete data or a lack of data, traditional methods are limited. For this reason, the fractal method is used to transform the precipitation hyetograph in different durations and transfer the precipitation data from one place to another. The fractal method is a self-similar method; It means that every part of it is similar to the whole, like a pine tree, where every branch is like a whole tree. This method has high reliability, convenient access, and less number of parameters, which can be used to create daily precipitation data over long and short periods. It is noteworthy, that in the past valuable research has been done in the field of using the fractal theory to extract IDF curves. Nevertheless, in this research, in addition to extracting the characteristics of precipitation based on the above method in all the stations inside and outside the selected watershed, the spatial distribution of the rainfall intensity mapped based on the Co-Kriging method, and has been compared with the Ghahraman method. Materials and Methods The study area is the Tireh watershed in the Borujerd-Dorud region, which is located between east longitudes from ̍28˚48 to ̍17˚49 and north latitudes from 51˚33 to ̍35˚33. This watershed, with an area of 2127.28 km2, is in the northernmost part of the large Karun River watershed and in the south of Oshtorinan town. The average rainfall in the mountains and plain areas has been estimated as 611.4 and 410.6 mm, respectively. The average annual temperature of the plain with an average elevation of 1493.3 m is 13.4 ̊C and in the highlands with an average elevation of 2025 m, it is 8.5 ̊C. In addition, the amount of evaporation in the highlands and plains is 1852.2 and 2148.8 mm per year respectively. In this research, the maximum intensity and amount of precipitation were estimated based on the fractal theory using the daily precipitation data for 12 stations with a statistical period of 31 years recorded from 1990 to 2021. The research method was conducted based on studies of Azhdary Moghaddam and Heravi, (2018) in the following steps. A) data extraction of the maximum amount of precipitation in different durations of 1, 2 and … days B) determining the maximum intensity of annual precipitation by dividing the maximum precipitation values by their durations C) calculating the weighted moment of the data (βr,d) in different orders (r) and durations (d) and then drawing linear graphs on a logarithmic scale, D) and then, using the related relationship, the maximum rainfall was calculated in the specified duration and return period. Since hourly precipitation data are not available in most of the stations, therefore, at this step, the IDF curves were extracted using the fractal theory and were compared with the experimental method of Ghahraman (which is based on the maximum daily precipitation) by the Pearson correlation coefficient. The Co-kriging method was used to create spatial distribution maps of precipitation intensity and amount based on fractal theory. The geostatistical Co-kriging interpolation method is similar to kriging and auxiliary variables can be used for better spatial analysis. Optimal spatial distribution maps of rainfall intensity and amount are provided by the existing point data extracted from the fractal method, and introducing different auxiliary layers such as maximum daily rainfall in the 24-hour continuity period. Results and discussion Fractal analysis of precipitation data showed that there is a linear relationship between scale power and moment order in all stations. Therefore, the maximum precipitation data in the study area have a mono-fractal nature, which means that by using the fractal theory, the precipitation data can be converted from one duration to another. The results of the density of precipitation zoning based on fractal theory using the Co-kriging method showed that the accuracy of interpolation increases with the increase of the return period. Indeed the calculated values have a suitable fitting with the observed values and are close to the fitted line. Contrary to this, the results of precipitation zoning based on the Ghahraman method using the Co-kriging method showed the most scattered points around the fitting line; which actually shows the low accuracy of this method in estimating and zoning the area precipitation. The results of the 24-hour rainfall interpolation error using the fractal method showed an increase in the RMSE value with the increase of the return period based on only the auxiliary variable of the rainfall intensity data produced by the fractal method. The RMSE was calculated based on adding auxiliary data such as the amount and annual average of precipitation and the value of the maximum one-day precipitation intensity of the original data to precipitation intensity prepared by the fractal theory. According to this, the RMSE in the return periods of 2, 5, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 300 years equals 0.09, 0.27, 0.74, 0.18, 0.25, 0.059, and 0.13, respectively, have a decreasing trend compared to the use of only auxiliary variable of precipitation magnitude. This composition has reduced the error criterion values to less than a fifth compared to the initial state (only by precipitation intensity covariate) in the return period of over 50 years. Conclusion The analysis of statistical moments showed that the precipitation maximum intensity data has a mono-fractal nature. In other words, the changes in the power of the scale are completely linear with respect to moment order, and it can be used to produce the data in different durations. The statistical analysis of the results of estimating the intensity of precipitation in the different return periods and durations with this method compared to the Ghahraman method showed that in most stations there is a significant relationship with a correlation coefficient of over 99 % at a confidence level of 99 %. Generally, the results of the spatial distribution error of precipitation intensity using the Co-kriging method based on fractal in the return periods of 2, 25, 100, and 200 years showed acceptably reduced interpolation error by adding different auxiliary data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the human pathogens that causes a wide range of diseases such as endocarditis, blood, bone, skin and soft tissue infections (1). One of the resistant strains of this bacterium is methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which has been reported as a serious risk by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. One of the pathogenic mechanisms and antibiotic resistance of this bacterium is the formation of biofilm, which causes this bacterium to bind to different surfaces (2). Biofilm-forming strains have become resistant to many antibiotics, so that biofilm-forming strains form extracellular matrices that are immune to the immune system and antibiotics. Various genes are involved in biofilm production, one of which is the icaB gene, which plays a key role in the production of poly N-acetyl glucose amine and biofilm production. The design of new antimicrobial drugs for the treatment of this bacterium is important, so finding a suitable treatment option for the treatment of infections caused by this bacterium is one of the challenges of researchers (3). Recent advances in nanotechnology have suggested alternative solutions, such as drug delivery systems, that increase drug specificity and efficiency (4). One of these drug delivery systems is nanosystems, which are composed of bilayer nonionic surfactants. Due to the importance of nanosystems, the aim of this study was to synthesize nanoparticles containing naproxen, to investigate their physicochemical properties and their antimicrobial and antifouling effects against Staphylococcus aureus strains. Methods: Nanosomes containing naproxen were synthesized by thin layer hydration method. The confinement efficiency is indicative of the drug encapsulated in the nanosystem structure relative to the drug used. For this purpose, the nanonosomal formulation was first centrifuged at 4 ° C at 14000 g for 45 minutes. The nanosystem containing the drug precipitates and the free drug remains in the supernatant. The absorbance of the supernatant sample at 270 nm was read by a spectrophotometer and the amount of free drug was calculated from the initial value. The Physico-chemical characteristics of prepared nanoniosome encapsulated naproxen was determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Dynamic light scattering (DLS). The in vitro drug release study was done using dialysis bag (6). The Staphylococcus aureus strains were recovered from 100 clinical samples and their antibiotic resistance patterns were studied using disk diffusion method. The antibacterial activity of nanoniosome loaded naproxen and free naproxen were investigated using well diffusion and micro-dilution methods (7). The icaB biofilm gene expression analysis in S. aureus isolates which are treated with nanoniosome loaded naproxen and free naproxen were examined using Real Time PCR methods (8). Draw diagrams and Statistical analysis was performed by GraphPad Prism software version 7 and SPSS version 23, and one-way analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis and p <0.05 was considered significant. Results: In this study, using different molar ratios of surfactant, cholesterol and drug, different formulations of nanosystems containing naproxen were synthesized. The optimal niosome size synthesis was measured by DLS method. The results of electron microscopy (SEM) show that the synthesized nanonosomes have a spherical structure. In this study, the dialysis bag method was used to evaluate the drug release pattern. Figure 2 shows the pattern of naproxen release from nanosystems and free naproxen over 72 hours. Out of 100 clinical specimens, 15 specimens of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated and identified using microbiological methods. The results of antibiotic resistance profile test showed that out of 15 strains, 10 strains were methicillin resistant (MRSA). The antibacterial activity of nanoniosome encapsulated naproxen and free naproxen showed that the MIC was reduced by 2 to 4 times. The results of the well diffusion method showed that nanoniosomes containing naproxen had more significant antimicrobial power than free naproxen, so that the diameter of the growth inhibition zone increased with increasing nanosystem concentration. Real-Time PCR was used to evaluate the effect of nanoniosoms containing naproxen and free naproxen on icaB biofilm gene expression in Staphylococcus aureus strains. Also, after treating Staphylococcus aureus strains with naproxen-containing nanosystem sub-inhibitory concentration, it was shown that the expression of icaB gene was significantly reduced compared to the 16S rRNA reference gene (p <0.05). Conclusion: In this study, naproxen was encapsulated as a drug compound in the nanoniosome structure and its physical and chemical properties including size, morphology, drug enclosure percentage and drug release were studied. The results of this study showed that the synthesized nanoniosome in the optimal formulation had a spherical shape, the average size was 125.3 nm with a confinement percentage of 66.84%. Drug release results also showed that naproxen in the formulated form in nanonosomes has a much slower release pattern than free naproxen, which is a suitable feature of a drug delivery system. The results of the antimicrobial test showed that naproxen-containing nanoniosome had more significant antimicrobial effects than free naproxen compared to free naproxen, reducing the MIC by 2 to 4 times. One of the antimicrobial mechanisms of nanoniosome containing naproxen is the fusion of nanoniosome with bacterial cell membranes, which can deliberately release the drug into the cytoplasm of the cell and cause bacterial cell death (10). The results of this study showed that nanoparticles containing naproxen have more significant anti-biofilm effects than free naproxen compared to free naproxen and can significantly reduce the expression of biofilm gene (11). One of the reasons for the anti-biofilm effects of naproxen-containing nanosystems is the greater penetration of naproxen-containing nanosystems into the biofilm structure, which can cause the death of bacteria, a decrease in the number of bacteria, and the conversion of biofilms into planktonic cells (12). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the flora, life form, Chorology, and exclusive plants and their conservation class of plants in Garin Mountains Delfan County, Lorestan province. First, the plant samples observed in the area during the growing season were collected, and based on the common methods of plant taxonomy, the family, genus, and species of each of them were determined. Then, based on the classification of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and Red Data Book of Iran, the Conservation classes of plants in the region were investigated. The results of this research indicated 212 species belonging to 150 genera and 46 families. The results showed that the largest families in terms of the number of species are Asteraceae with 34 species (16.04%), Lamiaceae with 30 species (14.15%), Poaceae with 29 species (13.68%), Brassicaceae with 22 species (10.38%), Fabaceae with 19 species (8.96%), and Apiaceae with 10 species (4.72%). The life forms of the plants in the region, which were determined based on Raunkiaer’s classification, include hemicryptophytes (42.92%), therophytes (35.85%), geophytes (10.85%), phanerophytes (5.66%), and chamaephytes (4.72%). In terms of geographical distribution, 51% of the species were from Iran-Turani elements. By reviewing Iran's rare exclusive species in the region, two types of conservation classes were identified for them, which include the Lower Risk (LR) with 14 species and Endangered (En) with one species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identification of high-yielding genotypes with adaptation to a wide range of environments is one of the major goals of crop breeding programs. This research was conducted as randomized complete block design on 16 selected lentil genotypes in four regions of Gachsaran, Khorramabad, Moghan and Ilam, during 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 cropping years. Genotypes stability was assessed through using parametric and non-parametric statistics. Stable genotypes based on CVi had lower yield than average. Regarding regression coffecicient and deviation and based on the yield in total, genotype 10 was determined as the most stable genotype. Rick equivalence and Chokella variance statistics identified genotypes 12, 1, and 10 as stable genotypes. Based on Hanson (Di) statistic, genotypes 12 and 13 (low yield average) and 9 and 10 (high yield average) and based on coefficient of determination, G9, G12 and G10 were more stable genotypes. Based on Kang index (YSi), genotypes 9, 10, and 2 were identified as the stable genotypes. Regarding the results of nonparametric statistics of Nasar and Hyun (Si 1, 2, 3, 6) and Tanarazo (NPi 1, 2, 3, 4), more stable genotypes had lower yield than average. According to TOP statistic, 9, 11, and 5 genotypes were ranked in the top. The SIIG index also identified genotypes 4, 3, 13 and 10 as the most stable genotypes, of which only genotype 10 had higher yield than the average. Keywords: Promising genotypes, SIIG, Yield stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Considering the shortcomings regarding lentil cultivars compatible with temperate and semi-temperate rainfed regions of the country, introducing new cultivars with high yield in these regions is very important and may reduce some limitations in lentil productions. In addition to high yield, these genotypes must have yield stability in different regions with relatively similar climate. In the present study, in continuation of lentil breeding programs in temperate and subtropical climates, advanced lentil genotypes selected from previous years experiments, were evaluated by GGE biplot method as uniform multi-environments trial, to identify the best genotype (s) with high grain yield and stability. Materials and methods: In order to evaluate yield stability of rain-fed lentil genotypes, the present study was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications with 14 advanced genotypes along with two local cultivars (G15: Gachsaran and G16: Sepehr) over two years (2018 and 2019). The experiment’s locations were Gachsaran, Khormeh Abad, Ilam and Moghan. Results: Principal component analysis in the GGE biplot model showed that 47.1% of the variations caused by the first two components (PC1, PC2). The mosaic plot revealed that the contribution of diversity due to genotype × environment interaction was significantly higher than the diversity caused by genotype (G) alone. Using GGE biplot model and based on representativeness and discriminating ability, Gachsaran region was identified as a desirable environment to identify variation among genotypes. G11 was the closest genotype to the ideal genotype in terms of grain yield. This genotype had the highest yield among genotypes and was in a moderate position in terms of stability. Genotype 9 was in the second place in terms of yield but had high yield stability since was the closest genotype to the ideal genotype in terms of stability. Genotypes 10 and 1 were also in the next ranks considering both yield and stability. G15 and G16 as local cultivars showed relatively low grain yield and stability compared to the most of advanced genotypes. Conclusion: Considering both grain yield and yield stability, G9, G11, G10, G1 genotypes were selected. These genotypes were significantly superior to control cultivars (genotypes 15 and 16) in terms of both yield and yield stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, 14 advanced chickpea genotypes selected from regional experiments with Adel and Azad, as control cultivars, were cultivated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in eight environments (Gonbad, Gachsaran, Ilam and Khorramabad in three, two, two and one years, respectively) in Iran during 2017-2020 growing seasons. Combined analysis of variance showed that environment, genotype and genotype by environment interaction (GEI) explained 43.5, 19.8 and 36.7% of the total variation of grain yield, respectively. The first and second principal components accounted for 50.89% and 19.39% of variation, respectively. The polygonal view of biplot showed that genotypes G11, G14 and G9 were the most adaptable genotypes for environments E2, E3, E6, E7, E8, E4 and E5 and G8, G5 and G13 for E1. Based on average tester coordinate (ATC) view, genotypes G11, G5, G13 and G14 were the most stable and high-yielding genotypes. The GGE-biplot based on genotype-focused scaling showed that genotypes G11, G14, G8, G9 and G13, in the circles around the ideal genotype, were the most preferred genotypes. The priority index (PI) showed that in all environments and favourable environments (environments with higher than average grain yields), genotypes G11, G9, G16, G13 and G14 and in unfavourable environments (environments with lower than average grain yields), genotypes G11, G13, G14, G12 and G5 were superior genotypes. Based on different biplot views as well as priority index, genotypes G11, G14 and G5 had grain yields higher than average yield and yield of Adel and Azad cultivars. Further, given their grain yield stability in all environments they can be suitable candidates for introduction of new cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ciprofloxacin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus strains due to efflux pumps has become a significant challenge. This study was performed to evaluate the frequency and gene expression of norA and norB efflux pump genes and their role in resistance to ciprofloxacin in clinical isolates of S. aureus. Methods: In this experimental study, a total of 250 clinical samples were collected from different hospitals in Tehran and S. aureus isolates were identified. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were determined by disk diffusion method based on CLSI standard. The presence of norA and norB efflux pump genes in ciprofloxacin isolates were detected using PCR method. Finally, active efflux pump was evaluating using MIC of ciprofloxacin- Ethidium bromide and Real Time PCR method. Results: Among 250 clinical samples, 50 S. aureus isolates were recovered and the results of antibiotic susceptibility tests show that 34 out of 50 S. aureus isolates (68%) were resistant to methicillin (MRSA) and from the 34 MRSA, 12 isolates (24%) were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Moreover, the norA and norB genes were found in 100 % and 83% in isolates, respectively. Real Time PCR results show that more resistant strains had increased expression in norA and norB efflux genes. Conclusion: The potential role played by norA and norB efflux pumps in the development of resistance to ciprofloxacin in clinical isolates of S. aureus and the detection of these genes could be important for suggestion of an effective treatment model for the S. aureus infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Today, titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles present extensive therapeutic applications. The present study was conducted to investigate the cytotoxicity of TiO2 on colon cancer cell line (HT29), and analyze the expression of caspase-3 and 9 genes. Materials and Methods: The present experimental study used the MTT assay to examine the cytotoxicity of 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 μg/ml concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles on cell line HT29. After the treatment of HT29 cells with IC50 concentration of TiO2, the gene expression levels of caspase-3 and caspase-9 were investigated and compared with the reference gene of GAPDH using real time PCR. DAPI staining and flow cytometry were ultimately used to confirm apoptosis in HT29 cells. Results: The treatment of HT29 cells with different concentrations of TiO2 showed that TiO2 nanoparticles at 50 and 100 μg/ml concentrations present the highest cytotoxicity, which was statistically significant (P<0.05). Moreover, the expression of caspase-3 gene was found to be significantly upregulated by 2.0±69.13 (P<0.001) and that of caspase-9 gene by 3.0±46.29 (P<0.001) in HT29 cell lines treated with TiO2 nanoparticles for 24 hours. The results of DAPI staining and flow cytometry also confirmed apoptosis in HT29 cells. Conclusion: According to the obtained results, TiO2 nanoparticles can be recommended as prospective medicinal candidates for pharmaceutical purposes, although further studies are required in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]