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Background and Aim: Pain management is very important in neonates. The use of non- pharmacological methods can be effective in reducing pain in neonates. The current study aimed at assessing the effect of non-nutritive sucking on the physiological and behavioral pain responses to B Hepatitis vaccine in term infants. Materials and Methods: In this clinical- trial study in Ninth Day Hospital of Torbate Heidarryyeh in 2016,60 qualified neonates randomly were assigned to two groups of experimental and control. In the experimental group, the neonates performed non-nutritive sucking through vaccination. In the control group, no particular interference was done. Data collection means included a demography questionnaire, a physiological responses record questionnaire, and the modified behavioral pain scale. Having collected the required data, analysis was performed through SPSS software( version 20). Results: It was found that the mean of neonates' behavioral responses scores was significantly different after the interference in the two groups (P<0.05). Before the interference, there was no significant difference in mean pulse rate between the groups(P>0.05) But, t-test results showed that after the interference, there was a significant difference in the two groups(P<0.05).Regarding the blood oxygen saturation, before the intervention, there was no significant difference between the two groups(P>0.05). But t-test results showed that after intervention it was significantly different in the two groups(P<0.05). Conclusion: Non-nutritive sucking can be effective in the management of pain in neonates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: One of the most important factors of individual health in the adolescents is the self-concept. As a nursing model, the Roy adaptation model mainly investigates the factor. The aim of the study was to investigate the self-concept and its related factors in the adolescent girls in Gonabad Township, based on the Roy adaptation model. Instrument & Methods: In the descriptive cross-sectional study, 270 adolescent girls were studied in Gonabad Township, Iran, in 2015. The subjects were selected from three health-care centers via stratified cluster random sampling method. Data was collected using a demographic questionnaire and a researcher-made inventory assessing the self-concept in the adolescent girls based on the Roy adaptation model. Data was analyzed by SPSS 22 software using descriptive statistics and Spearman's correlational and Chi-square tests. Findings: The mean self-concept score of the adolescent girls was 281.10±19.06. 125 girls (46.6%) and 143 girls (53.4%) were good and moderate, respectively. Age and the constant self-concept (p=0.03; r=-0.13), the economic status and the moral-spiritual self-concept (p=0.02; r=0.15), as well as the constant self-concept (p=0.02; r=0.11), father's educational level and the constant self-concept (p=0.04; r=0.12), and father's occupation and the mental self-concept (p=0.04; r=0.13) were significantly correlated. Conclusion: The self-concept is moderate in more than a half of the adolescent girls in Gonabad Township. In addition, most of them have weak or moderate objective self. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: After tracheal extubation, following the patient' waking up from general anesthesia, respiratory physiological responses are with symptoms such as cough, laryngospasm, and stridor. Different medications are used to prevent these complications. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of intravenous hydrocortisone and dexamethasone on the respiratory side-effects before tracheal extubation. Materials & Methods: In this two-blinded clinical trial, 108 patients candidate for orthopedic surgery, general surgery, and urology by general anesthesia hospitalized in Shahid Hashemi Nezhad and Bidaxt 15th Khordad hospitals were studied in Mashhad, Iran, in 2015. The subjects were selected via available sampling method. Randomized assignment was done by BBR. The first and the second groups received 100mg hydrocortisone and 8mg dexamethasone 30 minutes before tracheal extubation as one intravenous dosing, respectively. Individual information and clinical status were recorded based on the diagnoses by an anesthesiologist. Data was analyzed by SPSS 13 software using Chi-square, independent T, and Mann-Whitney tests. Findings: There was no significant difference between dexamethasone and hydrocortisone groups in the frequencies of cough, laryngospasm, and stridor (p>0.05). There were significant differences between the mean weights of patients with laryngospasm (p=0.03), cough (p=0.002), and stridor (p=0.001) and the patients without such symptoms. There was no significant difference in gender between patients with stridor and laryngospasm and other patients without such symptoms (p>0.05), excluding patients with cough (p=0.003). Conclusion: The effects of hydrocortisone and dexamethasone are similar on laryngospasm, cough, and stridor after tracheal extubation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Long term prognosis of hemodialysis patients are influenced by adequacy treatment. Thus, it is important to study the factors that improve the adequacy dialysis. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of isometric and isotonic movements during hemodialysis on dialysis adequacy. Materials & Methods: In this clinical trial in 2014, 50 patients in the two dialysis centers of Gonabad City and Qaen City, Iran, were selected by simple random sampling method and considering the inclusion criteria. The samples were randomly divided into two equal experimental and control groups. Experimental group patients performed isometric and isotonic movement according to tutorial film for 60 minutes in the first 2 hours of hemodialysis. These sport movement were repeated 3 times a week during hemodialysis session for 6 weeks. Dialysis adequacy was calculated before and after intervention in 2 groups. Data was analyzed by SPSS 14.5 software using independent T, Chi-square, Pearson- and Spearman correlation coefficients tests. Findings: After the intervention, there was a significant difference between two groups in adequacy of dialysis (p=0.01), in a way that before intervention, 80% of patients in experimental group had dialysis adequacy less than 1.2 which was reduced to 40% after intervention. However, the number of patients with less than 1.2 adequacy of dialysis in control group was increased from 72 to 76%. Conclusion: Performing isometric and isotonic movements during hemodialysis improves the adequacy of dialysis in hemodialysis patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Endotracheal intubation is an invasive technique which is associated with severe cardiovascular complications. This study aimed to compare the effects of lidocaine 10% spray on the laryngoscope blade with intravenous lidocaine on cardiovascular responses to laryngoscopy and intubation in elective surgical patients. Materials & Methods: In this clinical trial that is performed in 2013, 90 candidates of elective surgery in Gonobad City, Iran hospitals were randomly divided to three groups control (no drugs were used), intravenous lidocaine (three minutes before laryngoscopy) and lidocaine 10% (just before laryngoscopy). Heart rate and systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial blood pressure were recorded immediately before, immediately after, and 1, 3 and 5min after laryngoscopy. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20 by repeated ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests. Findings: There were significant differences in systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure between control group and each intravenous lidocaine and lidocaine 10% groups after laryngoscopy (p<0.001). There was no significant difference in any of the three variables between intravenous and spray groups. No significant difference was found between the three groups in heart rate (p=0.16). Conclusion: Compared with intravenous lidocaine administration, lidocaine 10% spray on the laryngoscope blade lead to better stability in blood pressure after laryngoscopy, but has no effect on the heart rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Endotracheal intubation can increase sympathetic reflex activity result in blood pressure increase, arrhythmia and tachycardia. This study aimed to compare the effects of Clonidine premedication and Fentanyl on hemodynamic factors (heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure) in opium-dependent patients under endotracheal intubation. Materials & Methods: This single-blind clinical trial was done on 60 opium-dependent patients undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation in 2013 at operating room of 15 Khordad hospital. The samples were divided randomly into two equal groups receiving Clonidine and Fentanyl. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were compared before, immediately and 5min after intubation. Data were analyzed using Independent-T, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient tests by SPSS 16 Software. Findings: The mean heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure before endotracheal intubation in both groups was not statistically different (p>0.05) but the mean heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, immediately after intubation in both groups was maximum and showed significant difference statistically (p<0.001). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure in Clonidine group, 5min after intubation significantly decreased compared with prior to intubation and showed significant difference to the Fentanyl group statistically (p<0.001). Conclusion: Using Fentanyl as a premedication before laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation is less effective than Clonidine to control of hemodynamic parameters in opium-dependent patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Anxiety is a common phenomenon in cardiovascular diseases and its control is very important. This study aimed to investigate the effect of guided imagery on anxiety in hospitalized patients with acute coronary syndrome in the cardiac intensive care unit. Materials & Methods: In this clinical trial in 2014, 50 patients with acute coronary syndrome in the cardiac intensive care unit of 22 Bahman Hospital in Gonabad City, Iran, were selected by convenience sampling method and were randomly divided into two control and experimental groups. At first, all the samples completed the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory questionnaire and Visual Analog Scale of anxiety. In addition to usual care, experimental group listened to the CD of guided imagery 2 times a day, morning and night for 16 minutes and the control group received only routine care. At the end, the mentioned questionnaires were filled again and the data were analyzed in SPSS 14.5 software by independent T-test, Chi-square and Fisher exact tests. Findings: The mean of pretest and posttest scores of total anxiety and hidden anxiety in the experimental group decreased significantly compare with the control group (p<0.05), but mean score decreasing of the pretest and posttest of clear anxiety in the experimental group was not significant compare with the control group (p>0.05). Conclusion: Guided imagery can reduce the total anxiety and hidden anxiety of heart patients with acute coronary syndrome hospitalized in cardiac intensive care unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Urine retention following surgery can lead to performance and basic disorders in gall bladder. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of feet reflexology on urinary retention relieving after surgery. Materials & Methods: This clinical trial was done in 2014 on 70 patients with urinary retention following surgery that was not able to urinate despite routine nursing measures. The patients were divided into two interventional and control groups based on random allocation (permutation blocking method). Reflexology was performed for intervention group for 30min (15min for each foot) and general reflexology was carried out for control group for the same duration. Data collected using a researcher-made checklist. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16 using descriptive statistics, independent-T, Man-Whitney, and Chi-square tests. Findings: There was a significant difference between intervention and control groups regarding urinary retention after surgery (p=0.04) and retention time (p<0.001). However, a significant difference was not found between two groups in volume of excreted urine (p=0.2). Conclusion: Feet reflexology has positive effect on urinary retention after surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Dialysis patients have experienced some degree of pain, especially foot pain. Some complementary interventions such as muscle relaxation are effective in relieving pain. This study was performed with the aim of assessing the effect of muscle relaxation on hemodialysis patients' pain. Materials & Methods: This randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 90 hemodialysis patients of Khatamolanbia and Imam Ali hemodialysis centers of Zahedan during 2013 and 2014. The patients were chosen by purposive sampling based on inclusion criteria and randomly divided into control and experimental groups. Pain intensity was measured by McGill questionnaire before intervention. Then, Benson muscle relaxation was taught to patients' of case group and was performed by them for 15-20 minutes twice a day for a month. The control group received no training. The pain intensity of two groups was compared after one month. The data were analyzed using Chi-square, independent T and Mann-Whitney tests by SPSS 21 software. Findings: Most of the patients were men, married, housekeeper with under diploma education and the mean age of them was 43.0±15.0 years. There was a significant decrease in pain intensity in the intervention group compared to the control (p=0.03). Conclusion: The muscle relaxation technique can be employed to reduce pain in hemodialysis patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]