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آلودگی ناشی از فلزات سنگین یکی از مشکلات اساسی جوامع بشری در تولید محصولات کشاورزی است و به‌عنوان عامل اساسی تهدید سلامت بشر به شمار می‌رود. پژوهش حاضر به‌منظور بررسی امکان کاهش اثرات سمیت ناشی از آلودگی خاک با کادمیوم به‌وسیله کاربرد گونه‌های باکتریایی جنس ازتوباکتر و سودوموناس انجام گردید. برای این منظور، غلظت‌های صفر، 75، 150 و 300 میکرومولار کلرید کادمیوم به همراه باکتری‌های محرک رشد (ازتوباکتر کروکوکوم و سودوموناس پوتیدا) به دو رقم گندم (گنبد و کریم) اعمال شدند. صفات موردبررسی شامل محتوای رنگیزه‌های فتوسنتزی (کلروفیل a، b و کل) رنگیزه‌های کمکی (کارتنوئیدها، فلاونوئیدها)، عملکرد کوانتومی، SPAD، وزن خشک ساقه، عملکرد دانه، وزن دانه و تعداد دانه است. آزمایش‌ در قالب طرح کامل تصادفی (CRD) با سه تکرار و در شرایط گلخانه­ای انجام شدند. نتایج تجزیه واریانس صفات موردبررسی نشان داد که تنش کادمیوم موجب کاهش رنگیزه‌های فتوسنتزی، فلاونوئیدها، عملکرد کوانتومی و شاخص سبزینگی گردید اما میزان کارتنوئیدها افزایش یافت. حضور باکتری‌های محرک رشد موجب تخفیف اثرات تنش کادمیوم بر گیاهان گندم شد به‌طوری‌که شاخص‌های مذکور در گیاهان تیمار تلقیح شده با باکتری‌ها به‌صورت معنی‌داری افزایش نشان دادند

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Objective Breast cancer is still the most common cancer among women all over the world. Considering the medicinal and therapeutic properties of F. vulgare, in this research, first, the morphological and structural characteristics of metal nanoparticles biosynthesized from the aqueous extract of F. vulgare and then the antioxidant and anticancer properties of essential oil, aqueous extract and the biosynthesized nanoparticles were investigated. Materials and methods In this research, after the biosynthesis of iron, copper, zinc, and silver nanoparticles from the aqueous extract of fennel plant (F. vulgare) and their properties in terms of size with XRD and confirmation of the structure by FTIR, the amount of secondary metabolites, the amount of antioxidant and anticancer activity of the essential oil And the aqueous extract of fennel plant (F. vulgare) and iron, copper, zinc and silver nanoparticles biosynthesized from it were evaluated on the Sum-159 and the Hs-578T cell lines. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. Graphpad and FlowJ software were used to study cell viability and flow cytometry results, respectively. Results According to the results obtained from DLS of biosynthesized metal nanoparticles, the sizes of iron, copper, zinc, and silver nanoparticles were 35, 32, 33, and 34 nm, respectively. The results of FTIR also confirmed the existence of the synthesized metal nanoparticles. Also, according to the results of HPLC and spectrophotometry, the presence of biochemical compounds such as flavonoid and anthocyanin and metabolites such as rutin, quercetin, and kaempferol in the aqueous extract of fennel plant was confirmed. In terms of antioxidant activity, a significant difference was observed between different treatments, it was also observed that with the increase in the concentration of the treatments, the amount of their antioxidant activity also increased, and the highest amount of antioxidant activity of each treatment was related to the highest concentration of each treatment. The highest amount of antioxidant activity (87.41%) was related to copper nanoparticles at a concentration of 500 mg/ml. In terms of the IC50 value of the mentioned treatments, it was also found that the Sum-159 cell line had higher resistance compared to the Hs-578T cell line against equal concentrations of different treatments. The results of anticancer properties demonstrated that in Sum-159 cell line, the highest pre-apoptotic and post)apoptotic rates were 4.31% and 17.56%, respectively, related to silver nanoparticle treatment. While, in the case of Hs-578 cell line, the highest rate of pre-apoptotic and post-apoptotic are respectively 4.5% and 18.7% related to silver treatment. Conclusions According to the obtained results, the amount of anticancer properties of essential oil and water extract of fennel plant and iron, copper, zinc, and silver nanoparticles biosynthesized from it showed that the percentage of necrotic cells, the percentage of cells in the pre-apoptotic and post)apoptotic stages significantly influenced with the type of treatment used, the type of cell line and their interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and objective: Soybean (Glycine max L.) is an annual, self-pollinating, diploid plant belonging to the Leguminosae pea family and is one of the most important oil plants in the world. The amount of yield of soybean oil constitutes its economic part, which is dependent on the grain yield and its related traits. Knowing the relationships between these traits and the interaction between them is very important for reformers. Different reports of relationships between traits and seed yield in soybean have been presented; Therefore, in this research, to investigate the reaction of different soybean cultivars and lines, in terms of yield and yield components in three levels of drought stress and normal, in order to select traits that can be considered as selection criteria for selecting cultivars and lines. paid. Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the effect of drought stress on the yield and yield components and physiological characteristics of different soybean cultivars and lines and to analyze the relationships between traits in order to select resistant cultivars adapted to the dry or low water climatic conditions of Iran, an experiment was conducted in the form of a split. The plot was based on a randomized complete block design. In this investigation, the irrigation levels included: 1- no stress, 2- stress after flowering, 3- stress after podding as the main factor and soybean cultivars and lines were considered as secondary factors in four replications. Results: between the main factor (drought stress) in terms of plant height, leaf area, length of plant, number of seeds per plant, dry weight of plant, weight of seeds per plant, weight of 1000 seeds, biological yield, economic yield and plant yield. In the level unit and between the levels of the sub-factor (numbers and lines) in terms of all the assessed traits, there was a significant difference at the probability levels of 5 and 1 percent. In terms of the interaction between the main and secondary factors, only in terms of plant height, stem length, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per seed, seed weight per seed and biological yield, a significant difference was observed at 5 and 1% probability levels. With the increase of stress from the flowering stage to the pod bearing area, the yield and yield components decreased and showed a decrease compared to the non-stressed condition. The non-stress treatment (normal) had the highest economic yield with an average of 3134.40 kg and compared to the stress treatment after podding which produced an average of 2765.85 kg, it produced 11.75% more yield, in other words, The increase in stress intensity has decreased grain yield. Among the cultivars studied, in terms of yield and yield components, Arian line and DPX genotype were identified as superior cultivars, and Kausar, Parsa and Saba lines were identified as weak cultivars. Conclusion: In general, the results obtained from this research showed that with the increase of stress from the flowering stage to the pod bearing area, the yield and yield components decreased and showed a decrease compared to the non-stressed condition. The non-stressed (normal) treatment with an average of 3134.40 kg had the highest economic yield and compared to the stress treatment after podding with an average of 2765.85 kg, it produced 11.75% more yield, in other words, with increasing stress, yield The grain has decreased. Among the studied cultivars, in terms of yield and yield components, Arian line and DPX genotype were identified as superior cultivars, and Kausar, Parsa, and Saba lines were identified as weak cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: In order to make optimal use of available soil resources, preserve paddy lands for rice cultivation, prevent them from changing their use, and on the other hand, improve the living conditions of farmers, it is necessary to turn to the second cultivation of plants such as clover after rice harvesting as one of the ways to increase The income, while creating employment, will increase the production and stability of the income of paddy lands. Materials and Methods: This experiment was carried out in 2018 in the Lundville region of Astara for rice crop rotation, different amounts of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers, and varieties and dates of clover planting in the Guilan region. The experiment was evaluated in the form of s split-split plot with a completely randomized block design in three replications. The main factor includes nitrogen fertilizer with potassium at three levels (50, 100, and 150 kg per hectare) and the spreading of clovers in three different stages of rice growth, including after flowering, before harvest, and after harvest as split plot and secondary factors. the split split plot also included species of clovers (Barsim and Iranian). The rice variety used in this experiment was the Hashemi cultivar. Results:: The results of comparing the average effects of treatments showed that the highest plant height (154.5 cm) was obtained when 150 kg ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer with potassium was used in the stage of spreading clovers before rice harvest for the Iranian clover variety. The total number of claws per square meter (779.56) in the spreading stage of clovers before harvesting rice and Iranian clover variety was more than other treatments. The number of clusters per square meter (235.44) and the total number of seeds per cluster (116.21) in the spreading phase of clovers after flowering of rice and Barsim clover cultivars were significantly higher than other treatments. The highest weight of thousand seeds under 100 kg ha-1 of fertilizer was obtained in the stage of spreading clovers after rice flowering (34.44 g) and also in the stage of spreading clovers after rice flowering and from the Barsim clover variety (35.78 g). The yield of paddy (550.67 g m2) was the highest under 100 kg ha-1 of fertilizer in the stage of spreading clovers after rice harvesting and from the Iranian clover variety. The harvest index (51.94%) was significantly higher in the spreading phase of clovers after rice harvest and from the variety of Bersim clover compared to other treatments. Conclusion: The use of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers along with crop rotation of rice and clover due to nitrogen stabilization and improvement of the soil substrate increased the height of the plant, increased the number of claws, spike length, the weight of 1000 seeds, and finally increased the yield of the rice plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Wheat, as one of the most important crops, occupies about 20% of the world's cultivated area. In the FAO report, more than 90% of Iran is classified as arid and semi-arid. The impact of drought stress on crops is devastating every year, resulting in yield losses of 17%. It is therefore of high importance to research to improve crop resilience to drought stress and minimize water losses in agriculture. Hence, it seems essential to determine the drought tolerance of bread wheat genotypes based on their performance under moisture stress and normal conditions. Moreover, morphological, phenological, and physiological traits affecting the performance of the genotypes studied must be evaluated to achieve high-yielding genotypes for use in breeding programs. Accordingly, four advanced tolerant and sensitive bread wheat genotypes against drought stress were studied regarding yield and other physiological, morphological, and phenological traits under normal and water deficit conditions during the flowering stage. The objective was to discover the main causes of stress tolerance or sensitivity from different aspects of the studied genotypes. Materials and methods: To explore the effect of moisture stress at flowering stage, four genotypes were investigated as the main factor (A) by factorial experiment based on the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications under the normal and moisture stress conditions at flowering stage as the sub-factor (B) in the research field. By measuring the morphological, phenological, and physiological traits of four bread wheat genotypes and comparing their performance under water stress and normal conditions, the drought tolerance of each genotype was determined. We performed an analysis of variance, mean comparison, causality analysis, factor analysis, biplot analysis, and correlation between traits to determine the relative importance of each trait affecting the genotype's performance. Results: The results of analysis of variance showed a significant difference at least at 5% probability level between genotypes and drought stress levels according to most studied traits. Based on the results from the comparison of means of traits, the high tolerance of Eroum cultivar to drought stress was due to the higher increase in MDA and H2O2 and lower decrease in traits of chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll content, carotenoid content, 1000-seed weight and plant height. Also, the Mihan cultivar was more tolerant to drought stress because of the higher increase of proline, carotenoid, POX, CAT, peduncle length and number of days to 50% flowering and the lower decrease in the number of grains per spike due to drought stress. The drought stress increased the activity of catalase, peroxidase, MDA, H2O2 and osmolytes including proline and decreased the concentration of chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, grain yield, number of fertile tillers, number of grains per spike, grain filling period, 1000-seed weight and vegetative growth rate. The results of biplot analysis based on the principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the flag leaf area, vegetative growth rate, number of fertilizer tillers, grain yield, number of grains per spike, 1000-seed weight, CAT, proline, POX, MDA and carotenoid play a decisive role in genotype discrimination under the normal and stress conditions. The results of path analysis showed that the vegetative growth rate, total chlorophyll content, chlorophyll a content and plant height, due to significant direct effects, and also the MDA, proline content and peduncle length, chlorophyll a concentration, chlorophyll b concentration, carotenoid content, total chlorophyll concentration, length of grain filling period and vegetative growth rate, due to the greater correlation with grain yield, can be used as suitable indicators for the selection of tolerance genotypes. Conclusion: According to the mean comparison, causality, and biplot analyses, the high yield of the Arum genotype under normal and water stress conditions can be explained by total protein, vegetative growth rate, grain filling rate, 1000- grain weight, grain filling period, grains number in spike, fertile tillers number, plant height, and malondialdehyde. Whereas, the high yield of the Mihan genotype under both normal and moisture deficit conditions can be attributed to vegetative growth rate, 1000 grain weight, flag leaf area, grain filling period, grains number in spike, fertile tillers number, plant height, total chlorophyll concentration, chlorophyll a and b concentration, peduncle length, carotenoid content, and proline content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Wheat is one of the plants that is important in terms of diet and business, and the global demand for it is increasing. One of the harmful and dangerous stresses is ultraviolet light, which affects the growth and production of plants and leads to the production of reactive oxygen species, which are very toxic. The present study was evaluated in order to investigate the effect of c type ultraviolet light on seedlings of three varieties of wheat in order to identify the systems involved in transmitting the defense message of this plant from biochemical and molecular aspects. Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out in a factorial manner based on a completely randomized design with three replications at Mohaghegh University of Ardabil. The investigated factors included the first factor of Control and treatment with ultraviolet light (type c with a wavelength of 254 nm) and the second factor of wheat cultivars (Sardari, Morvarid, and Gaspard). Type c ultraviolet light stress was applied at the stage of three-four leaves for 20 minutes and then sampling of the treated leaves at zero, 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 18, 24 and 48 hours later. The treatment was done. Results and Discussion: The results showed that the quantitative activity of peroxidases in Sardari and Gaspard cultivars was not significantly different in front of type c ultraviolet light, while in Morvarid cultivar, this enzyme increase had an upward trend from the very first hours. Also, the results of the qualitative examination of peroxidase enzymes against c type ultraviolet light showed the number of 5, 6 and 9 peroxidase isoenzymes in three of Sardari, Morvarid and Gaspard wheat cultivars. Qualitative analysis of catalase enzymes in Sardari and Gaspard cultivars identified 4 isoenzymes and 3 isoenzymes in Morvarid cultivar. On the other hand, in DNA electrophoresis, the effect of type c ultraviolet light on the DNA of three wheat cultivars showed that DNA breakage occurred in Sardari and Gaspard cultivars 48 hours after treatment compared to control samples and in Morvarid cultivar, from the first hours after treatment. Investigation the changes in expression of genes involved in metabolism such as hexokinase and plant defense such as PRl in three wheat cultivars as a result of treatment with type c ultraviolet light shows that the expression changes of these two genes in Sardari and Gaspard cultivars follow almost the same pattern and 10 hours after From the treatment, they have shown a decrease in expression, but in Morvarid cultivar, the expression of HK and PRl genes increased from the very first hours. Conclusion: In general, the results show that the increase in the activity of peroxidase and catalase enzymes and changes in the expression of PRl and HK genes in the path of transmission of ultraviolet light c type in three cultivars Sardari, Morvarid and Gaspard gives. DNA breakage along with other changes in wheat indicate the possibility of programmed cell death in wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For identification of correlations and relations among different traits in bread wheat, 30 genotypes were investigated based on a split plot experiment in the form of randomized complete block design with three replications under normal and moisture stress conditions during the 2016-2017 crop season. The results of the analysis of variance showed that the effect of genotypes was significant for most of the studied traits. The interaction effect of drought stress and genotype was significant for all examined traits except 1000-grain weight. Genotypes c-94-3 and Heidari were recognized as the best genotypes with average grain yield of 437 and 427 g/m², respectively, in normal conditions. Under drought conditions, genotypes cd-4 and cd-6 had the lowest grain yield with an average of 104 and 108 g/m², respectively. Based on the results of multiple regression in field experiment, under optimal irrigation conditions, flag leaf area, spike density, number of days to 50% flowering and spike length, (R² = 0.466) and under stress conditions, grain filling rate, grain filling period and straw yield (R² = 0.736) were considered as important traits affecting grain yield. Path analysis of grain yield under normal conditions indicated that the flag leaf area, spike density and spike length, and under stress conditions, the grain filling rate, grain filling period and straw yield, with the greatest direct positive effect were the important and effective traits in grain yield. Based on the results of the analysis of the grain yield correlation coefficients under normal condition, the number of kernels per spike, 1000-grain weight, flag leaf area, spike density and spike length, and under stress conditions, the number of kernels per spike, the grain filling rate, grain filling period and straw yield, were considered as the traits affecting grain yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought stress is one of the most important environmental factors involved in the growth and yield of wheat reduction and causes many damages by disrupting morphological and physiological processes. On the other hand, putrescine as a growth stimulant with antioxidant properties in the plants can inhibit the destructive effects of dehydration stress. For this purpose, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications was carried out in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. Factors included water deficit stress (control, 85% and 65% of field capacity), wheat cultivars (Kuhdasht, Zagros, Gonbad and lines 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 39 and 40) and putrescine (nonapplication, 0.088 and 0.176 g / L-1). Putrescine foliar application was performed in the three-leaf stage of the plant and dehydration stress was applied one day later for one week. Mean comparisons showed that dehydration stress decreased leaf chlorophyll index, F0, Fm, Fv / Fm, stem length and grain yield (grain number and grain weight) in some studied genotypes. The combination of 0.088 g / L-1 putrescine and drought stress improved the chlorophyll index (28.16%) and the amount of photosystem two (10.54%) compared to the control conditions. Also, the dendrogram obtained from cluster analysis placed the studied genotypes under dehydration stress and putrescine foliar application in three groups. In general, foliar feeding of 0.088 g / L-1 putrescine is more effective and recommended for the photosynthetic system improvement and tolerance of wheat plant to dehydration stress. Among the studied genotypes, Koohdasht, Zagros and Line 27 were more tolerant to dehydration stress due to putrescine-enhanced photosynthetic system and improved grain yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Pistachio is one of the most important agricultural products and Iran has the richest germplasm of pistachio in the world. The presence of these genetic resources will be an appropriate opportunity for use in breeding purposes. Knowledge of genetic relationships among pistachio genotypes has an important role in its breeding programs. Molecular markers are one of the powerful tools for studying plant phylogenetic relationships. The Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) technique is one of the molecular systems is used to assess the genetic relationship among different plant species and cultivars. This study was performed to evaluate the genetic relationships between several Pistacia species and cultivars using SCoT molecular markers and to assess the usefulness of these markers in differentiating this genus. Materials and methods: Plant materials of this study included 29 genotypes of domestic and wild species of the genus Pistacia. A total of 25 SCoT primers were used to evaluate the genetic relationships. Genomic DNA was extracted from leaf samples using the CTAB method with minor modifications. The quantity and quality of the extracted DNA were measured by spectrophotometer and agarose gel electrophoresis. Cluster analysis based on Jaccard's similarity matrix and complete linkage algorithm and Principal coordinate analysis was performed using NTSYSpc 2.02e software. Results: In total, 449 DNA fragments were amplified by primers out of which 433 bands (96/43%) were polymorphic. The average number of amplified fragments for each primer was 17.96 bands with a mean of 17.32 polymorphic bands per primer. Some species-specific markers were detected in some genotypes. The average of polymorphism information content values varied from 0/18 to 0/38. Also, the values of marker indices ranged from 0/56 to 4/36. The range of similarity coefficients of genotypes varied between 25% to 68%. Cluster analysis divided genotypes into two main clusters including vera (domestic) and wild species. Principal coordinate analysis separated vera cultivars and genotypes from wild species and confirmed the results of cluster analysis. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrated that SCoT molecular markers detected high polymorphism among pistachio species and cultivars and differentiated the studeid genotypes. Therefore, SCoT Marker is a useful tool for studying phylogenetic relationships in the genus Pistacia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Plants are very efficient in producing valuable pharmaceutical proteins. Human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) has numerous effects on various cellular systems, including wound healing, organogenesis, and so on. The present study was carried out with the aim of constructing monocotyledonous-specific vectors for hegf insertion and mass-production in a self-pollinated crop, barley, afterwards. This crop plant, with high protein yield and very low cross-pollination, is an ideal host for the production of epidermal growth factor. Materials and methods The hegf sequence was optimized by COOL software, based on the codon preference of the host plant, and synthesized with a specific promoter, D-hordein. The encoding sequence of signal peptide targeting protein storage organelles in barley seeds was included at the beginning of the encoding area. The synthesized gene cassette was isolated from the cloning vector pUC57Hvorhegf by SacI and HindIII and cloned in pBI121. To insert the gene cassette of interest into pGH215, due to the lack of similar restriction sites in pUC57Hvorhegf and pGH215, the intermediate vector, pBI121Gus-12, was applied. After digesting pUC57Hvorhegf and pBI121Gus-12 by SacI and KpnI, the sequence of interest was incorporated into pBI121Gus-12. Finally, the recombinant pBI121Gus-12 and pGH215 were digested with KpnI and SalI, and the gene cassette was cloned at the right border of T-DNA, behind the NOS terminator. Results Cloning accuracy and constructing pBI121Hvorhegf and pGH215Hvorhegf vectors bearing kanamycin and hygromycin, respectively, suitable for monocotyledons-crop transformation was confirmed by colony PCR, digestion pattern, and sequencing with forward and reverse primers. Conclusions The modified recombinant expression vector pGH215 with the gene of interest carrying the hygromycin gene cassette, giving a high level of ability to select transformed explants, can be used to transfer desired genes in monocotyledons and express those genes in protein storage organelles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]