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با توجه به اهمیت امنیت غذایی برای جمعیت رو به رشد کشور و نیاز به پایداری اکوسیستم­های زراعی، هدف از تحقیق اولویت­بندی شاخص­های اکولوژیکی، اجتماعی و اقتصادی موثر در پایداری تولیدات زراعی می­باشد. معیارهای اکولوژیکی با 6 زیرمعیار، اجتماعی با 7 زیرمعیار و اقتصادی با 5 زیرمعیار مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. داده­های مورد نیاز با بهره­گیری از نظرات گروهی از اساتید، محققان و کارشناسان ارشد زراعت استان آذربایجان­غربی و از طریق تکمیل پرسشنامه در سال 1397 جمع­آوری شد. با استفاده از تکنیک دلفی فازی، ارزش وزنی معیارها و زیرمعیارها تعیین شد. نتایج حاکی از آن بود که زیرمعیار محدودیت منابع آبی با وزن نسبی 22/0 و زیرمعیار عدم استفاده از نتایج تحقیقات علمی محققان در بخش کشاورزی توسط کشاورزان با وزن نسبی 25/0 به ترتیب بیشترین اهمیت را در بین معیارهای اکولوژیکی و اجتماعی داشت. در بین معیارهای اکولوژیکی، اقتصادی و اجتماعی، معیار اقتصادی دارای بیشترین تاثیر در کاهش پایداری تولیدات زراعی استان بود که در این بین زیرمعیار هزینه تولید بالا و درآمد پایین کشاورزان با وزن نسبی 27/0 بیشترین اهمیت را داشت. بنابراین مشکل تولید پایدار در این استان، کمبود آب آبیاری و به تبع آن درآمد پایین کشاورزان است و با توجه به اینکه دسترسی کشاورزان به منابع علمی و نتایج حاصل از تحقیقات محققان مشکل است، بنابراین به نظر می­رسد ارائه الگوهای مناسب کشت و استفاده از سیستم­های مدرن آبیاری، آیش­گذاری زمین­ها به منظور ذخیره آب، برگزاری کلاس­های ترویجی و آموزشی جهت بهبود کیفیت در مراحل مختلف تولید، برداشت و فرآوری محصولات برای کشاورزان می­تواند راه­گشا باشد.

در مدیریت پایدار بوم­نظام­های کشاورزی، کاربرد کودهای زیستی بویژه میکوریزا به عنوان مکمل یا جایگزین کودهای شیمیایی از اهمیت زیادی برخوردار است. به منظور مطالعه برهمکنش میکوریزا و کود فسفر بر عملکرد و پروتئین دانه نخود، آزمایش گلخانه­ای در سال 1393 به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی، در چهار تکرار انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل سه گونه قارچ میکوریزا، Funneliformis mosseae، Rhizophagus intraradices و Claroideoglomus claroideum به همراه شاهد، و سه سطح کود سوپر فسفات تریپل شامل 0، 50 و 100 میلی­گرم فسفر بر کیلوگرم خاک بود. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین ارتفاع بوته (83/48 سانتی­متر)، درصد کلونیزاسیون ریشه (00/72) و شاخص کلروفیل برگ (SPAD) مربوط به گیاهان همزیست با Rh. intraradices به همراه 50 میلی­گرم فسفر بر کیلوگرم خاک بود. با افزایش کاربرد کود سوپر فسفات تریپل تا 100 میلی­گرم فسفر بر کیلوگرم خاک، گیاهان همزیست با گونه­های میکوریزا، کاهش معنی­دار در تعداد دانه در بوته نشان دادند. با کاربرد میکوریزا، بیشترین عملکرد دانه از مقدار 50 میلی­گرم فسفر بر کیلوگرم خاک بدست آمد. کاربرد 100 میلی­گرم فسفر بر کیلوگرم در مقایسه با 50 میلی­گرم فسفر بر کیلوگرم خاک، به­ترتیب کاهش 13 و 12 درصدی پروتئین در گیاهان همزیست با F. mosseae و Rh. intraradices را نشان داد. بنابراین روابط میکویزایی در کنار کود شیمیایی فسفره، مصرف کود شیمیایی را بدون افت عملکرد و پروتئین دانه نخود کاهش داده است. این امر می­تواند در رسیدن به سیستم­های کشاورزی کم­نهاده و پایدار راه­گشا باشد.

In order to investigate the effects of different intercropping arrangements on quinoa and bean, a field experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) was conducted with three replications during growing season of 2019- 2020 in Ahar, northwest of Iran. The treatments included different intercropping patterns consisting of 1 row of quinoa + 1 row of bean (1:1), 1 row of quinoa + 2 row of bean of quinoa (1:2), 1 row of quinoa + 3 row of bean of quinoa (1:3), 2 row of quinoa + 1 row of bean of quinoa (2:1), 2 row of quinoa + 3 row of bean of quinoa (2:3), 3 row of quinoa + 1 row of bean of quinoa (3:1), 3 row of quinoa + 2 row of bean of quinoa (3:2) and sole cropping of quinoa and bean. Results showed that intercropping patterns had significant effect on all of the studied traits of quinoa and bean. The maximum grain yield (1123.4 kg/ha) and biological yield (2625.25 kg/ha) of quinoa were obtained at 2 row of quinoa + 3 row of bean in quinoa and sole cropping, respectively. The maximum grain yield and biological yield for bean were achieved at sole cropping. The average yield loss (AYL) index of quinoa in different arrangements of intercropping was higher than the AYL of bean, which indicates that quinoa in intercropping is more resistant to yield reduction compared to bean. The highest land equivalent ratio (LER) values (1.84) were obtained from 2 row of quinoa + 3 row of bean arrangement. This means that intercropping improved land use efficiency by 84%, compared with monocropping [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to define a suitable sowing date and effect of nitrogen fertilizer on quinoa, a randomized complete block design field experiment was conducted based on a split-plot design with three replications in 2019 at Ahar, Iran. Experimental treatments included: Five sowing dates (Feb. 24, Mar. 11, Mar. 25, Apr. 9 and Apr. 25) as main plot and five levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 90, 180, 270 and 360 kg ha-1 ) as sub plots. Results indicated that maximum 1000-seed weight (3.48 g) was obtained at sowing date of 25 Apr. under 180 kg ha-1 nitrogen and the highest grain yield and biomass were observed at sowing date of 25 Apr. with application of 270 and 360 kg ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer. The highest plant height and grain nitrogen percentage were obtained in the sowing date of 25 Apr. with application of 90, 180, 270 and 360 kg ha-1 . A significant increase in nitrogen agronomic efficiency was observed with increasing application of nitrogen from control to 90 kg ha-1 in all sowing dates. The highest growing period (with 137 days) was observed at sowing date of 24 Feb. and the lowest growing period (with 95 days) was observed at sowing date of 25 Apr. Generally, the sowing date of 25 Apr. with application of 270 kg ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer is suitable for Ahar region owing to the shortest growing period and highest grain yield and biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For evaluation and zoning of sugar beet susceptible areas based on cultivation systems and irrigation regimes, a research has been conducted as a nested design in West Azarbaijan Province in 2017-2018. For this purpose, 11 counties have been used. In each county, based on the climate three villages have been visited, wherein three famers have been selected in random to complete the prepared questionnaires and take the samples. The measured traits from each field includes root yield, percent and yield of sugar, used water, water conservation, and water use efficiency in different cropping and irrigation systems. Geographic Information System (GIS) has been used for zoning and determining their susceptible areas. Results show that among the counties of the province, Piranshahr and Naghadeh have had the highest sugar content and yield with Piranshahr being introduced as the most susceptible counties, due to its lowest used water in modern irrigation and cultivation systems (60×40 and autumn) and highest water use efficiency in modern irrigation system and and 60 × 40 autumn cultivation systems. Based on the zoning, Piranshahr, Naghadeh, Khoy, Oshnaviyeh, Mahabad, Miandoab, and Bukan have had the most susceptible areas and Showt, Salmas, Urmia, and Shahindej have been unsuitable areas in this province for cultivation of this plant. Given the importance of water in sugar beet production, these counties, especially Showt, are not recommended for producing this plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water stress is one of the most important factors limiting the growth and production of crops in arid and semi-arid regions. To evaluate the effect of mycorrhizal fungi species on the growth and yield (quantity and quality) of Onobrychis sativa under water deficit condition, a greenhouse factorial experiment based on completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications was conducted in 2014. Treatments included five species of mycorrhizal fungi (Fanelormis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices, Claroideoglomus claroideum, Funneliformis caledonius, Glomus versiforme and non-mycorrhizal control) and two levels of irrigation (irrigation at 80% [well watering] and 50% [water deficit] field capacity [FC]). The highest grain yield (9.187 g/plant) was obtained from the stressed plants inoculated with Rh. intraradices with the same grain yield of F. mosseae inoculated plants (8.867 g/plant). With a significant reduction in the grain yield of stressed plants, mycorrhizal relationships even increased the yield more than the wellwatered plants. Despite the decreases in the grain protein and phosphorous of water-deficit stressed mycorrhizal plants, the highest grain protein content was obtained from the plants inoculated with G. versiforme, and the highest grain phosphorus content was obtained from the plants inoculated with F. mosseae. Mycorrhizal symbiosis enhanced the yield and the quality of Sanfoin grain in water deficit stressed plants due to reducing root volume against the stimulating root elongation. In this way, the species G. versiforme exhibited the greatest positive effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the effects of different intercropping ratios of fenugreek and savory on their yield and essential oil, an experiment has been conducted, based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in Ahar Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources. The treatments include different row intercropping ratios, 50% savory + 50% fenugreek (1+1), 33% savory + 67% fenugreek (1+2), 67% savory + 33% fenugreek (2+1), 50% savory + 50% fenugreek (2+2), 25% savory + 75% fenugreek (1+3), 75% savory + 25% fenugreek (3+1), and sole cropping fenugreek and savory. The study measures yield, essential oil percentage and essential oil yield of fenugreek and savory, biomass of savory, land equivalent ratio, actual yield loss or gain, relative crowding coefficient, intercropping advantage, competitive ratio, relative value total, and system productivity index. Results reveal that fenugreek yield in sole cropping are significantly higher than other intercropping ratios, with the highest percentage of seed protein of fenugreek and dry weight, essential oil percentage and essential oil yield of savory, obtained in 1 row savory + 1 row fenugreek. The highest fenugreek essential oil yield is achieved in sole cropping and 1 row savory + 3 rows fenugreek. Among the used intercropping treatments, the highest intercropping advantage (IA) (1.29) belongs to 1 row savory + 3 rows fenugreek, with the maximum land equivalent ratio (LER) values (1.94) obtained in 1 row savory + 1 row fenugreek, indicating yield improvement in intercropping systems by 94%, as compared with sole cropping. System productivity index in 1 row savory + 1 row fenugreek (1860.3) has been more than other intercropping treatments. According to the yield and agronomic and economic benefits, it seems that 1 row savory + 1 row fenugreek is suitable for increasing the yield, the income, and land use efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]