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میکروامولسیون‌ها سامانه‌هایی هموژن هستند که قطر ذرات فاز پراکنده در آن‌ها کمتر از 100 نانومتر می‌باشد. از آن‌جا که شکل‌گیری این سامانه‌ها، تحت تاثیر پارامترهای مختلفی قرار می‌گیرد، در این تحقیق تشکیل میکروامولسیون اسانس پوست پرتقال با استفاده از توئین 60 و پروپانل (با نسبت 1:1) تحت شرایط مختلف pH، قدرت یونی، غلظت شکر و دما مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. برای این منظور،‌ از روش سطح پاسخ برای تعریف تعداد آزمون‌ها و ترکیب فاکتورهای مورد بررسی استفاده گردید. نتایج نشان داد که pH و قدرت یونی و تعامل آن‌ها در شکل‌گیری میکروامولسیون موثر نیستند و سطح میکروامولسیون تحت تاثیر پارامترهای مذکور قرار نمی‌گیرد. غلظت شکر به‌طور معنی‌داری بر شکل‌گیری میکروامولسیون موثر بود و با افزایش غلظت شکر از صفر به 30 درصد، منطقه میکروامولسیون از 38% به حدود 5/4% کاهش یافت. مدل کیوبیک تاثیر غلظت شکر بر سطح میکروامولسیون را به خوبی پیش‌بینی کرد. علاوه بر این، منطقه میکروامولسیون با افزایش دما در غلظت‌های پایین شکر (تا 10%) افزایش یافت اما در غلظت‌های بالاتر شکر کاهش معنی‌داری را نشان داد. همچنین پایداری حرارتی میکروامولسیون اسانس پوست پرتقال/ توئین 60: پروپانل/ آب با افزایش غلظت شکر به شدت کاهش یافت. نتایج آنالیز حسی نشان داد که استفاده از میکروامولسیون اسانس پوست پرتقال در آب گازدار در مقایسه با اسانس آزاد، انحلال و پذیرش محصول را خصوصا از نظر فاکتورهای طعم و آروما به‌طور معنی‌داری بهبود بخشید.

مقدمه: با توجه به اهمیت بیماری پره‌اکلامپسی و تأثیر آن بر روی شاخص‌های خونی و نیز وجود مطالعاتی که نشان‌دهنده نقش سرب به عنوان یک فلز سمی بر روی این شاخص‌ها می‌باشد، مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی همبستگی میزان سرب خون با شاخص‌های خونی در زنان مبتلا به پره‌اکلامپسی بدون مواجهه شغلی با سرب انجام شد. روش‌کار: این مطالعه همبستگی در سال 1394 بر روی 80 مادر باردار مبتلا به پره‌اکلامپسی بستری شده در بیمارستان آیت الله موسوی شهر زنجان، انجام شد. در بدو ورود به مطالعه 5/3 میلی‌لیتر نمونه خون وریدی جهت سنجش میزان سرب و شاخص‌های خونی از افراد گرفته شد. اطلاعات فردی و مامایی واحد‌های پژوهش ثبت شد. جهت اندازه‌‌گیری سرب خون از روش پتانسیومتری و از دستگاه Ion3 و برای آنالیز شاخص‌های هماتولوژیک از دستگاه symex استفاده شد. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار آماری SPSS (نسخه 22) و آزمون‌های کای دو و ضریب همبستگی پیرسون انجام شد. میزان p کمتر از 05/0 معنی‌دار در نظر گرفته شد. یافته‌ها: میانگین سرب خون در بین 80 نفر فرد شرکت‌کننده در این مطالعه 40/3±04/8 میکروگرم بر دسی‌لیتر بود. نتایج نشان داد که همبستگی مثبت بین سرب خون با دامنه پراکندگی حجم پلاکت (017/0=p، 300/0=r :PDW) و همبستگی منفی بین سرب خون با توزیع پراکندگی سلول‌های بزرگ پلاکت (047/0=p، 260/0-=r :PLCR) وجود دارد. همچنین همبستگی مثبت بین سرب خون با BUN (001/0=p، 377/0=r :BUN) و کراتینین خون (012/0=p، 288/0=r :Cr) وجود داشت، ولی با سایر شاخص های خون ارتباطی وجود نداشت. نتیجه‌گیری: سرب خون بر شاخص‌های خونی تأثیر دارد، لذا پیشنهاد می‌شود راهکارهایی در جهت کاهش مواجهه با سرب در محیط به‌ویژه در زنان باردار برنامه‌ریزی و اجرا شود.

مقدمه: با توجه به دیدگاه بهداشت باروری که در آن به سلامتی زنان به علت تغییرات فیزیولوژیک در طی بارداری و پس از زایمان تاکید شده است و با توجه به اهمیت حفظ ذخایر آهن و هموگلوبین مادر به ویژه بعد از زایمان و وجود مطالعاتی دال بر تأثیر مصرف میوه خرما در کاهش خونریزی مرحله سوم زایمان، مطالعه حاضر با هدف تعیین تأثیر مصرف میوه خرما بر میزان و مدت خونریزی دوران نفاس انجام شد. روش کار: این مطالعه کارآزمایی بالینی تصادفی در سال 1394 بر روی 100 نفر از زنان نخست زای 35-18 ساله مراجعه کننده به بیمارستان ام البنین (س) شهر مشهد انجام شد. گروه مداخله از 2 ساعت بعد از زایمان تا 10 روز بعد از زایمان، روزانه 100 گرم میوه خرما مصرف کردند. ابزار گردآوری داده ها شامل پرسشنامه مشخصات فردی، چک لیست پیگیری دوره نفاس و نمودار تصویری استاندارد (CALBP) بود. داده ها پس از گردآوری با استفاده از نرم افزار آماری SSPS (نسخه 23) و آزمون های تی تست و من ویتنی مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. میزان p کمتر از 05/0 معنی دار در نظر گرفته شد. یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که میزان خونریزی در روز اول در گروه مداخله کمتر بود ولی از نظر آماری معنی دار نبود، ولی در سایر روزها (روز دوم تا دهم) بین دو گروه از نظر میزان خونریزی تفاوت آماری معنی داری وجود داشت (001/0>p). میوه خرما در کاهش روزهای خونریزی تأثیری نداشت. نتیجه گیری: مصرف خرما در دوران نفاس باعث کاهش میزان خونریزی شده و با توجه به اینکه میوه خرما در بعد از زایمان منع مصرف ندارد، استفاده از آن به مادران در دوران نفاس توصیه می شود

In recent years, the demand for fried products with lower oil content has increased. Therefore, in this study, the effect of different hydrocolloid coatings including sodium alginate (0.50 and 1.00%), calcium alginate (0.50 and 1.00%), and soy protein isolate (4.00 and 5.00%) on oil absorption and quality properties of eggplant slices during different frying times [0, 90, 180, 270, and 360 seconds] were evaluated. The results showed that the samples pretreated with hydrocolloids had lower moisture loss and oil absorption than the control sample. In this regard, among the treatments, calcium alginate (1.00%, with a moisture content of 16.66% based on dry weight and the oil absorption of 0.11 g/g food) and soy protein isolate (5.00%, with the moisture content of 33.66% based on dry weight and the of oil absorption of 0.26 g/g food) had the highest and lowest function, respectively. The moisture content of the fried samples decreased with the frying time increase from 90 to 270 s. Meanwhile, the frying efficiency of calcium alginate coated samples, in all four examined times, was higher than the other treatments, which showed the highest value in 90 s (93.12%). The lowest efficiency was observed in the control sample at 360 s (49.51%). The L* values in the samples coated with soy protein isolate were lower than the other samples, which could be due to the increase in Millard reaction. Coating the eggplant samples with calcium and sodium alginate resulted in desirable sensory parameters for 90 s. Overall, the results of this study showed that the use of calcium alginate coating (1%) could lead to the production of low -fat fried eggplant without adversely affecting the sensory and qualitative properties of the product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The NLCs are potent carriers for lipophilic bioactive compounds. In this study, the NLC:maltodextrin (6:10) solution at the inlet temperatures of 110 or 180 °C, and the feed flow rate of 5 or 15 mL/min was spray-dried and the powders characteristics were evaluated. The SEM micrographs showed the particle morphologies of hollow spheroids with smooth surfaces. The powder production yields as high as 66% was achieved. The sizes of NLC particles after the redispersion of the spray-dried powders shifted to higher amounts [from 57.3 nm (in the biggest size before drying) to 93.7 nm (in the biggest size after drying)], but were below the acceptable size of NLC systems. The measurement of flowability indices such as Carr’s compressibility index (in average 16.21), Hausner ratio (in average 1.20), and angle of repose (31-42°) showed that the samples were categorized as the powders with good flowability. The results of this study revealed that NLC systems can be successfully spray-dried by using maltodextrin as the excipient without any drastic changes in the particle size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concerns about the environmental issues have increased the tendency to package the food stuffs with natural biopolymers. However, the use of these compounds has limitations such as the weakness in mechanical, barrier and optical properties. Alginate, as a biopolymer, has a good film forming potential; meanwhileit has poor moisture barrier properties.In order to overcome this problem, in this study, the calcium alginate film was coated with two types of lipids including sunflower oil (as a liquid oil) and tallow (as a solid fat) at two concentrations (0.5 and 5%, with and without 0.1% lecithin). Afterward, the physicochemical, barrier, and mechanical properties of the produced films were investigated. The results showed that thelamination of the alginate films with tallow fat increased the film thickness, which increased with the fat concentration. In addition, sunflower oil significantly reduced the permeability of the films to water vapor, that was more evidentin 0.5% sunflower oil coated film. The results also showed that the use of these hydrophobic materials for the coating of alginate films changed the color properties and the turbidity of the films. The mechanical properties of the film, including tensile strength and elongation at the breaking point, improved by coating the alginate film with 0.5% tallow fat.Thickness, water vapor permeability, and the mechanical properties were not affected by the addition of lecithin. The SEM images proved the formation of small holes or cracks on the films surfaces.In general, this study showed that sunflower oil or tallow fat can be used as natural compounds to improve the properties of calcium alginate-based edible films, depending on the goals of packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is widely acknowledged as a significant risk factor for death and disability. Our goal in this experiment was to see if Auraptene (AUR) could help rats recover from TBI-induced disability by measuring of oxidative stress parameters. Methods and Materials: Adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to one of six groups: sham, TBI, Vehicle (DMSO), TBI+AUR (4 mg/kg), TBI+AUR (8 mg/kg), TBI+AUR (25 mg/kg). The animals were anesthetized. After that, diffuse TBI was done by Marmarou model in male rats. Then, the brain tissues were harvested. Some of oxidative stress parameters, and TNFα levels were evaluated. Results: TBI-induced brain damage was significantly inhibited by AUR (25 mg/kg), as evidenced by decreased Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Nitric Oxide (NO) levels, oxidative stress inhibition and reduced levels of proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) in the brain. Conclusion: This study showed that probably the AUR prevents complications of TBI through decreases in brain edema, modulating oxidative stress, and reductions in the levels of inflammatory cytokines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cholestasis is a clinical condition caused by internal or extrahepatic disorder in bile secretion. Accumulation of bile acids plays an important role in inducing apoptosis, necrosis and increasing oxidative stress in liver. As a strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory drug, shilajit can probably be effective in reducing some liver complications caused by bile duct obstruction. The aim of this study is to investigate some effects of shilajit on liver damage caused by extrahepatic cholestasis. Methods and Materials: Adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to one of five groups: sham, BDL, Vehicle (Salin), BDL+Shi (150 mg/kg), and BDL+Shi (250 mg/kg). On the sixth day after drug administration, blood samples were taken from animals under complete anesthesia for biochemical tests and liver samples were prepared for histopathological examinations. Results: The results showed that BDL induces a significant increase in liver enzymes [(Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and oxidants levels [(Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Nitric Oxide (NO)] and decreases in antioxidant biomarkers [(superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx)] in the plasma and liver tissue. We also found that Shi significantly preserved levels of these biomarkers and enzymatic activity. From the histopathological point of view, the amount of necrosis and liver damage shows a decreasing trend with receiving Shi. Conclusion: In the present study, liver damage was determined by measuring the serum parameters of ALT, AST, GST and its histopathological examination, and the administration of Shilajit with different doses showed its hepatoprotective effects by adjusting the serum parameters and improving the liver lesions caused by BDL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The neuroprotective effects of estrogen in the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) are well known. However, there are safety concerns regarding the use of high and chronic doses of estrogen, so it has limited clinical use. The neuroprotective benefits of nanoparticles as a therapeutic intervention in patients with neurological diseases have been researched recently. In the current study, low doses of estrogen using nanoparticles were studied in the treatment of brain injury. Methods and Materials: Diffuse TBI caused by the Marmarou model in male rats. In this experimental study, 42 male Wistar rats, weighing 200-250 grams, were used and the animals were randomly divided into 6groups, with 7 rats in each group including: Sham, TBI, vehicle (DMSO 1%), and three different doses of nanoestradiol including: the low dose (2.5 µg/kg), the middle dose (5 µg/kg), and the high dose (10 µg/kg). Drugs were injected intraperitoneally (ip) 30 minute after TBI. Results: The results showed that TBI causes an increase in brain edema, oxidant biomarkers (MDA and NO) and a decrease in VCS and antioxidant factors (GPX and SOD). Also, nanoestradiol exerts a dose-dependent neuroprotective effect, so that dose 10 µg/kg shows better protective effects than nanoestradiol other doses. Conclusion: The results of the experiments showed that nanoestradiol as an antioxidant is capable of sweeping species Reactive oxygen (ROS) caused by traumatic brain injury and as a result improves its complications such as brain edema and VCS. Also, with increasing the drug dose, the amount of brain edema, VCS, and oxidative stress factors significantly improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat bran as a by-product of milling contain various compounds such as pentosans which have health promoting effects and functinal properties in industrial applications. In this study the extraction yield of pentosans by hot water 80oC, 0.01 mM sodium hydroxide and 2% alkaline hydrogen peroxide solutions as the conventional methods for pentosan extraction was evaluated. Then, the effects of pretreatments such as cellulase, ultrasound, autoclave and microwave in the presence of sodium hydroxide and water to increase the pentosan extraction yield were studied. Finally, in order to increase the extraction yield of the pentosans, pretreatments with the highest extraction yield (sonication, cellulase enzyme, hot water, sodium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide) were evaluated as combined treatments. The results showed that the purity of pentosans extracted with sodium hydroxide was significantly higher than the hot water and hydrogen peroxide solution (p<0.05). Also, among the pretreatments of cellulase enzyme, ultrasound, autoclave and microwave in presence of water or sodium hydroxide, the combination of cellulase-sodium hydroxide and ultrasound-sodium hydroxide treatments resulted in the higher yields. The combined treatment of hot water (80oC)+cellulase enzyme+(0.1%)+ultrasound power (560 w, 2 minutes) and the combined treatment of hot water (80oC)+hydrogen peroxide (4%, pH=11.5) were identified respectively as the best combination factors to maximize extraction yield and pentosans purity from wheat bran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the food packaging materials are produced from nondegradable polymers which has become a serious environmental problem. Natural ingredients based on polysaccharides, offer an alternative for synthetic packagings that minimize the environmental pollution with a relatively low cost. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) on morphology, mechanical and barrier properties of sodium alginate film. For this purpose, the nanoparticles were added at concentrations of 0.025%, 0.5% and 0.1% into the alginate films and optical properties, tensile strength, elongation at break (%), Young’s modulus, water vapor permeability (WVP) and the nanostructured of films were evaluated. As SLN concentration increased, elongation at break and WVP increased significantly (p<0.05), while no significant differences were found in the tensile strength and Young’s modulus (p>0.05). Films containing a high concentration of SLN (0.1%), were slightly yellowish in color and their opacity value increased significantly (p<0.05). The scaning electron micrographs showed that addition of SLN resulted in a hole-like structure in the film texture, which increased with nano-particles, concentration. Results obtained in the present work exhibited that the incorporation of SLN in alginate film was suitable for increasing the film flexibility but it had no positive effect on the film barrier properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Genital tract infections are one of the main causes of frequent referrals to gynecological clinics. Vulvovaginal candidiasis is the second common infectious vaginitis. On the other hand, probiotics are microorganisms that can have beneficial effects on the host. Noticing the limited number of studies reporting new treatments for this disease, the present study was designed to compare the effects of the combination of fluconazole and oral protexin and fluconazole on the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Materials and Methods: A double-blind clinical trial was conducted on 90 women who were referred to the 12-e-Bahman Clinic in 2011. The patients were randomly classified into "combination of fluconazole and oral protexin" or "fluconazole and placebo" groups. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (t-test, Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and McNemar's test). Results: The combinations, fluconazole-oral protexin and fluconazole-placebo, were equally effective in reduction of complaints and symptoms; however, the effect of fluconazole-oral protexin on dysuria was more (P=0.02). Also, the fluconazole-oral protexin combination elicited a better therapeutic response (P=0.01). In addition, fluconazole-oral protexin combination treatment demonstrated a better recovery time (P=0.04). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that complementary treatment with probiotic lactobacillus increased the efficacy of fluconazole in treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Further research, however, is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

مقدمه: درد همراه با شقاق پستان یکی از مشکلات شایع دوران شیردهی است که می‌تواند باعث قطع زودهنگام شیردهی شود. میوه عناب یکی از قدیمی‌ترین گونه‌های دارویی است که ترکیبات ضد دردی و ضد التهابی دارد، مطالعه حاضر با هدف تعیین تأثیر لوسیون میوه عناب بر بهبود درد نوک پستان انجام شد. روش‌‌کار: این مطالعه کارآزمایی بالینی دوسوکور در سال 1394 بر روی 100 نفر از زنان نخست‌زا شیرده دارای درد نوک پستان در درمانگاه زنان بیمارستان قائم (عج) کرمان انجام شد. افراد به‌صورت تصادفی در دو گروه 50 نفری لوسیون میوه عناب و شیر مادر قرار گرفتند. در یک گروه زنان شیرده 5 قطره از شیر خود را به مدت 5 بار در روز و در گروه دیگر 5/0 میلی‌لیتر لوسیون میوه عناب را به مدت 5 بار در روز، بعد از شیردهی بر روی نوک پستان و هاله اطراف آن قرار دادند. شدت درد قبل از مداخله در روز سوم پس از زایمان و بعد از مداخله در روزهای هفتم و چهاردهم پس از زایمان با استفاده از مقیاس عددی درد مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. تجزیه‌ و تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار آماری SPSS (نسخه 22) و آزمون‌های من ویتنی، فریدمن، تی مستقل و کای دو انجام شد. میزانp کمتر از 05/0 معنی‌دار در نظر گرفته شد. یافته‌ها: نمره شدت درد بین دو گروه قبل از مداخله از نظر آماری اختلاف معنی‌داری نداشت. این میزان در روزهای هفتم و چهاردهم پس از مداخله اختلاف معناداری را بین دو گروه نشان داد (02/0=p، 01/0=p). نتیجه‌گیری: لوسیون میوه عناب بر کاهش درد نوک پستان که در هنگام شقاق پستان ایجاد می‌شود، مؤثرتر از شیر مادر می‌باشد و درد نوک پستان را سریع‌تر کاهش می‌دهد، اما لزوم تحقیقات بیشتر توصیه می‌شود.