Search

شاعران معاصر برخی از سروده‌های خود را به مبحث بیداری اسلامی اختصاص داده‌اند و یکی از مسائلی که امروزه سطح گسترده‌ایی از فضای جهانی بخصوص کشورها و جوامع اسلامی به آن توجه ویژ‌ه‌ای دارند، شناخت دقیق ابعاد مختلف جریان بیداری اسلامی به عنوان اندیشه‌ای نوپا که در دهه‌های اخیر مطرح شده است. سعید معتوق از شاعران نوظهور معاصریست که از شعر به عنوان گونۀ ادبی رسا جهت بیان اندیشه‌ها و عقاید خود و فراگیری بیداری اسلامی و نبوغ این بیداری به عنوان آرمانی والا در جامعۀ خود از مؤلفه‌های بسیار تاثیرگذار کمک گرفته -که مبتنی بر ارزش‌های اصیل و تبین هویت ملی، مسیر رسیدن ملت مسلمان را به سعادت اخروی هموار می‌کند. این پژوهش به این مسئله پاسخ می‌دهد که چه مؤلفه‌‌هایی در جهت تقویت همه جانبه جنبش بیداری درتاریخ تمدن اسلامی در شعر شاعر اماراتی سعید معتوق جریان دارد. برای واکاوی این مولفه‌ها از روش توصیفی تحلیلی و با استناد بر مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای و تکنیک تحلیل و تجزیه محتوا استفاده شده است و برای پاسخ به این مؤلفه‌ها در قدم اول مؤلفه‌های بیداری اسلامی در شعر سعید معتوق و در قدم دوم انواع راهکار‌ها و بارزترین آن‌ها تبین شده است. و در قدم سوم با بهره‌گیری از مضامینی همچون خدا محوری، وطن خواهی، تمجید شهادت طلبی، ستیز با ستم و ستم گر، بهره‌گیری از نماد و تلمیحات دینی طبق اشعار شاعر و اشارات او به آیات و روایات بیان شده است وتوانسته فضای سیاسی و اجتماعی ملّتش و کشور‌های اسلامی را در مسیر عبودیت و بیداری و تقویت عزم و ارادۀ آنها در مقابله با ستیز قاطع استعمارگران به خوبی به تصویر بکشد.

الخطاب السردي من أهمّ الفنون الأدبية؛ فهو فن ينفتح علی إبداعات أدبية متعدّدة تبدأ بالخرافة والملحمة والأسطورة وغير ذلك، وصولاً إلی صياغتها الحديثة التي نعرفها اليوم بالرواية والقصة القصيرة، حيث تنفرد بقيَم جمالية وخاصّية نوعية،؛ وعند قراءة رواية (الوداع) للکاتب المصري نبيل فاروق نجد عناصر الخطاب السردي تتجلّی فيها؛ فالرواية تدور أحداثها حول شخصيات متعدّدة، ويظهر فيها عنصر العجائبية وعنصر التکرار، فالمفاهيم العامّة لهذه العناصر ظهرت بشكل واضح في الرواية ممّا رشّحناها لتکون محوراً لهذه الدراسة. الهدف من كتابة هذا البحث هو دراسة العناصر السرديَّة من خلال منهج وصفي - تحليلي، وسوف نحاول دراسةكيفيّة استخدام نبيل فاروق لعناصر الشخوص والزمان والمكان والحوار والتكرار والعجائبية في رواية (الوداع). وقد توصّلنا في نهاية البحث إلی نتائج عن أنواع الشخصيات وتنوُّع عنصر الزمان الذي أشار له الکاتب بشكل غير مباشر، أما عنصر المكان فيحدّده بدقّه لأهميته في أحداث الرواية. وقد تبيّن أن الکاتب استخدم الديالوج أكثر من المنولوج بسبب طبيعة الرواية، وكاد يقتصر المنولوج على التفكير الداخلي للشخصية. وعنصر التكرار في الروايّة ملفت للنظر لتتابع الأحداث المختلفة، أمّا نوع العجائبية التي استخدمها هو نوع بقاء قوانين الواقع كما هي.

Copyright of Arabic Language & Literature (1735-9767) is the property of University of Tehran and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

يعد العصر العباسي - في سلسلة الأدب العربي - عصراً متميزاً؛ يبرز هذا العصر من خلال التعرف على الأمم والشعوب المختلفة والتأثر بثقافاتها. من هذا المنطلق قد أدى الشعراء والأدباء دوراً مؤثراً؛ لأن قسماً ذا بال من هذه النقلة الثقافية قد تم على يد الأدباء. "الجاحظ البصري" أحد أبرز هؤلاء الكتاب، فقد ذاع صيته في الآفاق وانتفع العلماء بكتبه وآثاره الجليلة. يعد كتاب "المحاسن والأضداد" من مصنفاته الشهیرة في حقل الشعر والأدب. نطمح من خلال بحثنا هذا أن ندرس مظاهر الثقافة والأدب الفارسي في هذا الكتاب وذلك بالاعتماد على المنهج الوصفي - التحليلي. يظهر لنا من خلال النتائج بأن هناك مفردات ومصطلحات فارسية كثيرة قد دخلت آثار الجاحظ؛ خاصة كتابه "المحاسن والأضداد" وهذا يرجع أول ما يرجع إلى المجاورة القائمة بين إيران والعراق نتيجة التأثر بالثقافة الفارسية. إن الجاحظ قد سلط الضوء على ظروف الإيرانيين ومكانتهم في المجالات المختلفة، مثل: "الآداب والتقاليد، الأخلاق، السياسة، وقوانين إدارة البلاد وذلك في ثنايا هذا الكتاب الثمين؛ في هذا الصدد يُمكن الإلمام بالمعلومات القيمة حول ريادة الإيرانيين العلمية في مجال القصص القديمة، الأعمال والمواعظ. - Abbasid era is a special period in the History of Arabic culture and one of the most specific characteristic of the period is being touch with another nations and giving influence from their culture. In this period, the poets and authors have played an important role and a part of the cultural transmission is done by them. Jahiz was one of the authors of this period who is famous for his scientific writings published everywhere. "Almahasin wa al-Azdad" is one of his books in the literature and poetry. In this article, using a descriptive-analytic approach, we aim to investigate some aspects of Persian culture in this book. Jahiz has demonstrated the position and the situation of Iranians in various fields, such as customs, temperament, policy and governance in his book and also depicted valuable information about Iranian excellence in knowledge, jobs, ancient stories and their advices. - Dr Ali Khezri - Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran

كان للمكان أثر مهم في الشعر العربي خا صة في الشعر الجاهلي. امتزج الشاعر الجاهلي بالمكان الذي عاش فيه حتى صارت قطعة من نفسه وجزءاً من حياته. استمد الشاعر من الأماكن والمواضع تجارب حياته لأن المكان ترك أثرا لا تمحوه الأيام من ذاكرة الإنسان في تكوين حياته وبناء مجده. یعتمد هذا البحث علی المنهج الوصفي-الإحصائي ويتناول دور الأماكن في القصائد السبع الطوال؛ ويراد بالأماكن أربعة أقسام منها: 1 - الواد، 2 - الماء، 3 - الجبل، 4 - البئر. ففي الواقع يراد بالأماكن صحراء العرب وبيئتها ويراد بالإنسان، العربي الذي عاش في البادية أو في الصحراء وأمضى حياته فيها وتأثر المكان في سلوكه وأخلاقه وعاداته وتقاليده ولذلك استخدم الشاعر الجاهلي الأماكن التي في قصائده لأغراض مختلفة منها: أ - توصیف الأطلال والديار التي عاشت فيها حبيبته، ب - الرحلة، جـ - الحروب والمغازي، د - الغلو في وصف عظمة وأنفة الناقة، هـ - الشيم ووسعته الشاملة. - Geographical environment has greatly affected the poems in Times of Ignorance (Jahili). The Ignorance (Jahili) poet is so interwoven with the surrounding as if it has become part of his existence and life. In fact, the poet has gained his experiences from the surrounding to the extent that it can be claimed environment has so greatly affected the formation of his oratory that even the passage of times cannot remove the effects. The present study uses the descriptive-statistical method to investigate the role of geographical environment in ballades of Mu'allaqat Sab including desert, water, mountain and wells. In fact, these places here refer to desert and human implies the Arab who lives there and the environment has affected his manners, ethics and poetic style. Therefore, the Ignorance poet uses these places for different aims such as: a - ruins where the beloved lives there, b - immigration, c - wars, d - exaggerating in the description of camels and e - the description of his grand manners and moralities. - Dr Ali Khezri - Persian Gulf University of Bushehr, Iran

Copyright of Journal of Arabian Sciences Heritage is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Human Sciences Journal / Revue des Sciences Humaines is the property of Universite des Freres Mentouri Constantine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research aims to clarify the Sharia ruling on acting according to the rule (Al-Tarf Gharim) 'Whoever we find first is our Adversary' as named by the researcher. The researcher uses the inductive and analytical method to reach what the research aims at. The researcher refers to the Qur'anic texts, Prophetic hadiths, commands and prohibitions, concerning this rule and belief, with an explanation of jurisprudential applications and answering the questions. In addition to mentioning some law articles in this regard. In conclusion, the most important results and recommendations are mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al Athar is the property of University of Kasdi Merbah Ouargla and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Arabic Language Sciences & Literature / Maǧallaẗ ʻulūm Al-luġaẗ Al-ʻarabiyyaẗ Wa-ādābi-hā is the property of Arab Journal of Sciences & Research Publishing (AJSRP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research paper is about thevariationin the degree of Continentality climate of the Iraq during (40) years for a number of climate station. Using Poresof formula, it is found out that the climate of Iraq ranges between extreme Continentality and very extreme Continentality, and that the Continentality degree is characterized with extreme frequency from one year to another. In certain years, the degree of climate Continentality decreases while in other years it rises in such a way that there is no similarity in the Continental degree from one year to another for the same station. As for the general trend of the degree of Continentality, the last years had noticed special variations, which are divided in to three climate regions: the first region exists in the North and North-East of the country in which the Continentality degree tended to decrease and it is ranged between-0.2% to -0.6%,while the Continentality degree of the second region, which is located in the middle and north of the country, tended to rise simply and this ranged between 0.6% to 1.7%. Finally, the Continentality degree of the third region, which is located in the south-east tended to a most clear rise which ranged between 2.5% to 8.7%. By drawing maps of the annual Continentality degree, it is found out that in some yearsthe area of the extreme Continentality climate and the very extreme Continentality climate are equal, while in other years, the area of the extreme Continentality climate becomes much wider and the opposite happens in other years.

Copyright of Lesan-on Mobeen-on is the property of Imam Khomeini International University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

يعد تصنيف كوبن للمناخ واحدا من التصانيف التي سهلت عملية فهم التوزيع الجغرافي للأقاليم المناخية حول العالم، فهو يعتمد على معادلات رياضية بسيطة جداً، فضلا عن اعتماده على ابرز عنصرين مناخيين هما (درجات الحرارة والامطار) التي تقاس في جميع المحطات المناخية حول العالم. وعلى الرغم من اهمية هذا التصنيف، الا ان ابرز مشكلة فيه هو جمعه عدة محطات مناخية ضمن اقليم مناخي واحد، علما انه توجد تباينات مهمة في (درجات الحرارة والامطار) بين هذه المحطات، لذلك حاول هذا البحث ايجاد حل لهذه المشكلة من خلال تصنيف مناخي جديد مكمل لتصنيف كوبن المناخي على شكل مخطط يعتمد على المعدلات السنوية والعامة لكل من درجات الحرارة وكميات الامطار، وقد ضم التصنيف المناخي (4) اصناف مناخية رئيسية و(5) مناخات انتقالية، ليكون المجموع (9) اصناف مناخية. ويقدم هذا التصنيف ميزات عديدة منها تصنيف الاقاليم المحدودة المساحة، كما انه يصنف المناخات الرئيسة كالمناخ الصحراوي (تصنيف كوبن) الى اصناف مناخية متعددة، بحيث انه يحدد افضل اقسام المناخ الصحراوي، كما انه يتصف بصفة الاستمرارية، بمعنى ان يمكن اعادة تطبيق التصنيف عدة مرات وصولا الى تحديد افضل الاصناف المناخية.

Copyright of Journal Dawat is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Académique des Études Sociales et Humaines is the property of Hassif Benbouali University of Chlef and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background & Aims: Depression is a common and debilitating disease that affects more than 300 million people worldwide (1). Depressive disorder is associated with unemployment, poor physical health, impaired social functioning and, especially in severe cases, with suicide. Therefore, depressive disorder carries a great burden due to the increase in economic costs and the loss of productivity and demand in health care, not only on individuals but also on the whole society (3). with depression also stated that they are classified as "common mental disorders" (4) Although these symptoms have specific diagnostic thresholds, they affect the quality of life and social and occupational performance and cause pressure on the person and the economic status of the population in the scale becomes larger (5). Various methods have been proposed and recommended to reduce anxiety and depression and improve mental health. One of the non-medicinal, simple and uncomplicated methods for treating anxiety and depression is aromatherapy or aromatherapy, which is the use of volatile oils or aromas extracted from flowers and aromatic plants in order to promote therapeutic goals, and through inhalation, Inhalation and massage are performed (6). Aromatherapy using aromatic plant oil is effective in reducing anxiety, pain, fatigue and healing skin wounds (7-9). Massage is one of the most important non-drug interventions to reduce the level of anxiety (10). The use of aromatic plant oils in the traditional medicine of Asian nations including China, India and Iran has a history of thousands of years (12). In this regard, jasmine oil is widely used in different countries in order to benefit from its benefits. Jasmine oil is a sweet smelling substance that is prepared from the jasmine plant (Jasminum officinale) (14). Widely used in aromatherapy, this type of essential oil contains aromatic plant compounds that have various health benefits, including skin care and stress reduction. This plant has analgesic, sedative and anti-depressant properties (15). The results of some studies show that aromatherapy can help improve the physiological and psychological indicators of sick people (18, 19). There is little information about the effect of aromatherapy on anxiety, depression and mental health of people suffering from depression. On the other hand, the use of different medicinal plants in a traditional way has become widespread in the treatment of many ailments and also in the improvement of mental states. By reviewing the research done, no research was found that investigated the benefits of relaxation massage with jasmine oil to reduce depression and improve mental health. Therefore, considering the lack of sufficient information in this field, the need to conduct more studies is felt. Considering the benefits of massage therapy on many symptoms and psychological problems on the one hand and the positive effects of jasmine oil on the other hand, Does six weeks of relaxation massage with jasmine oil affect the level of anxiety, depression and mental health of middle-aged women with depression? Methods: In this semi experimental study, 30 middle-aged women (age 42 ± 3.06 years) with depression based on the DSM-IV standard were randomly divided into 2 groups; control and relaxation massage with jasmine oil. Experimental group received Relaxation Massage with Jasmine Oil for 6 weeks, 3 sessions per week and 30 to 45 minutes each session. Spiel Berger, Beck and GHQ28 questionnaires were used to measure anxiety, depression and mental health of the subjects before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed by independent t-test and dependent t-test at the P<0.05. Results: The results showed that relaxation massage with jasmine oil improved the mental health of middle-aged women with depression compared to the control group (P=0.001). Also, the mean score of depression and anxiety was significantly lower in relaxation massage with jasmine oil group compared to the control group (P=0.001). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that six weeks of relaxation massage with jasmine oil significantly reduced the anxiety of middle-aged women with depression. The results of this research are consistent with the findings of Alavi et al. (2013) who showed that aromatherapy with jasmine oil significantly reduces anxiety in pregnant women (20). Some aromatherapy studies show that essential oils, including jasmine oil, may affect biological factors such as heart rate, stress level, blood pressure, breathing, and immune system function (14). In aromatherapy, the absorption of jasmine oil through the skin causes a message to be transmitted to the brain area called the limbic system. This region is involved in the control of emotions and also affects the nervous system (22- 24). Therefore, it is possible that jasmine oil along with massage has led to the reduction of anxiety in middle-aged women with depression through the effect on the limbic system. Also, the present findings show that six weeks of relaxation massage with jasmine oil significantly reduced depression in depressed middle-aged women. There is evidence that aromatherapy can effectively reduce symptoms of depression. The stimulating and activating effect of jasmine oil can be useful for relieving depression and improving mood (14). When inhaled, jasmine oil affects brain activity and mood, and participants reported feeling more positive and energetic (22). The results of the present research also indicate the beneficial effects of jasmine oil in reducing depression symptoms. Finally, the present findings show that six weeks of relaxation massage with jasmine oil significantly improved the mental health of middle-aged women with depression. This finding is consistent with the results of Shahrjardi and Darvish (2013), who showed a significant improvement in the mental health of women with cancer after the massage period (29). Jasmine flower contains benzyl acetate, lymal alcohol, benzylic alcohol, indole oleanolic acid, dacosterol, hesperidin and active compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins and jasmine (30-32). It is possible that jasmine oil along with massage has led to a significant improvement in the mental health of middle-aged women with depression through the compounds found in jasmine. In the present research, after six weeks of relaxation massage with jasmine oil in middle-aged women suffering from depression, the level of mental stress has decreased and the patients have the feeling that they have the same abilities as other people and thus feel more self-confidence. have obtained Therefore, relaxation massage with jasmine oil can help to improve the mental health of patients suffering from depression, and as a behavioral intervention and complementary treatment, it can play an important role in improving the mental health of patients. One of the positive effects of relaxation massage with jasmine oil is regulating the amount of neurotransmitters in nerve cells and as a result establishing balance in the person's nervous function and reducing mental abnormalities. By performing a relaxation massage with jasmine oil, the level of stress decreases due to the secretion of a number of hormones from different glands and the effect on the nervous system, as well as increasing the consumption of oxygen (14). There were also some limitations in the present research, including the non-use of other massage methods. Overall, one can benefit from its mental health benefits by using relaxation massage with jasmine oil, as shown by the present findings. According to the findings of this research, according to the results of the research, it seems that relaxation massage with jasmine oil can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve the mental health of middle-aged women with depression. Therefore, according to the findings of the research, it is suggested that middle-aged women suffering from depression receive relaxation massage with jasmine oil to reduce the negative consequences of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Alustath is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ومنظمة کاخ، نموذجاً حیاً للإرهاب الصهیونی یفرض نفسه للدراسة والتعرف علیه من قبلنا، على الأقل ضمن المبدأ القائل ( اعرف عدوک) للکشف عن عمق العداء الصهیونی أولا، وللتسلح بما یمکن التسلح به ضد منظمات العدو الصهیونی أدواته الحرکیة فی تحقیق الأطماع الاستعماریة. لقد جاء البحث لیعالج هذا الموضوع من منظار العلم، ولتحقیق ذلک فقد تضمن البحث أربعة مباحث: المبحث الأول بعنوان الإطار العام لموضوع البحث والثانی البعد التاریخی أما المبحث الثالث فیتناول البعد الأیدیولوجی أما الرابع فقد تضمن مواقف کاخ من الصراع العربی الصهیونـی، وبعد ذلک الخاتمة.

Copyright of Journal of The Iraqi University is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Bahith Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lesan-on Mobeen-on is the property of Imam Khomeini International University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of The Iraqi University is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of The Iraqi University is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Academy is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research in Contemporary World Literature is the property of University of Tehran and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Contemporary Islamic Studiens Magazine is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Magazine of Historical Studies & Archaeology is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Arabian Sciences Heritage is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of IUG Journal of Islamic Studies is the property of Islamic University of Gaza and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larq Journal for Philosophy, Linguistics & Social Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Arabian Sciences Heritage is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Alustath is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Arabian Sciences Heritage is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)