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کشت گیاهان پوششی روشی مناسب در تطبیق نظام­ های کشاورزی با تغییرات اقلیمی به­ ویژه تنش کم ­آبی است. بااین‌حال، تحقیقات کمی در بررسی اثرات مستقیم کشت این گیاهان در کاهش اثرات تنش کم­ آبی در محصولات زراعی وجود دارد. ازاین ­رو، آزمایشی گلخانه ­ای به‌منظور بررسی اثر کشت باقلا (Vicia faba L.) به‌عنوان گیاه پوششی در کاهش اثرات سطوح مختلف تنش کم­آبی و نیز کارایی جذب کود نیتروژن در ذرت دانه­ای (Zea mays L.) در سال 1398 به اجرا درآمد. آزمایش به­صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار بود. عامل­ های موردمطالعه شامل کشت باقلا به‌عنوان گیاه پوششی با دو سطح (کشت و عدم کشت)، سطوح مختلف تنش کم ­آبی با چهار سطح (40، 60، 80 و 100 درصد ظرفیت زراعی) و کاربرد نیتروژن معدنی بر پایه اوره با سه سطح (صفر، 50 و 100 درصد مقدار توصیه‌شده) بودند. نتایج نشان داد که تیمار کشت باقلا به‌عنوان گیاه پوششی به همراه کاربرد 100 درصد مقدار توصیه‌شده نیتروژن و عدم اعمال تنش کم ­آبی با میانگین 23.3 گرم دارای بیشترین میزان عملکرد دانه بود. همچنین نتایج حاصل با توجه به عملکرد دانه نشان داد که کشت باقلا به‌عنوان گیاه پوششی و کاربرد 50 درصد مقدار توصیه‌شده­ نیتروژن در سطوح مختلف تنش کم ­آبی باعث بهبود صفاتی نظیر کارایی زراعی، کارایی بازیافت و کارایی بهره ­وری نیتروژن هم در دانه و هم در بافت هوایی ذرت نسبت به عدم کشت باقلا در شرایط مشابه گردید. بر همین اساس، استفاده از بقایای باقلا در خاک و کاربرد 50 درصد مقدار توصیه‌شده نیتروژن در تمامی سطوح تنش کم ­آبی در شرایط مشابه آب و هوایی توصیه می­شود.

چکیدهاهداف: گیاهان پوششی توانایی بالایی برای کمک به کشاورزی پایدار دارند. هدف از مطالعه حاضر بررسی اثربخشی استفاده از گیاهان پوششی زمستانه ترب­سفید و یولاف به­صورت تک­کشتی یا مخلوط بر بهبود عملکرد سیب­زمینی و برخی ویژگی­های خاک بود. مواد و روش­ها: آزمایش مزرعه­ای در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی در سال­های1396 و 1397 اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل کشت پاییزه گیاهان پوششی یولاف(Avena sativa L.)، ترب سفید (Raphanus sativus L.) و کشت مخلوط آنها با نسبت بذر 50 درصد و تیمار شاهد در سال 1396 و کاشت سیب زمینی متعاقب آن در سال 1397بود. یافته­ها: نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین زیست­توده گیاهان پوششی از تیمار تک­کشتی ترب سفید (1/466 گرم در متر مربع) حاصل شد. ­بیشترین زیست­توده علف­های هرز از تیمار شاهد (6/353 گرم در متر مربع) به­دست آمد. تک­کشتی و کشت مخلوط یولاف و ترب سفید اختلاف آماری معنی­داری از نظر کاهش زیست­توده علف­های هرز نداشتند. غالب ویژگی­های خاک مورد اندازه­گیری بجزء کربن آلی خاک، تحت تاثیر گیاهان پوششی قرار گرفتند. عملکرد سیب­زمینی در تک­کشتی و کشت مخلوط گیاهان پوششی دارای اختلاف آماری معنی­داری نبود اما در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد بدون کشت گیاهان پوششی، تک­کشتی یولاف، ترب سفید و کشت مخلوط آن­ها به ترتیب 45/31، 55/24 و 56/20 درصد عملکرد سیب­زمینی را افزایش دادند. نتیجه­گیری: نتایج حاصل از این آزمایش بیانگر تأثیر مثبت گیاهان پوششی زمستانه بصورت تک­کشتی و کشت مخلوط بر ویژگی­های فیزیکی، شیمیایی و زیستی خاک و همچنین عملکرد سیب­زمینی بود.

انگور یکی از میوه‌های مناطق معتدله است که اغلب در اثر سرمازدگی بهاره دچار صدمه می‌شود. پژوهش حاضر بمنظور بررسی اثر اسیدسالیسیلیک بر کاهش صدمه ناشی از سرمازدگی بهاره در ارقام انگور بی‌دانه سفید، پرلت و گونه ریپاریا، بصورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. اسیدسالیسیلیک با غلظت‌های صفر (شاهد)، 5/0 و 1 میلی‌مولار در دو مرتبه در مرحله 5-4 برگی و با فاصله زمانی 24 ساعت روی نهال‌های دوساله گلدانی محلولپاشی گردید. پس از 24 ساعت، عامل دما در سه سطح شامل عدم سرما (گلخانه با دمای طبیعی)، دماهای صفر و 2- درجه سانتی‌گراد به مدت 8 ساعت اعمال شد. نتایج نشان داد که با افزایش شدت تنش سرما تا 2- درجه سانتی گراد درصد سوختگی شاخه افزایش و درصد زنده‌مانی جوانه های باقی مانده کاهش یافت، همچنین تحت این شرایط صدمه به غشاء سلولی و در نتیجه نشت یونی و تولید مالون دی آلدهید افزایش نشان داد. کاربرد اسیدسالیسیلیک با غلظت 1 میلی‌مولار باعث کاهش صدمه به شاخه و افزایش قدرت بازیابی نهال‌ها گردید و کمترین میزان نشت الکترولیتی (18 درصد) و مالون دی آلدهید (15/0 نانومول بر گرم وزن تر) نیز در این غلظت مشاهده شد. همچنین افزایش غلظت پرولین (6/193 میکرومول بر گرم وزن تر) و ترکیبات فنولی (6/26 میلی گرم بر گرم وزن تر) و حداکثر تجمع کربوهیدرات‌های محلول (3/12 میلی گرم بر گرم وزن تر) در تیمار یک میلی‌مولار اسیدسالیسیلیک اتفاق افتاد. بنظر می‌رسد اسیدسالیسیلیک توانسته است منجر به کاهش صدمات ناشی از تنش سرما به غشای سلول‌ها شده و با افزایش قدرت بازیابی نهال‌های تحت تنش، اثرات منفی سرمازدگی را بهبود بخشد.

لکه­ برگی سرکوسپورایی از بیماری­ های برگی مهم چغندرقند می­ باشد که در برخی مناطق خسارت­ هایی را در این محصول وارد می­ سازد. به منظور بررسی مقاومت ارقام متداول چغندرقند در مقابل این بیماری، مطالعه­ ای به صورت آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب بلوک­ های کامل تصادفی انجام گرفت. فاکتورهای آزمایشی شامل بیماری لکه­ برگی سرکوسپورایی در دو سطح (شاهد و بیمار) و 11 رقم چغندرقند (Cesira, Lisetta, Antek, BTS 853, Merak, Yasmene, Qualita, SB16, 25447-79, 25448-79, HI 0063) بود. صفات مورد اندازه­ گیری شامل دوره نهفتگی، روز ظهور علایم، تعداد لکه، قطر لکه و درصد آلودگی بوته بود. نتایج حاصل از این بررسی نشان داد که بین مقاومت به بیماری و دوره نهفتگی و همچنین سایر صفات مورد بررسی ارتباط مستقیمی وجود داشت، به­ طوری که ارقام متحمل به بیماری، طولانی­ ترین دوره نهفتگی، کمترین تعداد لکه، کمترین درصد آلودگی بوته و رقم حساس کوتاه­ترین دوره نهفتگی، بیشترین تعداد لکه و بیشترین درصد آلودگی بوته را داشتند. بر این اساس، رقم HI 0063 به­عنوان اولین گروه در تجزیه خوشه­ ای به­ عنوان حساس­ترین رقم و ارقام SB16، 25447 و Merak در گروه چهارم به­ عنوان ارقام متحمل دسته­ بندی شدند.

به‌منظور مطالعه اثر مدت‌زمان پیش ­سرمایی بر روی ویژگی ­های جوانه­ زنی بذر ارقام سویا، آزمایشی به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با پنج سطح پیش ­سرمایی (شاهد، 10، 20، 30 و 40 روز) و سه رقم (CLEAN، JK و LINFORD) در آزمایشگاه علوم و تکنولوژی بذر دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی در سال 92 با سه تکرار به اجرا درآمد. نتایج نشان داد که اثر متقابل تیمارهای آزمایشی بر روی همه صفات مورفولوژیکی جوانه ­زنی در سویا به­جز وزن خشک ساقه ­چه معنی­ دار بود. بلندترین ساقه­ چه به طول 20.22 سانتی­متر ازرقم کلین با 30 روز پیش ­سرمایی به دست آمد. با افزایش مدت‌زمان پیش ­سرمایی درصد و سرعت جوانه­ زنی افزایش یافت و بیشترین درصد جوانه ­زنی از تیمار 40 روز پیش­ سرمایی در رقم لینفوردبه مقدار 100 درصد به ­دست آمد. بیشترین وزن خشک ریشه ­چه از رقم لینفورد با 30 روز پیش ­سرمایی به میزان 0.2050 گرم به دست آمد. افزایش مدت‌زمان پیش ­سرمایی موجب افزایش مقدار استفاده از ذخایر بذر گردید و بیشترین مقدار استفاده از ذخایر از رقم کلین با 40 روز پیش ­سرمایی به مقدار 2.082 گرم بر گرم به دست آمد. صفت درصد جوانه ­زنی با صفات سرعت جوانه ­زنی، طول ساقه­ چه، طول ریشه ­چه و مقدار استفاده از ذخایر بذر همبستگی مثبتی در سطح احتمال یک درصدداشت.

امروزه هیدرو-پرایمینگ به عنوان یکی از پیش تیمارهای ساده و ارزان جهت بهبود کارآیی بذر شناخته می­شود. به منظور ارزیابی اثر قدرت بذر دو رقم کلزا بر سودمندی هیدرو-پرایمینگ، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح کاملا تصادفی در چهار تکرار انجام شد. عوامل آزمایشی شامل دو رقم کلزا (اکاپی و اپرا)، سه سطح قدرت بذر (شاهد، 2 و 4 روز فرسودگی) و پیش تیمار (بدون پرایمینگ و هیدرو-پرایمینگ) بود. با کاهش سطح قدرت بذر، افت بیشتری در شاخص­های جوانه­زنی و رشد گیاهچه رقم اپرا مشاهده شد. از طرف دیگر، اثرات بهبود دهنده پیش تیمار آبی بذر بر درصد و سرعت جوانه­زنی و وزن خشک گیاهچه در رقم اکاپی بیشتر نمود پیدا کرد. در سطح سوم قدرت بذر، اثرات محرک هیدرو-پرایمینگ بر شاخص­های جوانه­زنی و رشد گیاهچه به طور قابل ملاحظه­ای کاهش یافت. افزایش مقدار قندهای محلول و کاهش محتوای پروتئین کل و فعالیت آنزیم کاتالاز در بذور فرسوده هر دو رقم کلزا اتفاق افتاد. هیدرو-پرایمینگ اثرات سوء ناشی از فرسودگی بذر را تا حدودی رفع نمود، به طوری که بیشترین میزان قند محلول (82/2) و کمترین میزان پروتئین کل (08/1) و فعالیت آنزیم کاتالاز (021/0) در گیاهچه­های حاصل از بذور فرسوده سطح سوم قدرت بذر در شرایط عدم کاربرد پیش تیمار آبی مشاهده شد. در نهایت با توجه به نتایج این پژوهش، می­توان به سودمندی پرایمینگ دست کم در ارتباط با ترمیم آسیب­های ناشی از مراحل اولیه فرسودگی بذر در ارقام کلزا اشاره نمود.

قارچ خوراکی Agaricus bisporus مهمترین قارچی است که به صورت صنعتی کشت می­گردد و به دلیل کیفیت غذایی مناسب و میزان بالای پروتئین جایگاه ویژه­ای را در سبد غذایی مردم جهان به خود اختصاص داده است. استفاده از پسماندهای آلی به عنوان بستر تولید قارچ خوراکی می­تواند راه حل مناسبی در دفع این مواد و تامین بخشی از نیاز غذایی مردم جهان باشد. در این پژوهش برای بررسی قابلیت استفاده از پسماندهای آلی مختلف به عنوان بستر کشت قارچ دکمه­ای و بعلاوه تاثیر باکتری­های محرک رشد گیاه بر عملکرد و کیفیت قارچ خوراکی آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل دو فاکتوره، در سه تکرار انجام شد. فاکتور اول شامل چهار بستر کمپوست تازه قارچ، کمپوست مصرفی قارچ، کمپوست زباله شهری و ورمی­کمپوست بود، که با نسبت یک به یک با کمپوست تازه قارچ مخلوط شده بودند. فاکتور دوم نیز شامل تیمار بدون باکتری و دو باکتری سودوموناس فلورسنس و ریزوبیوم لگومینوزاروم بیووار فازئولی مولد ایندول استیک اسید بود. نتایج نشان داد تاثیر بسترهای مختلف بر عملکرد قارچ در سطح احتمال یک درصد دارای اختلاف معنی­دار می­باشد و کمپوست تازه قارچ با میانگین 5/545 گرم، بیشترین میزان عملکرد را به خود اختصاص داد، ضمنا در بستر ورمی­کمپوست قارچ تولید نشد. در بین باکتری­های تلقیح شده باکتری ریزوبیوم لگومینوزاروم بیووار فازئولی سبب بهبود عملکرد قارچ در تمامی بسترها شد و2/17 درصد عملکرد قارچ را نسبت به تیمار بدون باکتری افزایش داد. پروتئین قارچ نیز تحت تاثیر دو فاکتور بستر و باکتری قرار گرفت و بیشترین درصد پروتئین در تیمار کمپوست زباله شهری به همراه باکتری سودوموناس فلورسنس به­دست آمد.

به منظور بررسی تاثیر آبیاری تکمیلی بر جذب عناصر، روابط آبی و ارزیابی تحمل به خشکی در گلرنگ، آزمایشی با چهار سطح آبیاری (بدون آبیاری، آبیاری در مرحله ظهور طبق، آبیاری در مرحله گلدهی و آبیاری در دو مرحله ظهور طبق و گلدهی ) و دو رقم و یک ژنوتیپ گلرنگ (ژیلا، محلی اصفهان و PI-537636) بصورت اسپلیت پلات در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار درایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی اردبیل در سال 1387 اجرا شد.در این مطالعه اثر سطوح آبیاری بر درصد پتاسیم برگ، محتوای رطوبت نسبی برگ، پتانسیل آب برگ و پایداری غشاء معنی­دار شد. ارقام مورد مطالعه از نظر درصد سدیم، درصد پتاسیم، درصد کلسیم، پتانسیل آب و پایداری غشاء اختلاف معنی­داری داشتند و اثر متقابل معنی­داری بین آبیاری و رقم از لحاظ پتانسل آب برگ و پایداری غشاء مشاهده شد، به طوری که بیشترین پتانسیل آب (0/57- مگاپاسکال) و پایداری غشاء (95/3%) از آبیاری رقم ژیلا در مراحل ظهور طبق و گلدهی بدست آمد و بر اساس شاخص حساسیت به تنش (SSI) و شاخص تحمل (TOL)، ژنوتیپ PI-537636 و بر اساس شاخص­های تحمل به تنش (STI) و میانگین هندسی بهره­وری (GMP) رقم محلی اصفهان برتری داشتند، ولی با توجه به اینکه بهترین ارقام، ارقامی با عملکرد بالا در شرایط عادی و حداقل کاهش عملکرد در شرایط تنش است، رقم محلی اصفهان رقم مناسب در شرایط تنش خشکی بود.

Introduction: Drought is known as the most important factor limiting corn production in the world. Depending on the growth stage and severity of drought stress, it can decrease corn yield by 76%. In addition, the increase in drought stress can decrease the efficiency of elements such as nitrogen in this crop. Therefore, many ways have been studied to decrease the effects of drought stress on crops. The results show that the use of cover crops can be an important approach for agriculture to protect crops against climate changes. These crops improve crop yields and soil nutrients by reducing runoff and soil erosion. The use of legumes as cover crops can decrease the need for chemical nitrogen fertilizer by biological N fixation in these crops. Materials and methods: In 2019, a pot experiment was conducted in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. The experimental treatments were faba bean cultivation (cultivated, non-cultivated), the different rates of nitrogen based on urea (0, 50, 100% of the recommended amount) and water deficit stress (40, 60, 80, 100% FC). In this experiment, 72 pots of 10 kg were used. First, the field capacity of the soil was determined, then the pots were filled with the air-dried soil. Ten grains of faba bean were planted in each pot, 5 of which were removed after germination. Shoots of faba bean were cut at the 50% flowering stage and mixed with the soil to the depth of 10 cm. Four corn grains were planted in each pot, two of which were removed after germination. In this experiment, the variety Shadan of faba bean and the corn hybrid 201 (single cross) were used. Different levels of nitrogen were applied at the V5 stage of corn, drought stress was applied ten days later and continued until the harvest stage of corn. Pots were weighed regularly for the application of drought stress. Corn was harvested at the pasty stage. Experimental characteristics included grain and shoot fresh and dry weights, grain and shoot protein content, nitrogen agronomic efficiency, nitrogen productivity, nitrogen recovery efficiency, and shoot and grain partial factor productivity. Statistical analysis of data was performed using SPSS software (version 26), and significant differences between treatment means were tested using Duncan's Multiple Range Test at P < 0.05. Results and discussion: Our results showed that all traits were influenced by interactions between faba bean cultivation × N fertilizer × water deficit stress. The highest grain yield was obtained of treatment the faba bean cultivation+100% of the recommended nitrogen rate+no application of water deficit stress, while no grains were observed in the treatment of non-cultivation of faba bean+100% of the recommended rate of nitrogen+application of severe water deficit stress, non-cultivation of faba bean+no nitrogen application+application of moderate water deficit stress and non-cultivation of faba bean+no nitrogen application+application of severe water deficit stress. The higher rate of nitrogen in the soil under severe water deficit stress can be considered as the limiting factor for crop growth, and therefore we observed lower yields in these treatments. Addition, our results showed that faba bean cultivation as cover crop increased some traits such as fresh and dry weight of shoot, agronomic efficiency and nitrogen recovery of nitrogen compared to non-cultivation of faba bean. The highest fresh dry shoot weight was obtained from the treatments of faba bean cultivation+100% of the recommended nitrogen rate+no application of water deficit stress and non-cultivation of faba bean cultivation+100% of the recommended nitrogen rate+no application of water deficit stress. Also, the highest shoot and grain agronomic efficiency was observed from the faba bean cultivation+100% of the recommended nitrogen rate+ no nitrogen application+application of moderate water deficit stress. Conclusion: Overall, our results showed that the use of faba bean as cover crop can decrease the effects of water deficit stress and improve the growth status of corn, although the increase at higher water deficit stress level is lower than the other levels. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the use of faba bean as cover crop and and 50% of the recommended rate of nitrogen can be recommended under the same conditions (under water deficit stress). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Science & Sustainable Production is the property of University of Tabriz and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim: Cannabis sativa L. contains valuable cannabinoids necessary for industrial, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications. To ensure the availability of cannabis plant materials in vitro culture approaches guarantee rapid and mass production to meet the growing demand. On the other hand, callogenesis can also guarantee the production of secondary metabolites in vitro through suspension cell culture. The goal of the current study was to compare different basal culture media and plant growth regulator combinations to offer the best conditions for inducing callus formation in medical cannabis. Material and Methods: Leaf explants were placed on MS and DKW basal culture media were used along with B5 vitamins, 30 g/l sucrose, and 7 g/l of Agar, together with various concentrations of plant growth regulators, including 2,4-D (2, 5, and 8 μmol/l) and BA (0.5 and 2.5 μmol/l). Results: The calli appeared between 5 to 7 days after establishment on various basal media supplemented with different types and concentrations of hormones. The presence of plant growth regulators is essential for callus formation in this plant, as the cultured explants in control treatments without hormones did not produce any calli. Callus formation was observed in all media and hormonal treatments, but produced calli were different from each other in terms of size, color and texture. Our study showed that texture of calli was compact or friable. The texture of calli in DKW was the most compact with the least amount of cytokinin at any concentration of auxin. However, in MS, it was the most friable with the highest amount of cytokinin at any concentration of auxin. Also, in this medium, the texture of calli was the most friable with the highest concentration of auxin. The color of calli in hormonal treatments present in MS culture medium was white and light cream, but in most hormonal treatments in DKW culture medium, it was white. The results of this study indicate that the best medium was MS medium supplemented with 2 (μmol/l) 2,4-D with 2.5 (μmol/l) BA (friable callus). Furthermore, the most inappropriate medium for callus formation from cannabis leaves in terms of all the characteristics examined was the DKW culture medium along with 5 (μmol/l) 2,4-D in combination with 2.5 (μmol/l) BA. The compression of calli can be caused by the reduction of proliferation in the cells that are dividing, this reaction can be influenced by the auxin inside the explant. Adding high auxin to endogenous auxin, in addition to adding cytokinin with a low concentration can affect the formation of compact texture. The formation of friable callus requires a balanced combination of auxin and cytokinin. Another important factor in plant tissue culture is the color of the calli, which is a sign of tissue health and vitality. For example, a healthy calli under light conditions is usually green in color, but a dark brown or black color is usually a sign of the death of the calli, which is due to pollution, stress or the production of substances such as phenols. Maximizing callus formation in the shortest possible time is one of the important objectives in tissue culture techniques, which not only saves time and cost but also prevents possible somaclonal variations. In general, according to the results, one of the suitable mediums for callus production in cannabis is the DKW, so the results of this study confirm the introduction of DKW as the best culture medium in past studies. However, the MS culture medium is also the best medium in the available study and the least suitable result of this study is related to one of the hormonal combinations in the DKW culture medium. This difference with the mentioned study may be due to differences in genotype, laboratory materials, hormone amount, vitamins or other conditions affecting the tissue culture of this plant. Conclusion: Calli provides the opportunity to reproduce plants on a large scale and produce disease-free plants. Generally according to the plant, friable calli have a more suitable tissue for somatic embryogenesis and suspension culture, whereas compact calli have a higher potential for regeneration. This medium is recommended for future studies on somatic embryogenesis and cell suspension cultures due to the calli being friable in it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the effect of sodium nitroprusside on reducing the negative effect of salinity stress on four grape rootstocks and cultivars, a research was carried out in a factorial based on a completely randomized block design with three replications. Two-year-old rooted cuttings of all four cultivars and rootstocks (Bidaneh Sefid, Yaghouti, 140Ru and 1103P), were subjected to three levels of salinity (salinity in Cramer's nutrient solution) zero, 25 and 50 mM sodium chloride (1.3, 4.50 and 6.80 ds/m) and three levels of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) zero, 0.5 and 1 mM. The results showed that increasing salinity levels, reduced the indices of leaf relative water content and contents of chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid. Furthermore, proline, glycine betaine, soluble sugars, total phenolic, ion leakage, malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide increased along with increasing salinity levels. Based on the results, application of SNP, especially at a concentration of 1 mM under salt stress conditions, increased the leaf relative water content, the content of photosynthetic pigments, total phenolic, proline, glycine betaine and soluble sugars, and reduced ion leakage, malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide in grape cultivars and rootstocks. Use of SNP caused greater effects on 'Bidaneh Sefid' and 'Yaghouti' cultivars than the rootstocks. The results showed that 'Bidaneh Sefid' cultivar was sensitive to salinity, while 140Ru rootstock was more tolerant to salinity than 'Bidaneh Sefid' and 'Yaghouti' cultivars, as well as 1103P rootstock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and objective: Soybean (Glycine max L.) is an annual, self-pollinating, diploid plant belonging to the Leguminosae pea family and is one of the most important oil plants in the world. The amount of yield of soybean oil constitutes its economic part, which is dependent on the grain yield and its related traits. Knowing the relationships between these traits and the interaction between them is very important for reformers. Different reports of relationships between traits and seed yield in soybean have been presented; Therefore, in this research, to investigate the reaction of different soybean cultivars and lines, in terms of yield and yield components in three levels of drought stress and normal, in order to select traits that can be considered as selection criteria for selecting cultivars and lines. paid. Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the effect of drought stress on the yield and yield components and physiological characteristics of different soybean cultivars and lines and to analyze the relationships between traits in order to select resistant cultivars adapted to the dry or low water climatic conditions of Iran, an experiment was conducted in the form of a split. The plot was based on a randomized complete block design. In this investigation, the irrigation levels included: 1- no stress, 2- stress after flowering, 3- stress after podding as the main factor and soybean cultivars and lines were considered as secondary factors in four replications. Results: between the main factor (drought stress) in terms of plant height, leaf area, length of plant, number of seeds per plant, dry weight of plant, weight of seeds per plant, weight of 1000 seeds, biological yield, economic yield and plant yield. In the level unit and between the levels of the sub-factor (numbers and lines) in terms of all the assessed traits, there was a significant difference at the probability levels of 5 and 1 percent. In terms of the interaction between the main and secondary factors, only in terms of plant height, stem length, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per seed, seed weight per seed and biological yield, a significant difference was observed at 5 and 1% probability levels. With the increase of stress from the flowering stage to the pod bearing area, the yield and yield components decreased and showed a decrease compared to the non-stressed condition. The non-stress treatment (normal) had the highest economic yield with an average of 3134.40 kg and compared to the stress treatment after podding which produced an average of 2765.85 kg, it produced 11.75% more yield, in other words, The increase in stress intensity has decreased grain yield. Among the cultivars studied, in terms of yield and yield components, Arian line and DPX genotype were identified as superior cultivars, and Kausar, Parsa and Saba lines were identified as weak cultivars. Conclusion: In general, the results obtained from this research showed that with the increase of stress from the flowering stage to the pod bearing area, the yield and yield components decreased and showed a decrease compared to the non-stressed condition. The non-stressed (normal) treatment with an average of 3134.40 kg had the highest economic yield and compared to the stress treatment after podding with an average of 2765.85 kg, it produced 11.75% more yield, in other words, with increasing stress, yield The grain has decreased. Among the studied cultivars, in terms of yield and yield components, Arian line and DPX genotype were identified as superior cultivars, and Kausar, Parsa, and Saba lines were identified as weak cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Crop Breeding is the property of Sari Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources University (SANRU) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Allelopathy is one of the biocompatible methods to reduce the germination and establishment of weeds.In order to investigate the effect of sunn hemp extract (Crotalaria juncea) extract and oats (Avena sativa L.) on the germination of wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis), an experiment was conducted in 2022 at the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili University. The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications. The experimental treatments included the type of extract and their concentrations of zero (distilled water), 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20%. The results showed that the percentage of wild mustard seed germination and its growth components of wild mustard seeds were significantly affected by the interaction of extract type and their concentrations. The lowest percentage of germination and growth components such as plumule length, radicle length, germination speed, mean germination time, and seed germination were obtained from the concentrations of 15 and 20% of the extracts. Also, the results showed that sunn hemp extract had more inhibition on germination percentage and growth components of wild mustard seeds than oat extract. It can be concluded that with the increase in the concentration of the extracts, the inhibition of germination and the establishment power of wild mustard decreased in laboratory conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and objectives: Wheat, as one of the most important crops, occupies about 20% of the world's cultivated area. In the FAO report, more than 90% of Iran is classified as arid and semi-arid. The impact of drought stress on crops is devastating every year, resulting in yield losses of 17%. It is therefore of high importance to research to improve crop resilience to drought stress and minimize water losses in agriculture. Hence, it seems essential to determine the drought tolerance of bread wheat genotypes based on their performance under moisture stress and normal conditions. Moreover, morphological, phenological, and physiological traits affecting the performance of the genotypes studied must be evaluated to achieve high-yielding genotypes for use in breeding programs. Accordingly, four advanced tolerant and sensitive bread wheat genotypes against drought stress were studied regarding yield and other physiological, morphological, and phenological traits under normal and water deficit conditions during the flowering stage. The objective was to discover the main causes of stress tolerance or sensitivity from different aspects of the studied genotypes. Materials and methods: To explore the effect of moisture stress at flowering stage, four genotypes were investigated as the main factor (A) by factorial experiment based on the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications under the normal and moisture stress conditions at flowering stage as the sub-factor (B) in the research field. By measuring the morphological, phenological, and physiological traits of four bread wheat genotypes and comparing their performance under water stress and normal conditions, the drought tolerance of each genotype was determined. We performed an analysis of variance, mean comparison, causality analysis, factor analysis, biplot analysis, and correlation between traits to determine the relative importance of each trait affecting the genotype's performance. Results: The results of analysis of variance showed a significant difference at least at 5% probability level between genotypes and drought stress levels according to most studied traits. Based on the results from the comparison of means of traits, the high tolerance of Eroum cultivar to drought stress was due to the higher increase in MDA and H2O2 and lower decrease in traits of chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll content, carotenoid content, 1000-seed weight and plant height. Also, the Mihan cultivar was more tolerant to drought stress because of the higher increase of proline, carotenoid, POX, CAT, peduncle length and number of days to 50% flowering and the lower decrease in the number of grains per spike due to drought stress. The drought stress increased the activity of catalase, peroxidase, MDA, H2O2 and osmolytes including proline and decreased the concentration of chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, grain yield, number of fertile tillers, number of grains per spike, grain filling period, 1000-seed weight and vegetative growth rate. The results of biplot analysis based on the principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the flag leaf area, vegetative growth rate, number of fertilizer tillers, grain yield, number of grains per spike, 1000-seed weight, CAT, proline, POX, MDA and carotenoid play a decisive role in genotype discrimination under the normal and stress conditions. The results of path analysis showed that the vegetative growth rate, total chlorophyll content, chlorophyll a content and plant height, due to significant direct effects, and also the MDA, proline content and peduncle length, chlorophyll a concentration, chlorophyll b concentration, carotenoid content, total chlorophyll concentration, length of grain filling period and vegetative growth rate, due to the greater correlation with grain yield, can be used as suitable indicators for the selection of tolerance genotypes. Conclusion: According to the mean comparison, causality, and biplot analyses, the high yield of the Arum genotype under normal and water stress conditions can be explained by total protein, vegetative growth rate, grain filling rate, 1000- grain weight, grain filling period, grains number in spike, fertile tillers number, plant height, and malondialdehyde. Whereas, the high yield of the Mihan genotype under both normal and moisture deficit conditions can be attributed to vegetative growth rate, 1000 grain weight, flag leaf area, grain filling period, grains number in spike, fertile tillers number, plant height, total chlorophyll concentration, chlorophyll a and b concentration, peduncle length, carotenoid content, and proline content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For identification of correlations and relations among different traits in bread wheat, 30 genotypes were investigated based on a split plot experiment in the form of randomized complete block design with three replications under normal and moisture stress conditions during the 2016-2017 crop season. The results of the analysis of variance showed that the effect of genotypes was significant for most of the studied traits. The interaction effect of drought stress and genotype was significant for all examined traits except 1000-grain weight. Genotypes c-94-3 and Heidari were recognized as the best genotypes with average grain yield of 437 and 427 g/m², respectively, in normal conditions. Under drought conditions, genotypes cd-4 and cd-6 had the lowest grain yield with an average of 104 and 108 g/m², respectively. Based on the results of multiple regression in field experiment, under optimal irrigation conditions, flag leaf area, spike density, number of days to 50% flowering and spike length, (R² = 0.466) and under stress conditions, grain filling rate, grain filling period and straw yield (R² = 0.736) were considered as important traits affecting grain yield. Path analysis of grain yield under normal conditions indicated that the flag leaf area, spike density and spike length, and under stress conditions, the grain filling rate, grain filling period and straw yield, with the greatest direct positive effect were the important and effective traits in grain yield. Based on the results of the analysis of the grain yield correlation coefficients under normal condition, the number of kernels per spike, 1000-grain weight, flag leaf area, spike density and spike length, and under stress conditions, the number of kernels per spike, the grain filling rate, grain filling period and straw yield, were considered as the traits affecting grain yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, quality management is an important field for organizations, including the banking system, which faces fierce competition. Organizational Excellence Models serve as guides to help organizations improve their quality. The main aim of this study was to investigate the dynamic relationships between the approaches and criteria of the EFQM organizational excellence model and optimize the simulation of these relationships. To do this, we first identified the common approaches in the organizational excellence model and clustered them using the fuzzy clustering method. Next, we used the systems dynamics method of causal rings to discover the dynamic relationships between these approaches. Finally, using data from the banking system in Iran, we simulated cases and optimized the growth rate of organizational excellence in the sample over 20 years (2018-2019). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nitrogen fertilizers are commonly used to increase economic performance in corn production. However, it should be noted that nitrogen added to the soil in crop ecosystems is not fully available to the plant and may be leached. In this context, many studies have investigated various crop production methods to improve soil health and reduce soil nitrogen losses. Crop rotation and no-till may be an appropriate method to improve soil health and increase soil organic carbon and total nitrogen. In this experiment, it was assumed that growing faba beans in rotation with forage corn and applying sustainable agriculture can greatly reduce the need for nitrogen fertilizer in corn and increase nitrogen use efficiency compared to monoculture corn. The objective of this experiment was to determine the appropriate plant density of faba bean and its effect on crop rotation with forage corn, and to evaluate the nitrogen fertilization efficiency of corn. Materials and Methods: A two-year experiment was conducted in 2018-2019 as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replicates at the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, university of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. The experimental treatments were different plant densities of faba bean (25, 35, 40 and 80 plants m-2) and different nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1) in forage corn. Shadan cultivar of faba bean was planted in this experiment and it was harvested manually at the physiological maturity stage. The corn variety was the single cross hybrid 201, which was planted at the density of 80000 plants ha-1 in the residue rows of faba bean. Nitrogen fertilizer (as urea) was applied three times at the V5 stage of corn. Three corn plants were harvested at the milk stage and then oven dried at 70 °C for 72 h and weighed. Traits studied in this experiment were include grain yield, 100-grain weight, harvest index, biological yield and weed control efficiency in faba bean and fresh and dry forage yield, protein yield, nitrogen recovery efficiency, nitrogen agronomic efficiency and nitrogen productivity in forage corn. Statistical analysis of data was performed using SAS 9.4 software, and significant differences between treatment means were tested using the Duncan's Multiple Range Test at P < 0.05. Results and Discussion Faba bean: The highest grain yield was obtained at plant density of 80 plants.m-2, 100-grain weight, and HI were observed at plant densities 40 plant.m-2 and the densities of 80 and 40 plants had the highest Reduction percentage in dry weight of weeds and biological yield. It seems that an increase in plant density, especially at the beginning of the growing season, results in complete coverage of the soil with plants and reduces the competitive ability of weeds. In addition, with higher plant density, solar radiation on the plant canopy increases, so less light is available for weeds and the germination rate of weed seeds decreases. The result of cultivation shows higher competitive power and the results were obtained. Corn: Our results showed that using faba bean in rotation with forage corn can reduce the need for nitrogen fertilizer. The results of the mean comparisons showed that the highest dry forage yield of corn was obtained at the density of 40 faba bean plants+200 kg N ha-1, representing an increase of 155% compared to the control treatment. Corn yield is very sensitive to nitrogen deficiency. On the other hand, using of legumes in crop rotations can improve crop access to nitrogen. Addition, the highest protein yield was observed at the density of 40 faba bean plants+200 kg N ha-1 and 35 faba bean plants+200 kg N ha-1. Density of 40 faba bean plants+no application of N fertilizer had the highest nitrogen recovery efficiency and nitrogen agronomic efficiency. Thus, it can be concluded that the combined application of nitrogen fertilizer and the use of faba bean in the crop rotation increases the availability and uptake of nitrogen and also increases the efficiency of this element at a stage of plant growth when nitrogen uptake is high. Therefore, the corn yield was higher in these treatments. Conclusion: In this experiment, the effects of plant density of faba bean on the yield of this crop and the effects of crop rotation on nitrogen yield and efficiency of forage corn were studied. The results showed that the highest grain yield, 100-grain weight, biological yield, and bean harvest index were obtained at plant densities 40 and 80 plant. The results also showed that the density of 40 bean plants+200 kg N ha-1 had the highest increase in dry forage yield of corn compared to the control. It can be concluded that the density of 40 faba bean plants+200 kg N ha-1 in forage corn under similar climatic conditions may be a suitable method to reduce the use of chemical N fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Some studies have reported that application of chemical fertilizers, especially nitrogen, is one of the most appropriate methods to increase crop production and maintain food security in the world. However, it should also be noted that the improper use of nitrogen fertilizers can disrupt natural ecosystems. Alternative methods can be used to prevent this, such as the use of plants with biological nitrogen fixation (e.g., legumes). Faba bean is one of the most important varieties of this family (Fabaceae) and contains 24-30% protein and 51-68% carbohydrates. This plant is one of the most important spices of the genus (Vicia) and has a high yield compared to other legumes. Due to its environmental, economic and agroecological performance, faba bean can improve the sustainability of agricultural ecosystems. Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important annual cereals. However, maize cultivation is not economical because it requires nitrogen fertilizer, and improper use of nitrogen also increases ecosystem instability. Incorporating legumes into cropping systems is critical for sustainable management of agricultural systems and reducing nitrogen fertilizer requirements for corn production. Materials and Methods: A two-year experiment was conducted in 2018-2019 as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, university of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. The experimental treatments were different plant densities of faba bean (25, 35, 40 and 80 plants m-2) and different nitrogen fertilizer rates (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1) of forage corn. In this experiment, the faba bean variety Shadan was planted and manually harvested at the physiological maturity stage. The corn variety was a single cross hybrid 201, which was planted at a density of 80000 plants ha-1 in the rows with faba bean residues. At the V5 stage of corn, N fertilizer (as urea) was applied in 3 stages. Three corn plants were harvested at the milk stage and then oven dried at 70°C for 72 h and weighed. Traits studied in this experiment included chlorophyll index, plant height, root nodule dry weight, root dry weight, number of root nodules, and grain yield in faba bean, and efficiency, nitrogen uptake efficiency, and dry matter yield in forage corn. Statistical analysis of data was performed using SAS 9.4 software, and significant differences between treatment means were tested using the Duncan's Multiple Range Test at P< 0.05. chlorophyll index, protein harvest index, plant height, number of leaves per plant, physiological nitrogen. Results and Discussion Faba bean: The highest grain yield (g m-2), plant height (cm) and chlorophyll index of faba bean were obtained at the density of 80 plant m-2. At the densities of 25 and 35 plants m-2, the number of root nodules and the dry weight of root nodules (g) were the highest. As plant density increased, root dry weight (g m-2) also increased, so that the density of 80 plants m-2 had the highest root dry weight per m2. The highest fertility rate was observed at the densities of 80 and 40 plants m-2. Corn: Our results showed that the interaction between faba bean density and N fertilizer had effects on plant height, chlorophyll index, protein harvest index, physiological nitrogen efficiency, nitrogen uptake efficiency, and dry forage yield. The results of the mean comparisons showed that the highest dry forage yield was obtained at the density of 40 faba bean plants+200 kg N ha-1 an increase of 155% over the control treatment. The highest number of leaves was observed in the treatments at the density of 40 faba bean plants+100 kg N ha-1, at the density of 40 faba bean plants+200 kg N ha-1 and at the density of 35 faba bean plants+200 kg N ha-1. The density of 40 plant of faba bean+100 kg N ha-1 and the density of 40 plant of faba bean+200 kg N ha-1 had the highest plant height. The highest chlorophyll index was obtained at the the density of 40 faba bean plants+200 kg N ha-1. Finally, the results showed that employment of faba bean in rotation and non-application of nitrogen fertilizer increased nitrogen uptake efficiency of forage corn. Conclusion: Comparison of the different treatments showed that the density of 40 plants of faba bean and 200 kg N ha-1 was superior in most of the evaluated traits. Overall, the results suggest that the use of faba bean in crop rotation is an appropriate approach to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers in agricultural systems, according to the results, the use of the density of 40 plants of faba bean and 200 kg N ha-1 were recommended under the same weather conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought stress has different effects on plant growth and metabolism and is one of the most important factors limiting the growth of grapes. In order to investigate the effect of drought stress on some morphological traits and gas exchanges, ownrooted Sultana cultivar and grafted on Rasheh grape and 1103-P rootstocks were selected. This research was conducted by factorial arrangement in completely randomized design with three levels of drought stress and four replications at 2015-2016. Drought stress was applied after plants growth. The time of plants arrival to medium and severe stress levels was determined by weighted-volumetric method. Membrane stability index (MSI), leaf relative water content (RWC), leaf area (LA), leaf mass area (LMA), specific leaf area (SLA), chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, photosynthesis rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration rate (E) were measured. The results showed that drought stress significantly decreased MSI and RWC. LA and LMA showed a significant difference between two levels of stress treatments. Under stress conditions, the SLA values of the non-grafted Sultana were significantly different. Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll, gs and E decreased significantly by increasing drought stress. The results of measured traits of this study indicated the positive effect of the rootstocks used on increasing the resistance of susceptible Sultana grapes to drought conditions compared to nongrafted ones. Based on the findings of this research, Iranian grape variety (Rasheh) as the rootstock, as well as the famous American rootstock (1103), showed good tolerance to drought stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Madenat Al-Elem University College / Magallaẗ Kulliyyaẗ Madīnaẗ Al-ʿAlam Al-Ğāmi'aẗ is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Permanent magnet machines are widely used in wind turbines due to theirs prominent characteristics. The direct-drive wind generators have large size and high manufacturing cost because of low operational speed so that these disadvantages deteriorate when the rated output power increases. Therefore, the main objective of the optimal design proposed in this paper is to minimize the wind turbine system cost maintaining the high efficiency characteristic. Thus, a multiphysics model of the wind generation system is firstly presented to be the basis of the optimal design. One of the paramount feature of the current study is to precisely calculate all of the energy production costs, including the manufacturing cost of generator, power converter, electrical subsystem, and also wind turbine tower cost. In order to obtain the optimum solution, the Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimization method is implemented with consideration of a predetermined proper range for optimal variables. By comparing the optimal design results with those attained by the innerrotor permanent magnet generator, the superiority of the proposed method is justified in terms of the total volume, weight, and annual output energy. Eventually, the finite element analysis has also been carried out to validate the outcomes obtained from the proposed optimal design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Adab Al-Basrah is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of The Iraqi University is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Al-Frahids Arts is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Al-Frahids Arts is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dirasat Tarbawiya is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

When facing different stresses, plants employ antioxidant mechanism. The present research studies the effect of salinity stress, caused by increased amounts of sodium chloride, on the antioxidative system as well as some physiological characteristics of selected pistachio seedlings (Badami-Riz-e- Zarand, Qazvini, Sarakhs, Atlantica UCB1, and Hybrids of Pistacia. vera cv. Badami-Riz-e-Zaarand × P. Integerrima, P. vera cv. Sharakhs× P. Integerrima, P. atlantica Desf. × P. Integerrima). It carries out a greenhouse experiment as a factorial-based on a completely randomized design with three replicates in cocopit and perlite media. The treatments are consisted of four salinity levels (0, 75, 150, and 225 mM NaCl) along with abovementioned root stocks. Salinity stress has been applied in the second year of seedling growth for nine weeks. The study measures some physiological and biochemical traits of the seedlings at the end of the experiment, its results showing that leaf area and total chlorophyll contents have decreased in all treated plants. Accordingly, under salinity stress Atlantica rootstock displays the greatest reduction, and Badami-Riz-e-Zarand, the lowest. Also, the study shows that by increasing salinity levels, the levels of proline, total phenol content, and antioxidant enzymes activity turn out to stand higher in Badami-Riz-e-Zarand × P. Integerrima, Badami-Riz-Zarand, and Qazvini, in comparison to other rootstocks. It seems that a hybrid of Badami-Riz-e- Zarand × P. Integerrima, Badami-Riz-Zarand, and Qazvini rootstocks is more capable of sustaining leaf water and proteins, being therefore more resistant to salinity stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to investigate the effect of drought on some of the olive cultivars, a factorial pot experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in Gilan-Gharb city of Kermanshah Province in open condition during 2015. The treatments consisted of three irrigation levels of 100% (control), 75% and 50% field capacity, and three olive cultivars (Zard, Amigdalolia and Conservolia). The results showed that vegetative growth such as plant height, Leaf number, leaf area and root length were significantly affected by water stress depending on the cultivar. Peroxidase and catalase enzymes activity were significantly different between cultivars under water stress. The highest levels of peroxidase and catalase activity were observed in Conservolia cultivar at 50% irrigation treatment. The amount of phenol increased under water stress. 'Zard', 'Amigdalolia' and 'Conservolia' had the highest to lowest levels of phenol under stress treatments in compare to the control plants, respectively. The amount of malondialdehyde in different treatments was significantly affected by drought stress. The highest increase of malondialdehyde was observed in irrigation treatment of 50% in Zard cultivar with about 57% increment compared to control plants. Generally, according to the response of cultivars, they differed in drought tolerance, and each showed a specific response. Vegetative shoot growth under conditions of drought stress was higher in 'Zard' compared to Conservolia and Amigdalolia cultivars. Zard cultivar was superior in terms of increase in phenol content and peroxidase and catalase activity, while 'Conservolia' had the highest increase in sugar content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breeding of table grapes to obtaine new superior seedless cultivars have a great importance in its marketing. Six new bred early ripening hybrids, derived from crosses among four seedless male parents and seven seeded female parents were compared with 'Yaghouti' cultivar. In this study, yield and qualitative traits were studied in randomized complete block design with eight replications (8 plants per hybrid) in horticultural research station of College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran during years 2014 and 2015. All hybrids ages were 4 to 5 years old at the time of evaluation and were trained as head pruning. The results of means comparisons showed significant differences among hybrids for all measured traits. In terms of ripening time, genotypes S51 and I21 with average of 53 and 59 days were ripened earlier than 'Yaghouti' (69 days). Hybrids I10 and E10, had maximum berry size while 'Yaghouti' had the lowest. Hybrid S51 had highest ratio of sugar to acid. However, hybrid I10 and 'Yaghouti' cultivar had the highest and lowest single seed fresh weight. In panel test of seed trait, hybrids S51, I21 and I13 were recognized as completely seedless, C25 as semi seedless, and I10 and E10 as seeded hybrids. Considering all qualitative and quantitative traits, two hybrids (S51 and I21) were selected as superior early ripening seedless hybrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Muthanna Journal of Administrative & Economics Sciences is the property of Muthanna Journal of Administrative & Economics Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In recent years, in order to produce organic products and reduce environmental problems, organic and biological fertilizers are used to increase soil fertility, eliminate the nutritional needs and to improve of plants growth. In order to evaluate the effect of organic and biological fertilizers on qualitative and quantitative traits of saffron, a field experiment was carried out as split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Farm of Ardebil Agricultural Research Center during two growing seasons of 2015-2016 and 2016- 2017. Treatments included three levels of organic fertilizers: vermicompost (10 t.ha-1), manure (25 t.ha-1) and control in the main plots, and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in four levels including, control, Azotobacter sp. PTCC 1658, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Bacillus subtilis and the combination of biofertilizer (A. sp. PTCC 1658+ B. subtilis+ P. aeroginosa( in sub plots. Bio fertilizers were inoculated on the saffron corms before sowing in the first year and were applied mixed with irrigation water in the second year. The results indicated that the interaction effects of organic and biological fertilizers increased the fresh weight of flowers, dry and wet yield of stigma and style and qualitative compounds including crocin (Color factor), picrocrocin (Taste factor) and safranal (Perfume factor) compared to control. So that, the application of manure and vermicompost in combination with the total of bio-fertilizers (A. sp. PTCC 1658+ B. subtilis+ P. aeroginosa), increased the dry matter of stigma from 0.86 kg.h-1 to 2.93 and 2.7 kg.h-1 respectively. By using manure fertilizer with biofertilizers, picrocrocin, safranal and crocin, were increased 73, 77 and 83 percent compared to the control respectively. Based on this experiment results, the combined use of organic and biological fertilizers in addition to reducing the environmental pollution, can enhance qualities and quantities of yield of saffron through synergistic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nowadays, skin flaps are used to repair wounds, skin lesions and in reconstructive surgeries. In this way, the main problem is loss of flap tissue and necrosis, due to processes that result from ischemia-reperfusion injury and reactive oxygen species. Eupatilin is an O-methylated flavone derived from Artemisia plants that demonstrates anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-tumor effects. In this study, we evaluated the effect of Eupatilin administration on the survival of skin flap and oxidative stress by measuring necrotic area of skin flap and oxidative stress markers, in rats. Materials and Methods: Forty rats were divided into four groups (10 rats per group), including Sham group, Flap group, Eupatilin+ Flap group (received Eupatilin before flap), and Flap + Eupatilin group (received Eupatilin after flap). Eupatilin (10 mg / kg) was administered as oral gavage to mice. One week after flap surgery in a 3 x 8 cm scale, flap necrosis, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels - using thiobarbituric acid method (TBA)- and superoxide dismutase (SOD) - using an oxidase enzymatic method- was measured. Results: Treatment with Eupatilin, before or after flap, reduced the necrosis area of flap (P <0.05 vs flap group). Decreased MDA level (P <0.05 vs flap group) and increased superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) (P <0.01 vs flap group) are shown. Conclusion: The data obtained from this study demonstrated improvement of skin flap survival in rats and reduction of tissue necrosis and oxidative stress by Eupatilin treatment, either before or after flap surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

در این مقاله‏، ما مطالعات انجام شده در مورد ویژگیهای مجموع متناهی از عملگرهای ترکیبی وزندار روی فضاهای اندازه ‎L^{p} را ادامه می دهیم . در ابتدا شرایط لازم و کافی برای برای فشردگی این عملگر روی فضاهای اندازه و اتمیک L^pآورده و سپس در برخی از حالتها کران هایی برای نرم اساسی این عملگر محاسبه شده است.

للتغذية المتوازنة والصحية دو ا رً مهماً في الوقاية من الأم ا رض المزمنة مثل أم ا رض القلب والأوعية الدموية، ولنوعية الدهون والكربوهيد ا رت أيضاً تأثي ا رً واقياً مقارنة بكمية الاستهلاك، فاستهلاك الوجبات الغنية بالدهون عديدة عدم التشبع ودهون الاوميغا- 3 والخضار والفاكهة والحبوب الكاملة والبقول والمكس ا رت والقليلة في محتواها من الحبوب النقية واللحوم الحم ا رء المصنعة والمشروبات السكرية، تقلل من الإصابة بأم ا رض القلب والأوعية الدموية، ويهدف هذا البحث إلى رصد عوامل الخطورة الشخصية والغذائية والحياتية والصحية المرتبطة بأم ا رض القلب والأوعية الدموية لدى منسوبات وطالبات جامعة الملك فيصل بمحافظة الإحساء، شرق المملكة العربية السعودية، وقد استُخدم المنهج الوصفي التحليلي حيث جُمعت البيانات بتوزيع استمارتين تضمنت أسئلة عامة عن الطالبات والمنسوبات )مثل العمر والحالة الاجتماعية والاقتصادية ومكان الإقامة( وارفقت الاستمارتين بقائمتين، الأولى تضمنت مجموعة من عوامل الخطورة للإصابة بأم ا رض القلب والأوعية الدموية، والأُخرى تضمنت 16 ممارسة غذائية مرتبطة بأم ا رض القلب والأوعية الدموية، كما تم تسجيل بعض القياسات الجسمية لعينة الد ا رسة، وبلغ عدد العينة 75 متطوعة من منسوبات الجامعة و 425 متطوعة من الطالبات من ثلاث كليات بالجامعة، وتم تحليل البيانات عن ،) SPSS , ver. طريق البرنامج الإحصائي ) 17 أظهرت النتائج أن مستوى الممارسات الغذائية المرتبطة بأم ا رض القلب والأوعية الدموية "متوسط" لأغلب عينة الد ا رسة، وهو أفضل لدى منسوبات الجامعة مقارنة لكن منسوبات الجامعة ،)P= بالطالبات ) 0.000 P= ( لديهن عوامل خطورة أكثر مقارنة بالطالبات 0.000 (، حيث بلغ متوسط عدد عوامل الخطورة للإصابة بأم ا رض القلب 4.03 و 2.77 على التوالي، وتضمنت عوامل الخطورة لدى أغلب منسوبات الجامعة، عامل التقدم في العمر ) 82,7 %( والإجهاد النفسي والذهني ) 80 %( وزيادة الوزن والسمنة %69.3 (، كما أن تصنيف محيط الخصر يُعتبر ( عامل خطر وعالي الخطورة ) 66.7 %(، أما عوامل الخطورة لدى الطالبات فهي الإجهاد النفسي والذهني ووجود مدخن أو أكثر في العائلة، وبناء على النتائج توصي الد ا رسة طالبات ومنسوبات الجامعة بالاستم ا رر في اتباع الممارسات الغذائية والصحية والحياتية الجيدة التي تقلل من عوامل الخطورة للإصابة بأم ا رض القلب والأوعية الدموية، بالإضافة إلى تعديل الممارسات الغذائية السيئة بأُخرى جيدة، كما توصي الد ا رسة إدارة الجامعة بتقديم الب ا رمج التغذوية والصحية التثقيفية والتوعوية، التي من شأنها زيادة وعي طلاب وطالبات ومنسوبين ومنسوبات الجامعة بأهمية التغذية الجيدة وتشجيعهم على تبني العادات الغذائية والصحية والحياتية الجيدة. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-impedance Restricted Earth Fault (REF) relay is a unit of digital protection system of power transformers that its duty is detecting single phase to ground faults on the transformer terminal and turning it to core faults on its windings. It is a fast and sensitive type of protection schemes. However, during external fault with high magnitude fault currents and flowing magnetizing inrush current of power transformer, due to Current Transformer (CT) saturation, it may be exposed to maloperation. In this paper, immunity improvement of a REF relay is shown by making its algorithm intelligent. To do so, in the first step, major parameters used in the operating characteristic of a conventional REF relay and neutral current are chosen to be employed as the training input of Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier. Then, a sample power system including a power transformer and related CTs is simulated by using PSCAD/EMTDC software under many different operating conditions involving internal fault, external fault, and inrush current. Finally, support vector machine is trained using obtained simulation results and after validating its accuracy, is employed as the intelligent core of the new REF protection scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

در این مقاله، ما با استفاده از روش‌های کارلسون، نرم اساسی عملگرهای امید شرطی وزن‌دار را در فضاهای برگمن تخمین می‌زنیم. به‌عنوان یک نتیجه، ما برای فشردگی این عملگرها یک شرط هم ارزی بدست می‌آوریم. نتایج ما، نتایج مشابهی را که برای عملگرهای ضربی در فضاهای برگمن حاصل‌شده است، گسترش می‌دهد.

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