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Background and Aims: The use of anabolic steroids is common among athletes who perform resistance training; nonetheless, the effect of their abuse, along with resistance training, on the structural destruction of skeletal muscles is not fully understood. The present study aimed to assess the effect of different doses of Boldenone, along with resistance training, on muscle injury. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 36 male Wistar rats (189.53±5.94 gr) were randomly assigned to six groups (n=6 in each group): control, Boldenone (2mg/kg), Boldenone (5mg/kg), training, training+Boldenone (2mg/kg), and training+Boldenone (5mg/kg). Boldenone steroid was injected twice a week into the rat serine muscle. The resistance training program consisted of ladder-climbing 5×3, three times per week for six weeks. It began with 50% of the one-repetition maximum of rats and increased to 100% in the final week. Histopathological changes in quadriceps muscle tissue were assessed using hematoxylin staining and optical microscopic. To assess the normality of data, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post hoc test were employed for data analysis at a significance level of P≤0.05. Results: Based on the results, there was no significant difference in the weight of rats in all groups. In the groups receiving Boldenone, mild and moderate damages were observed in the tissue structure of the quadriceps muscle, which was slightly improved by performing resistance exercises; however, the difference was not statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Resistance training in the present study did not seemingly prevent or improve the muscle injuries caused by taking Boldenone steroids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Performing endurance training and taking L-carnitine supplements is effective in improving the performance of athletes, but its effect on repairing lung damage caused by boldenone injection is still unknown. Objective The present study aims to assess the effect of L-carnitine consumption alone with endurance training on lung tissue structure damage in male rats poisoned with boldenone. Methods In this experimental study, 30 male Wistar rats (weight= 228.53±7.94 g) were randomly divided into five groups: Control, boldenone, boldenone+training, boldenone+supplementation, and boldenon e+training+supplementation. Boldenone (5 mg/kg) was injected in the biceps femoris once a week, and L-carnitine supplementation (600 mg/kg) was administrated in gavage into the stomachs of animals, three days per week. The endurance training program was included running on a treadmill for 8-week, three days per week, each for 30 minutes at a speed of 12 m/min, which reached 60 minutes and 30 m/ min in the final week. Histopathological changes in bronchioles and alveoli were examined using a light microscope. Results The weight of two groups of boldenone+supplementation, and boldenone+training+supplementation increased significantly compared to the boldenone group (P=0.005). In the boldenone+training+s upplementation group, a significant improvement in bronchioles and alveoli was observed compared to the boldenone group (P=0.001). Conclusion It seems that performing endurance training along with L-carnitine supplementation has a great effect on reducing the destructive effects of boldenone on lung tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Adiponectin and leptin are two peptide hormones that regulate energy balance. In this study, ratio of leptin to adiponectin, along with the insulin resistance index, is a good indicator for the diagnostic purposes of obesity and diabetes. Materials and Methods: Sixty obese women aged 35-45 years (BMI ≥30) were divided into four groups: control, exercise, massage, and exercise+massage. Aerobic exercise included aerobic training, 8weeks, 3days/week, that bigan with 25 minutes and 55% of HRmax, and in the last week reached 40 minutes and 85% of HRmax. Massage was performed by LPG device for 30 minutes, 3days/week and 8 weeks. The combined group performed an exercise program after 30 minutes of massage. Blood samples were taken from the vein of the left hand, bifor and 48h after the exercise and massage intervention, and after 12h of fasting. were measured the Leptin, adiponectin,insulin and glucose levels . In order to analized the data, one-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc test was used at a significance level of p≥0.05. Results: The levels of glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, fat percentage, BMI, leptin, adiponectin, and leptin/adiponectin in the post-test of exercise+massage group were significantly changed compared with posttest of three groups, (p=0.001). Conclusion: Performing aerobic exercise with massage on glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, leptin and adiponectin levels seems to be more effective than exercise and massage alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]