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In order to achieve a fair distribution of benefits in federated learning, an indicator that quantifies the contribution of each data provider to the global model is critical. Aiming at the problems of privacy leakage, opacity and dependence on central server in existing contribution evaluation schemes, this paper proposed a transparent federated learning contribution evaluation scheme based on blockchain. Firstly, this paper proposed an improved Paillier secure aggregation algorithm, which avoided the inference of user local data in the model aggregation stage by joint decryption. Secondly, this paper proposed a method to approximate the contribution based on the gradient of user cumulative submission, which solved the problem of privacy leakage in the existing contribution evaluation scheme. In addition, it integrated the evaluation of the contribution into the consensus process of the blockchain, making the evaluation results auditable. Finally, experiments based on MNIST dataset show that the proposed method can effectively evaluate the contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic liver diseases represent a leading cause of disease and death throughout the world, seriously threatening human health. Animal models are necessary for disease research. However, the differences between experimental animals and humans are a major problem that cannot be ignored, and the integration of multiple animal models is usually necessary to compensate for defects inherent in single models. Zebrafish is becoming increasingly popular as a new model organism in biomedical research. It has many unique advantages relative to traditional experimental animals and has thus become a powerful tool in research into human disease. In this review, we summarize methods for the construction of several zebrafish models of chronic liver disease and the relevant research progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To systematically evaluate the association of the presence and severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( N AFLD) with the risk of colorectal adenoma ( CRA) and colorectal cancer ( CRC) . Methods PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, CNKI, W anfang Data, and VIP databases were searched for Chinese and English articles on the association of N AFLD with CRA and CRC published up to December 2019. Secondary screening, quality assessment, and data extraction were performed according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, and RevMan 5. 3 software was used to perform the meta - analysis. Results A total of 3 longitudinal cohort studies and 18 cross - sectional studies were included, with 130 271 subjects in total. The meta - analysis showed that NAFLD patients had an increased risk of CRA (adjusted odds ratio [ aOR J = 1. 27, 95% confidence interval [Cl] : 1. 18 - 1. 36, P < 0. 000 01 ) and advanced CRA/ CRC ( aOR = 1. 45, 95 % CI: 1. 27 - 1. 65, P < 0. 000 01 ) . The severity of N AFLD affected such association, and patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and/or advanced liver fibrosis had a significant increase in the risk of CRA/CRC ( aOR = 1. 93, 95% CI: 1. 61 - 2. 31, P <0. 000 01 ) . Conclusion The presence of NAFLD is associated with an increased risk of CRA and CRC, and the higher the severity of NAFLD, the higher the risk of CRA and CRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo systematically evaluate the value of contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasonography (CE-EUS) in the differential diagnosis of mass-type chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. MethodsCNKI, Wanfang Data, CBM, PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched for Chinese and English articles on the value of CE-EUC in the differential diagnosis of mass-type chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer published up to December 31, 2018. Secondary screening, scoring, and data extraction were performed, and then Meta-Disc1.4 and stata12.0 software were used for meta-analysis. ResultsA total of 20 articles with 1888 patients were included in this study. The meta-analysis showed that in the differential diagnosis of mass-type chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer, CE-EUS had a pooled sensitivity of 86% (95% confidence interval ［CI］: 83%-89%), a specificity of 93% (95%CI: 92%-95%), a positive likelihood ratio of 12.01 (95%CI: 9.72-14.85), a negative likelihood ratio of 0.16 (95%CI: 0.10-0.26), a diagnostic odds ratio of 76.12 (95%CI: 54.50-106.31), and an area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.965 5. No sources of heterogeneity were found in the threshold effect test, the meta-regression analysis, and the sensitivity analysis. After the four articles causing heterogeneity were excluded, the heterogeneity of all included articles was reduced to an acceptable range, and there were no significant changes in the results of the meta-analysis. ConclusionCE-EUS has a good value in the differential diagnosis of mass-type chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer, and its application in clinical practice can improve the diagnostic rate of pancreatic cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To systematically analyze the value of probiotics in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).Methods PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Embase, Medline, CNKI, VIP, and Wanfang Data were searched for randomized controlled trials(RCTs) on probiotics in the treatment on NAFLD published before December 2017.Secondary screening was performed for retrieval results, the risk of bias of the studies included was evaluated, and related data were extracted. Rev Man 5.3 was used for the meta-analysis.Results A total of 11 RCTs with 599 NAFLD patients were included. The results showed that probiotics significantly improved the levels of alanine aminotransferase(mean difference [MD]=-15.23, 95% confidence interval [CI]:-19.63 to-10.82, P < 0.000 01), aspartate aminotransferase(MD =-17.08, 95% CI:-24.23 to-9.92, P < 0.000 01), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase(MD =-20.49, 95%CI:-26.23 to-14.74, P < 0.000 01), triglyceride(MD =-0.12, 95% CI:-0.24 to-0.01, P = 0.04), total cholesterol(MD =-0.33, 95% CI:-0.56 to-0.11, P = 0.003), high-density lipoprotein(MD =-0.07, 95% CI:-0.14 to-0.01, P = 0.03), tumor necrosis factor-α(MD =-0.38, 95% CI:-0.52 to-0.24, P < 0.000 01), and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance(MD =-0.39, 95% CI:-0.53 to-0.24, P < 0.000 01). However, probiotics had no significant effect on body mass index(MD =-0.73, 95% CI:-1.91 to 0.46, P = 0.23) and low-density lipoprotein(MD =-0.30, 95% CI:-0.60 to 0.01, P = 0.06).Conclusion Probiotics can significantly reduce the levels of liver aminotransferases, blood lipids, inflammatory factors, and insulin resistance in patients with NAFLD and thus exerts a certain therapeutic effect on NAFLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To observe the effect of H2O2 on the expression of UII/UT system in C2C12. Methods: Cell injury was determined by Placenta blue staining and LDH kit, the content of UII in cell lysate and cell incubation fluid were assayed by RIA, mRNA levels were assayed by RT-PCR, Protein levels were assayed by Western Blot. Results: UII content in cell incubation fluid was increased after H2O2 of different concentration was administrated, the UII content was increased by 83.1 % (P<0.01) and 94.5 % (P<0.01) when the concentration of H2O2 was elevated to 10-4M and 10-3M. The simulation of different concentration of H2O2(0.5×10-6M, 10-6M, 10-5M and 10-4M) significantly increased the expression of UT mRNA. However, The expression of UT mRNA was decreased significantly when the concentration of H2O2 was elevated to 10-3M. The UT protein expression was increased by 200.1%, 200.1%, 255.6% and 200.1% when the concentration of H2O2 was elevated to 10-6M, 10-5M, 10-4M and 10-3M(P<0.05). Conclusions: H2O2 might be a factor involved in up-regulating the expression of UII/UT system for the skeletal muscle of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autoimmune hepatitis ( AIH ) - related hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC) is defined as HCC that develops on the basis of long - term AIH and has a relatively low incidence rate of 0 - 6% . The risk factors for HCC in AIH patients include old age, male sex, diabetes, alcohol use, AIH recurrence and persistent alanine aminotransferase abnormalities, failure in immunosuppressive therapy and related treatments, and long - term liver cirrhosis. Liver cirrhosis is an important stage for the development of HCC in AIH, and the incidence rate of HCC increases significantly after AIH progresses to liver cirrhosis. At present, there are few reports on the mechanism of HCC in AIH, which may be associated with the changes in specific molecular biological characteristics ( including chromosomes, telomeres, and genes) induced by liver cirrhosis, the cell death - inflammation - cancer pathway, and intestinal microecological disorders. It is of great importance to identify the AIH population at a high risk of HCC in a timely manner and enhance intervention, follow - up, and monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: To investigate the effect of ferroptosis and autophagy on liver cell injury induced by ethyl alcohol（ EtOH）. METHODS: Mouse hepatocyte cell line AML12 was treated by various concentrations（ 0 to 800 mmol/L） of EtOH for 24, 48 and 72 h. Meanwhile, mouse hepatic stellate cell line JS-1 and human hepatoblastoma cell line HepG2 were treated with different concentrations of EtOH for 24 and 48 h. The cell viability was measured by CCK-8 assay. The lipid deposition was detected by oil red O staining. The cells injury level was measured by lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） release. The expression levels of cell activation-related protein α-smooth muscle protein （α-SMA）, transforming growth factor-β1（ TGF-β1）, collagen deposition-related protein collagen type I（ Col I）, ferroptosis-related proteins solute carrier family 7 member 11（ SLC7A11）, glutathione peroxidase 4（ GPX4） and ferritin heavy chain 1（ FTH1）, and autophagy-related protein microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 （LC3） were determined by Western blot. RESULTS: （1） Treatment with EtOH reduced the viability of AML12 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The lipid deposition was increased in a concentration- and time-dependent manner（ P<0. 05）. The LDH level was significantly increased 24 h after EtOH treatment （P<0. 01）. The protein levels of FTH1 and SLC7A11 were significantly decreased 24 h after EtOH treatment （P<0. 01）, while the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I was increased with increasing EtOH treatment time （P< 0. 01）. （2） The viability of JS-1 cells was significantly increased 24 h after treatment with 50, 100 and 150 mmol/L EtOH. In contrast, the activity of JS-1 cells was substantially reduced 48 h after EtOH treatment. The protein levels of TGF-β1, α-SMA, and SLC7A11 were increased （P<0. 05） in JS-1 cells 24 h and 48 h after treatment with 50 and 100 mmol/L EtOH. Additionally, the protein expression of Col I was significantly increased （P<0. 01） across all EtOH treatment concentrations. The protein levels of GPX4 and FTH1, and the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I were decreased with increasing EtOH treatment time（ P<0. 01）.（ 3） The activity of HepG2 cells was significantly reduced after EtOH treatment in a timedependent manner. Moreover, the lipid deposition was increased in a concentration- and time-dependent manner （P< 0. 01）. The protein levels of FTH1 and GPX4 were decreased with increasing EtOH treatment time （P<0. 01） and concentration （P<0. 05）. The protein level of SLC7A11 and the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I in EtOH treatment groups were lower than those in control group. CONCLUSION: （1） Ferroptosis is decreased and autophagy is increased when the viability of AML12 cells is inhibited by EtOH. （2） Low concentration of EtOH promotes the activation and proliferation of JS-1 cells through the enhancement of autophagy, while high concentration of EtOH inhibits the activation and proliferation of JS-1 cells, and promotes the ferroptosis induced by down-regulation of SLC7A11. The autophagy of JS-1 cells is reduced and the ferroptosis is increased after EtOH treatment with increasing time. （3） The viability of HepG2 cells is inhibited and the lipid deposition is promoted through ferroptosis activation and autophagy inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the role of SCARF1 against Aspergillus fumigatus in THP1 cells through knockdown of SCARF1 by adenoviruses expressing shRNA against SCARF1. Methods: The expression of SCARF1 and TNF-αgene of THP1 cells were measured by RT-PCR after treatment with 1× 105 CFU / mL inactivated Aspergillus Fumigatus spores for different time lengths. After knockdown of SCARF1 expression with adenoviruses expressing shRNA against SCARF1, macrophages were stimulated for 24 h by Aspergillus Fumigatus conidia. The expression levels of TNF-αmRNA, SCARF1 protein and signal molecules of NF-κB pathway were examined by RT-PCR and Western blot. Results: Aspergillus Fumigatus spores stimulation can increase the expression of SCARF1 and TNF-αin THP1 cells time-dependently. Silencing efficiency of Ad-siRNA-SCARF1 was up to 71 % in macrophages (P<0.05). Compared with the Ad-GFP group, -p65 phosphorylation was increased significantly in Ad-GFP+Af group (P<0.05); Compared with Ad-GFP+Af group, the p65 phosphorylation and secretion of cytokine TNF-αwere lowered significantly in SCARF1 (RNAi)+Af group. Conclusions: SCARF1 in macrophages was activated by conidia and exerted the effect of antispores stimulation through stimulating NF-κB signaling pathway and releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the problems that SimulationX is difficult to grasp and operate, SimulationX was developed secondly by VC. Functional requirement of the special simulation test software was analyzed on the basis of introducing the principle and method of shallow water test. The development of special simulation test software for shallow water test was discussed from the aspects of simulation model building, C code output and development design of VC and so on. And the characteristic of the simulation test software for shallow water test was elabora­ted. The result shows the developed special simulation software completely meets shallow water test requirement, because it possess such characteristic as simple operation, the low degree of specialization of operators, little repetitive work and so on. Meanwhile, it can also be used in the fields of the design and test for hydraulic control unit of Subsea equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]