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Copyright of Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology is the property of Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In-situ returning carbonization can directly convert the straw into biochar in the field. It is of great significance to improve the soil structure and soil fertility. The costs of collection, storage, and transportation can be reduced to solve the slow decomposition, low emergence rate, as well as serious pests and diseases in straw directly returning to the field. Previous research focused mainly on carbonization returning equipment. It is still lacking in the reactor section in large-scale production, uneven carbonization, operational stability, and production efficiency in the current equipment of carbonization returning. This article aims to develop multi-chamber equipment for corn straw in-situ returning carbonization, according to the precise oxygen and temperature control carbonization. A precise structure of air distribution was adopted to innovate a vertical multi chamber in the limited area of the carbonization reactor using the early prototype. The spiral disturbance component was designed to enhance the directional flow of materials. ANSYS software was used to simulate the structural optimization. The heat-transfer properties of metal were used to develop a clean combustion system for pyrolysis gas, together with a high-temperature flue gas heat exchange and reuse. In addition, the systems were further integrated, such as picking and crushing, silo conveying, continuous carbonization, flue gas cleaning and reuse, as well as the control. The vertical multi-chamber equipment was innovatively designed for the corn straw in-situ returning carbonization. A 20 kW/h generator was equipped to provide the energy consumption for all motors, in order to meet the needs of field work. The continuous transportation and carbonization of materials were achieved in the carbonization reactor. The high-temperature flue gas reuse was improved to reduce the equipment energy consumption for high carbonization and operational efficiency. In addition, a carbonization experiment was conducted using corn straw as the raw material. The equipment was also operated for one hour to collect the produced biochar and flue gas. The results show that the capacity of straw processing was 500 kg/h, the biochar yield was 125 kg/h, the fixed carbon content was 50.30%, and the system energy utilization rate was 70.66%. Industrial and elemental analysis of the biochar showed that the total carbon content reached 61.32%, whereas, the metal contents of Cu, Zn, and Pb were lower than those in the standard range of DB21/T 3314-2020. The biochar fully met the first-class standard of biochar returning. The concentrations of particulate matter, NOx, and SOx substances in the combustion smoke were 16%, 164.2%, and 32.6%, respectively, which were lower than the concentration standards for various substances in GB 13271-2014. And simulation analysis was conducted on the disturbed components, where the received stress was far less than the yield limit of the material. The maximum deformation was ignored relative to the overall size, where the structure and material of the disturbed components fully met the design requirements. The entire system operated stably, fully meeting the design standards, indicating environmentally friendly and pollution-free carbonization and returning to the field. This finding can provide theoretical, technical, and equipment support to the direct carbonization and return of straw to the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology (1008-0864) is the property of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Biomass pyrolysis oil is a kind of green and low-carbon liquid fuel that can be used for atomization combustion, but in practical application, there are some problems such as high kinematic viscosity, insufficient atomization combustion, and inapplicability of existing fuel nozzle and burner. The latest research progress of pyrolytic oil atomization technology was reviewed, the composition and physicochemical properties of biomass pyrolysis oil were introduced in detail, and the influence of liquid medium, atomization method and atomization conditions on the atomization of pyrolytic oil and its internal laws were systematically analyzed. Based on the summary of atomization technology at home and abroad, the evaluation indexes and advanced detection methods of atomization of pyrolytic oil were sorted out, in order to provide technical reference for efficient and clean utilization of pyrolytic oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Hebei University of Science & Technology is the property of Hebei University of Science & Technology, Journal of Hebei University of Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aiming at the problem that the temperature integral term cannot be integrated in the classical Arrhenius integral equation, a method that assumes the biomass conversion rate in the pyrolysis process as a function of time t and temperature T was suggested, making the temperature integral term can be integrated and effectively avoiding the computational errors caused by the simplification of the temperature integral term in the isoconversional integration method. The idea of combining the isoconversional method and the model fitting method to analyze the biomass pyrolysis kinetics was proposed: Using the isoconversional linear integral method to solve the reaction activation energy E based on class II thermodynamic equation, the activation energy E obtained by the model fitting method was compared with that obtained by the isoconversional method to select the optimal reaction mechanism function, then the selected mechanism function was re-substituted into the class II thermodynamic equation to obtain the value of the pre-factor A. The above analysis method was used to analyze the pyrolysis kinetics of five kinds biomass (corn cob, corn straw, sorghum straw, peanut shell and beech wood), verifying the feasibility of this analysis method. Non-isothermal thermogravimetric experiments with 7 linear heating programs were performed for each biomass, the obtained experimental data were linearly fitted based on class I and class II thermodynamic equations, respectively. The fitting correlation coefficients of the two classes of thermodynamic equations were all more than 0.95. The results showed that the activation energy E solved by class II thermodynamic equation was more sensitive to temperature, and the difference between the experimental data and the calculated value obtained by the kinetic parameters, which solved by the class II thermodynamic equation, was lower than that of the class I thermodynamic equation. Hence, the TG value calculated by the kinetic parameters of the class II thermodynamic equation was more close to the experimental data than that of the class I thermodynamic equation, and the accuracy of the kinetic parameters calculated by the class II thermodynamic equation was higher. According to the characteristics of the pyrolysis reaction that the activation energy E had a high linear fit with the logarithm of A and the activation energy with a conversion rate of 0.05 to 0.9 has a little fluctuation, the pyrolysis kinetic parameters solved by the isoconversional method can be simplified to a set of kinetic parameters corresponding to a specific conversion rate. Taking the conversion rate corresponding to the maximum pyrolysis rate as the dividing point, the TG values obtained from three sets of representative pyrolysis kinetic parameters (less than, equal to and higher than this point) were compared with the experimental data. The results showed that the TG values solved by the pyrolysis kinetic parameters of the maximum pyrolysis rate were closest to the experimental data. Using the kinetic parameters of the maximum pyrolysis rate as the kinetic parameters of the whole pyrolysis process can reduce the number of kinetic parameters while ensuring the calculation accuracy, thereby can reduce the computational cost of numerical simulation and provide a basis for numerical simulation of pyrolysis reactions in engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important way of straw comprehensive utilization, straw bales combustion has the advantages of low cost, high efficiency, low pollution and better adaptability of raw materials. However, there still exist the problems such as low combustion efficiency, complex flue gas purification and low automation of straw bales combustion. Based on the combustion theory of raw material classification and air distribution classification technology, we designed the secondary air distribution device, which consists of two combustion chambers. In the first combustion chamber, a primary air was provided to ensure gasification reaction. In the second combustion chamber, a secondary air was provided to ensure gas combustion, which realized the full combustion of straw. At the same time, we developed a dust removal device and the intelligent control system, and built a straw bale boiler test platform, which realized real-time control of bale burning and data acquisition. The design power of the boiler was 230 kW, the fuel consumption was 60 kg/h, and the overall dimension of the trial boiler was 3 026 mm×2 178 mm×2 407 mm; the boiler could be filled with small square bundles and large round bundles, the overall dimension of small square bundles was 700 mm×450 mm×350 mm, 24 bundles could be filled at a time, and the overall dimension of large round bundles was 1 200 mm×1 300 mm, and one round bundle could be filled at a time. The boiler mainly included primary combustion chamber, primary air distribution chamber, secondary combustion chamber, secondary air distribution and baffle dust remover. The flue gas purification and dedusting device mainly included electrostatic dedusting, cyclone dedusting, circulating spray and sewage purification and reuse device. The intelligent control system mainly included human-computer interaction system, furnace pressure control system, furnace temperature control system, intelligent air distribution system and temperature warning system. When the equipment works, we could open the boiler control system and air distribution system after loading the raw materials, set the furnace temperature as 800 ℃, furnace pressure as 10 Pa, and the furnace temperature would reach a stable state about 15 minutes after manual ignition. At this time, the flue gas emission test and boiler heat balance test were carried out, and the test duration at the stable state was 3 hours. Tested with corn stalk as raw material, the result showed that the thermal efficiency of straw-fired boilers was 84.6%, the heat load was 230 kW, the average concentration of soot emissions was 19.8 mg/m3, the concentration of NOX was 133.6 mg/m3, and the concentration of SO2 was <3 mg/m³, which met the requirements of (GB13271-2014). Taking this boiler as an example, the annual heating fuel cost was 10.8-14.4 yuan/m², which had an advantage in heating costs, and had a good benefit for environmental protection compared with coal heating and biomass pellet heating. The intelligent combustion platform also can carry out various process tests, and the next step is to carry out combustion tests under different working conditions and explore different combustion processes, which can provide a basis for further optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many types of straw and a large amount in China, and it is the world's largest producer of crop straw, accounting for nearly one-fifth of the global straw resources. Returning to the field is the dominant way of straw utilization in foreign countries. The use of straw in developed countries is sufficient, and the problem of waste and field burning is basically eliminated. “If no use, they will be harmful.” Owing to factors such as rural economy, social development level and agricultural production conditions, the supply of crop straw resources in China shows a stage, structural and regional excess, and the pressure on straw burning in the field is high. The corn straw resources are mainly distributed in the northeast and north China, extending along the diagonal to the southwest; the distribution of rice straw resources appears north and south poles; the wheat straw resources are centered on Shandong and Henan. We need analyze the structure and distribution characteristics of China's straw resources, and promote the comprehensive utilization of straw technology, that can not only reduce the environmental pollution of field burning, eliminate fire hazards, but also increase farmers' income, improve rural living environment, and promote sustainable agricultural development. Based on the statistical data of provincial-level administrative regions in China, the characteristics of the composition and spatial distribution of crop straw resources in China were discussed. Straw stalks of corn, rice and wheat accounted for 84.8% of the total straw resources in the country; straw resources generally showed a step-like distribution characteristic of “east high and west low, north high south low”. The development history and current situation of policy system, market system, technical system and regulatory system for China's straw industry was analyzed deeply based on the overall study of straw industry development. The process is divided into policy initiation period (1979—2007), policy development period (2008—2012), policy transition period (2013—2016), and policy deepening period (2017—present), and they characteristics were single utilization, comprehensive utilization, strategic layout, and regional coordination, respectively. Finally, the system explains the main path and basic model of agricultural utilization, energy utilization and high value utilization of crop straw in China. Taking the fertilizer utilization as the core, the agricultural technology path of straw was explained and the basic pattern of straw agricultural utilization model was drawn. This research can provide important basic support and decision-making reference for guiding the development and utilization [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Biomass pyrolysis technology is a thermochemical conversion technique. Through the pyrolysis technology, straw recycling can be realized, and high value-added energy products such as biochar and pyrolysis gas can be obtained. However, the tar produced in the pyrolysis process contains heavy poisonous components, and the low temperature viscosity is high, which easily causes pipeline blockage. In order to study the effect of biochar as catalyst for reducing tar and improving pyrolysis gas quality, taking corn stalk as raw material, the tar conversion rate, pyrolysis gas yield and pyrolysis gas heat value were selected as index. The effects of reforming temperature (550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800 °C), residence time (0.2, 0.6, 1.0, 1.4, 1.8 s) and biochar characteristics (corn straw charcoal, rice husk, wood charcoal) on pyrolysis gas quality were studied. The changes of specific surface area of biochar catalysts before and after reforming were analyzed. The results showed that at high temperature cracking, the pyrolysis gas yield was 33.8%, and the pyrolysis gas heat value was 18.0 MJ/m3, biochar had better catalytic properties than quartz sand (high temperature cracking), and its catalytic properties were: rice husk charcoal > wood charcoal > corn straw charcoal, indicating that the catalytic properties of rice hull carbon were better. The pyrolysis gas yields of rice husk charcoal, wood charcoal and corn straw charcoal were 39.7%, 38.6%, and 37.9%, respectively, and the tar conversion rates were 79.8%, 78.6% and 72.6%, the calorific values were 17.7, 17.8 and 17.6 MJ/m3, respectively. When the reforming temperature was increased from 550 to 800 °C, the pyrolysis gas yield increased from 21.0% to 37.9%, the tar conversion rate increased from 23.8% to 72.6%, and the pyrolysis gas calorific value increased from 13.0 to 17.6 MJ/m3, which was due to the increase of temperature to promote the cracking reaction of tar. The tar heavy components were partially converted into light components and non-condensable gases. As the residence time increased from 0.2 to 1.8 s, the pyrolysis gas yield increased from 37.9% to 54.3%, and the tar conversion rate increased from 76.2% to 79.8%. The pyrolysis gas heat value was reduced from 17.6 to 16.8 MJ/m3. It was due to the increase in residence time, which promoted the catalytic conversion of the tar component on the active site of the mineral component on the surface of the biochar, resulting in an increase in the yield of the pyrolysis gas. At 800 , the specific surface area of biochar after °C catalytic cracking was 79.81 m2/g, which was higher than the specific surface area of pyrolysis biochar of 37.96 m2/g. In summary, as the reforming temperature and residence time increased, the pyrolysis gas yield and tar conversion rate increased, and the pyrolysis gas heat value increased only as the reforming temperature increased. Although biochar can increase pyrolysis gas yield and tar conversion rate, the calorific value was low. Biochar can not only improve the quality of pyrolysis gas, but also increase the specific surface area of biochar at 800 °C, indicating that the interaction between biochar and pyrolysis gas can not only improve the quality of pyrolysis gas, but also increase the specific surface area of biochar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar can repair soil, replace fossil fuels, and adsorb environmental pollutants. Biochar helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and prevent environmental pollution. Its application value is very large and its use range is wide. At present, there are problems such as large differences in quality of straw-based biochar products, inconsistencies in characteristics and test methods. This paper systematically studied the quality requirements of biochar at home and abroad. The research put forward the biochar evaluation index system of fertilizer application, energy carbon, activated carbon and other application directions. Focusing on straw biochar, the study analyzed the meanings and influencing factors of physical, chemical, thermochemical, surface chemistry and toxic pollutants. The results showed that the content of C element in straw biochar was generally higher than 40%, and the pH value was alkaline, generally 7.0-10.3. Straw biochar contained a certain amount of nutrients and could be used as a fertilizer supplement, but it was necessary to prevent the risk of heavy metals exceeding the standard. The straw-like biochar had a calorific value of 20-30 MJ/kg, a fixed carbon content of 40%-70%, and a volatile content of 15%-25%, which was close to the medium and low volatile bituminous coal, could be used as an energy carbon application. The straw biochar had high alkali metal and chlorine content, low ash melting point, so it needed to prevent slagging and corrosion problems. The specific surface area of straw biochar was <500m2/g, the pore size distribution was concentrated near mesopores, and the CEC value was <50 cmol/kg. The most important functional group on the surface of biochar was oxygen-containing functional group, and the number of basic functional groups was average, which was greater than the number of acidic functional groups. Biochar had a large specific surface area, a rich surface pore diameter, and a certain adsorption property, which could be used for activated carbon. The contents of toxic pollutants PAHs, PCBs and PCDD/Fs in biochar were below the limits. Biochar had a stable structure, which was conducive to carbon fixation, and it had rich surface pore structure and strong adsorption, and it can prevent environmental pollution and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The research put forward the biochar quality evaluation index and index range requirements for fertilizer application, energy carbon, activated carbon and other application directions, and recommended the measurement standards of the corresponding indicators. The number of indicators was: fertilizer carbon included 21 items, energy carbon included 19 items, and activated carbon included 7 items. It was recommended to develop biochar quality evaluation and grading standards as soon as possible to provide technical support for promoting the multi-value and high value utilization of biochar products, and further accelerating the industrial application of biochar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Biomass carbonization technology refers to the process of biochar, bio-oil, and non-condensable gas products' formation from raw biomass material. This process occurs in the anaerobic or hypoxic environment, which is a low-temperature slow pyrolysis technology. Biomass pyrolysis and multi-generation technology uses modern biomass carbonization technology as the core. Bio-carbon, high-quality gas, wood tar and wood vinegar and other products are produced through the separation and purification of pyrolysis gas. Biochar can be widely used in carbon sequestration, water purification, heavy metal adsorption and soil improvement. Thus, biochar production and application have attracted wide attention of domestic and foreign researchers. Pyrolysis gas has an important development and utilization value as a high-quality clean gas. With the advantages of high utilization rate of resources, diversified product forms and less secondary pollution, this technology can further improve the development and utilization of comprehensive benefits. It also meets the strategic thinking on comprehensive utilization of biomass energy resources, and has a good prospect of popularization and application. Continuous biomass carbonization technology represents the future development direction of biomass carbonization technology, with the advantages of good production continuity, high productivity, convenient process controlling and relatively stable product quality. In view of the fact that most of the biomass carbonization equipment has poor continuity, high energy consumption and secondary tar pollution, the carbon, gas, and oil co-production process scheme was put forward. Combined with the latest development in the biomass carbonization technology and the raw material characteristics of agricultural and forestry residues, continuous segmentation pyrolysis, multi-stage combined dust removal and fuel/gas reuse heating process methods were used. Based on it, the technologies of evenly and orderly multi-level screw board material delivering, efficient multi-cavity swirl cascade heat transferring, insulated settled and sealed char launching, with system pressure and gas component coupling early warning obtained the breakthrough. In addition, biomass continuous pyrolysis test production system was also developed. When this equipment worked, the raw material was orderly reversed with the rotation of continuous pyrolysis reaction tube in the reaction chamber. Dehydration, volatile precipitation and cracking reaction occurred during this process. As the material fell down, the biochar was separated from the gas. The biochar entered into thermal insulation device and was further carbonized in the oxygen and heat insulation environment. After being cooled down, the production was sequentially output through the screw conveyor. As for the pyrolysis gas, it was transferred to the high-pressure gas storage device using the booster pump after the steps of dust removal, multi-stage condensation, and scrubbing. To form a micro-positive pressure carbonization environment in the reaction chamber, this system would control the air volume in real time with the help of pressure signal feedback. The result showed that the system was stable and reliable. Using the peanut shell as the raw material, its treatment capacity was 28.2 kg/h, the biochar yield was 31.3%, the gas calorific value was 16.3 MJ/Nm3, and the temperature control precision was ±10 ℃. All of the technical indicators reached the system design goals and requirements. In this way, the pilot system development provided the foundation for equipment amplification and demonstration applications. Biomass pyrolysis and polygeneration can further improve the comprehensive development and utilization benefits of biomass resources, in line with the comprehensive utilization strategic thinking of biomass energy, which has a good application prospect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Heat transfer was enhanced and the flow path of pyrolysis products were changed in fixed-bed reactor with internals for improving the yield and quality of tar and pyrolysis gas. In this paper, the effects of coal bed thickness on the pyrolysis behavior were studied in a quartz tube bed reactor by simulating fixed-bed internals reactor. The results showed that the yield of pyrolysis tar decreased while the corresponding light tar below the boiling points of 360 ºC increased as the thickness increased. With an increase in coal bed thickness from 100 mm to 200 mm, the tar yield decreased by 35.30%, from 6.96% to 4.50% but the light fraction of tar increased by 22.90%, from 62. 50% to 76. 80%. The yields of water and gas rose from 9.32% and 9.60% to 10.70% and 10.90% respectively, while the char yield decreased slightly. In addition, the gasoline fraction yield rose from 3.80% to 20.30% and the kerosene fraction yield in-creased from 18.50% to 40.00%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]