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Objectives: With the advance in artificial intelligence, using high-resolution images to detect geological hazards has gradually become a research hotspot. Visual interpretation of landslides heavily relies on expert experience, and conventional automatic landslide detection approaches are sensitive to the presence of bare land, roads and other ground objects. Methods: To address these, a mask region‑based convolutional neural network （Mask R-CNN） with simulated hard samples is presented for landslide detection and segmentation. Based on existing landslide samples, hard landslide samples are simulated by utilizing the shapes, colors, textures, and other characteristics of landslides to make each of the samples with a more complicated background. The original imagery and simulated hard samples are then fed into the Mask R-CNN for landslide detection and segmentation. Since the number of landslides is often limited in reality, small sample learning in the frequency domain is also presented to reduce the number of input samples while ensuring the accuracy of detection and segmentation. Results: The experimental results in Bijie City, Guizhou Province, show that the detection and the average pixel segmentation accuracies of the proposed Mask RCNN method with simulated hard samples are 94.0% and 90.3%, respectively. It is seen that the proposed method has high performance on landslide detection and segmentation with low false alarm rates. In addition, the performance of the proposed small-sample-based learning method in frequency domain can be improved even with a half of the data input. Conclusions: The effectiveness of the proposed Mask R-CNN method is further proved by the successful detection of Tianshui landslides in Gansu Province,China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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