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Organoids are three-dimensional cellular models cultured in vitro that retain the histological, physiological, and genetic characteristics of original tissues in vivo. They have the advantages of short culture time and high proliferative efficiency. In recent years, organoids have been widely applied in the field of life sciences, particularly in the endometrial research. By overcoming the limitations of conventional cell and animal models, organoids provide a more accurate simulation of the cyclic physiological changes of the endometrium and the characteristics of embryo implantation. Additionally, they show significant potential in disease modeling, precision medicine, drug screening for endometrium -related diseases such as endometriosis, endometrial tumors, and infertility. This review summarizes the progress in the application of organoids in translational research of basic endometrial and related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate effects of inhibiting phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/ mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway on autophagy, apoptosis, the expression of Parkinson's disease (PD) characteristic protein α-synuclein (α-syn) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in SH-SY5Y cells treated with 1-methyl-4- phenylpyridine (MPP+ ). Methods SH-SY5Y cells were treated with MPP+, PI3K/Akt activator insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002. CCK-8 was performed to measure the cell viability. Flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptosis rate. Acridine orange (AO) staining was used to detect autophagic vacuoles. Western blot assay was used to measure protein levels of α-syn, TH, p62, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B (LC3B), p-mTOR, mTOR, pPI3K, PI3K, p-Akt and Akt. Results MPP+ intervention significantly reduced the survival rate of SH-SY5Y cells in a dose-dependent manner (P＜0.05). The survival rate of SH-SY5Y cells decreased and the apoptosis rate increased after MPP+ and IGF-1 treatment (P＜0.05). The autophagic vacuoles in cells decreased, the ratio of LC3BⅡ/Ⅰ decreased, and the level of p62 protein increased (P＜0.05). The level of TH protein decreased and the level of α-syn protein increased (P＜ 0.05). The ratios of p-PI3K/PI3K, p-Akt/Akt and p-mTOR/mTOR were increased (P＜0.05). The effect of LY294002 on SH-SY5Y cells was opposite to that of MPP+ and IGF-1, and LY294002 was able to reverse the effect of MPP+ on SH-SY5Y cells to a certain extent (P＜0.05). Conclusion Inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway has a protective effect on MPP+ -induced SH-SY5Y cytotoxicity, which provides a new theoretical basis for the treatment of PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]