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To clarify the morphological and phylogenetic differentiation of Bandona boninensis Suzuki 1974 in Chichi-jima Island of the Bonin (Ogasawara) group of Islands, we studied the external morphological characters and performed sequencing of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and 28S rRNA of nuclear DNA (nrDNA). The sequences of COI and 28S rRNA were identical among the individuals of B. boninensis. These results suggest that B. boninensis experienced a rapid expansion of its distribution in Chichi-jima Island without undergoing any morphological and molecular differentiation., 著者らは小笠原諸島の父島に生息するムニンカケザトウムシBandona boninensis の形態的および系統的分化を明らかにするために、父島の4 地点から採集を行い、体長、触肢腿節の長さ、背甲長および背甲幅、鋏角長、第1～4 脚の腿節長といった形態計測を実施し、ミトコンドリアDNA のCOI 領域および核DNA の28SrRNA 領域に基づく系統樹を作成した。その結果, ムニンカケザトウムシのCOI および28S において塩基置換は見られなかった。この結果は、ムニンカケザトウムシが父島内で系統的分化をほぼ起こしていないことを示す。また、採集を行った個体がすべて雌個体であったことから、これまでの報告の通り、父島においては単為生殖種として生息している可能性が高い。

成人の卵円孔弁(中隔鎌)についての詳細な記載はほとんど無い。そこで卵円孔弁の形態を解剖実習体124 体(男性68 体,女性56 体;平均年齢79.9±1.0)について調査した。調査例のうち11 例(8.9%)は卵円孔開存であった。卵円孔閉鎖例では,卵円孔弁〔中隔鎌〕は,1)不顕型:特別な構造物としては全く見られないもの(50 例,40.3%),2)単一型;単一の半月形を呈するもの(59 例,47.6%),3)多重型;複数の半月形を呈するもの(4 例,3.2%),の3 種類に分類された。単一型では,卵円窩の長軸と卵円孔弁の長軸は一致しない。これらの所見を外国の文献的に比較すると,不顕型が非常に多い。人種差,年齢層の違い,さらには既往の違いなども考慮する必要があるが,文献的情報が不十分なために解析はできない。今回の観察結果では,成人における卵円孔弁は,心房中隔の左心房側で卵円窩の床をなし,その前縁の弧の大きさと向き,および肥厚の程度は様々で個体差に富む,ということができる。, Since hardly any research has been published in detail about the valve of the foramen ovale in adults, the researchers investigated its morphology in 124 anatomical training specimens (68 from men, 56 from women; mean age: 79.9±1.0 years). The foramen ovale is patent in 11 (8.9%) of the cases surveyed.There are 3 types of valve among the cases in which the foramen ovale is closed: 1) a cryptic type, a type in which it is not visible at all as a specific structure (50 cases, 40.3%); 2) a simple type, in which it appears as a simple crescent-shaped structure (59 cases, 47.6%); and 3) a multiple type, in which it appears as more than one crescent-shaped structure (4 cases, 3.2%). In the simple type the long axis of the fossa ovalis and the long axis of the valve of the foramen ovale do not match. Close comparison of these findings with the foreign literature shows that the cryptic type is much more common among Japanese. While differences in race, age groups, and historical backgrounds, etc., also need to be taken into consideration, further analysis is impossible because the information in the literature is insufficient. Based on the results of the observations in this study, it can be concluded that the valve of the foramen ovale in adults forms the floor of the fossa ovalis on the left atrial side of the interatrial septum, that the size and orientation of its anterior margin and the degree of thickening vary considerably, and that there are abundant individual differences.

To investigate the effects of hypergravity on the hypothalamus of amphibians, we raised frogs, Xenopus laevis under hypergravity environment (2 and 5 G) environments from hatch to the beginning of metamorphosis (St 57) and completion of metamorphosis (St 66). The frogs developed at 2 G and 5 G, but they were smaller than those raised at 1 G. In the hypergravity-treated hypothalamus, the total volume was reduced. The length of median eminence of treated frogs was also reduced. These morphological dwarves of the hypothalamus and median eminence indicate that hypergravity alters their endocrinological functions. These results suggest that gravity different from the terrestrial environment causes dysfunction and hypofunction in the endocrine systems, and that the organisms may change their inherent life cycles under such conditions., 資料番号: AA0063349090

資料番号: AA0063505001

In response to hypergravity treatment at 300 g for 12 h, the gene expression of CesA1, 6, 7 and 9 decreased in 3-day old seedlings, but did not change in the floral stem in 20 day-old plants. On the other hand, hypergravity treatment at 300 g for 1 h decreased the gene expression of XTH15, and increased that of XTH22. The effect of hypergravity on the gene expression of two XTHs was partially alleviated by 0.1 mM La(3+), suggesting the possible involvement of mechanosensor in hypergravity-induced changes in XTH gene expression. In addition, the morphology of the secondary cell wall was influenced by hypergravity. Xylem vessels showed intense staining with phloroglucinol-HC1 and autofluorescence under UV light at the basal region of floral stem 3 day after hypergravity treatment. The cross section area of the metaxylem element increased after hypergravity treatment, suggesting that lignification and the development of the secondary wall of xylem vessels are positively regulated under hypergravity., 資料番号: AA0046917040

In this research, the morphological changes during GaP solution growth of the S/L interface were observed under static magnetic field using near-infrared (NIR) microscope with an interferometer. The damping effect of convection was discussed by means of analyzing fringe pattern during dissolution and growth., 資料番号: AA0046917069

Previously it was reported that high gravity retarded the development of amphibian eggs and embryos, and induced two heads, microcephally and multiple malformation. Programmed cell death (PCD), or apoptosis, is an essential process for normal development, tissue homeostasis and harmful cell elimination in multicellular organisms. In order to further clarify the effects of high gravity environments on amphibian development, the present study investigates the induction of abnormal PCD by high gravity. Uncleaved Xenopus laevis eggs at 20 min after insemination, and embryos at cell stage 2 were raised in 5 G for 4 days. Controls were raised in normal gravity. PCD was analyzed for body surface and inner structures of developing embryos using more sensitive in situ endolabelling technique that identifies fragmented nuclear DNA in dying cells. The results showed that: 1) Treated eggs and embryos showed an initial delay of development at day 2. 2) The number of dying cells in the surface of embryos developed from treated eggs and cell stage 2 embryos was less compared to controls. 3) Autopsy revealed that control embryos had high numbers of PCDs in the skin, brain, eyes and forehead, while embryos developed from treated eggs and stage 2 embryos showed a random distribution of PCD in the brain, eyes and forehead. These observations suggest that high gravity induces suppression of PCD, which probably results in retarded development and various abnormalities., 資料番号: AA0046917019

Although the interface shape of S/L for CdTe crystal growth by THM technique has been investigated a lot in experiments, but it has not been much explored by theoretical and numerical studies. Numerical simulation for S/L interface shape of CdTe crystal in THM growth under magnetic field was carried out in this research. L/S interface shape in growth surface is convex, and the S/L interface shape of in dissolution surface is concave to Te solvent respectively. There is no observable change between interface shape and indention of magnetic field and gravity., 資料番号: AA0046917070

In plants, cell growth is usually accompanied by a large increase in vacuolar volume. Although the mechanism of vacuole genesis is not fully understood, it has been suggested that autophagy contributes to the genesis of plant vacuoles. In previous studies, it was found that 3-methyladenine (3-MA) blocks autophagy that is induced in tobacco culture cells under sucrose starvation conditions. It was further found that autophagy occurs concomitant with vacuole genesis in root tip cells from barley and Arabidopsis, supporting the concept that autophagy is involved in vacuole genesis. Autophagy occurring in Arabidopsis root tip cells is inhibited by 3-MA. In this study, using 3-MA as an inhibitor of autophagy in plant cells, it has been found that 3-MA inhibits the growth of tobacco culture cells and corn root tips. Moreover, 3-MA perturbed the growth and development of root tips from corn seedlings. From these results, it is proposed that autophagy contributes to the growth and development of plant cells and organs through its contribution to vacuole genesis., 資料番号: AA0046917038

Impact experiments on sintered snow were conducted at the impact velocities from 35 to 150 m/s. Snow and ice projectiles were launched into the snow target sintered at - 10 C for 15 minutes and at - 7 C for 45 minutes. The projectile and target porosity were about 32 and 36 percent respectively. The crater morphology depends on the projectile type and the degree of sintering of the target. The typical crater shape made by snow projectile is bowl shape with the depth to diameter ratio of about 0.5. The power law index of the impact velocity in the relationship between the projectile kinetic energy and the crater volume is about 1.5, which is rather smaller than 2.4 theoretically proposed by the scaling law in the strength regime., 資料番号: AA0047898007

Examined was the thermal erosion mechanism of the basaltic lava flow for explaining the formation of sinuous rilles on the Moon. Appropriate conditions of candidate basaltic lavas enable interpretation of the formation condition of lunar sinuous rilles., 資料番号: AA0047898035

Martian pedestal craters have many interesting morphologies on their ejecta blankets. It has been considered that fluidized ejecta generate these features. Here laboratory analogue experiments have been conducted to examine the atmospheric effects on the ejecta emplacement of pedestal craters. The experimental results show that modified morphologies are divided into three modes by critical parameter. Physical constraints are discussed for the atmospheric conditions in which grooves on the surface of Martian pedestal crater are carved., 資料番号: AA0047898003

Cu(2+) ion was electrodeposited in 0.05 M CuSO4 aqueous solution onto a heterogeneous substrate of TiN sputtered on a stainless steel sheet. Two different electrolytic cell configurations were designed in order to quantitatively discuss the effect of gravitational strength on the nucleation related phenomena of electrodeposited metal in detail: 1) a horizontal cathode facing downward over an anode (C/A) and 2) an anode over cathode (A/C). These results show that A/C configuration introduces more number of nucleuses than the case of C/A. Image analysis technique demonstrates copper metal randomly nucleated over the TiN substrate and no space correlation between nuclei. TiN film certainly provides a good substrate to examine the effect of the gravitational level to the initial stage of electrodeposition of Cu(2+) ion in CuSO4 aqueous solution., 資料番号: AA0045438049

In order to clarify the possible effects of high gravity environments on eggs and developing embryos, Rana rugosa unfertilized eggs, fertilized eggs and embryos at cell stages 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64, the blastula, gastrula, neurula and tail- bud stages were raised in 2 G, 5 G, 7 G and 10 G up to premetamorphic Taylor and Kollros' stage 1. The results showed that: 1) High gravity strikingly retarded the development of eggs and embryos beginning treatment before the blastula stage and induce microcephally and multiple malformation, suggesting that high gravity is apt to disrupt the animal-vegetal axis. On the other hand, embryos beginning treatment after the gastrula stage showed a striking increase in the number of normal stage 1 tadpoles. 2) Autopsy revealed that brains, notochords and muscles were reduced in development and differentiation for embryos and tadpoles developed in high gravity., 資料番号: AA0045438015

Our working group have been noted the importance of woody plant under the space. Morphology of woody branch growth is different from that of stem growth in herbs. Morphology in tree is related to secondary xylem formation. Nobody knows the tree shape grown under the space environment. The study of their shape is to study the function and mechanism about the secondly xylem formation in tree. Bonsai is one of the Japanese traditional arts. We first study the function and mechanism about the relation of the secondly xylem formation and gravity using by Bonsai as experimental material. 'CosmoBon' is small tree Bonsai for the experiment related to space. The reaction wood in small Bonsai, CosmoBon is suitable to examine under the space environment. Our goal is our watching various species of trees which are growing as bioresource for our life in the space., 資料番号: AA0063706120

Our working group has been noted the importance of woody plant under the space. Tree is a good utilization material in the organisms in all species among the earth. In this study, we proposed that the importance of xylem and outer bark of woody plant chemicals including protein, morphogenesis, soil and any physiological responses to the physical environmental parameter will be investigated using by tree as material. As the first step, we will try to make a plan using Japanese cherry tree (Prunus incisa), and its cells. Our goal is our watching various species of trees which are growing as bioresource for our life in the space., 資料番号: AA0063349110

A Novel SCID technology is established for biomedical studies to evaluate the effect of space radiation on human organs and tissues. Morphology and function of human tissues were well maintained in the improved severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice for long period (2 to 3 years). Cs-137 ray exposure to transplant human thyroid tissues resulted in the disappearance of the follicles, significant decrease of human thyroid hormones, an increase of mutations, and change of gene expression, while low dose rate radiation exposure rarely induced these defects. Change of gene expression was also induced in extremely high incidence by fission neutron., 資料番号: AA0046917024

Research programatics of gravitational biology is reviewed and discussed with a scope for the scientific use of the international space station., 資料番号: AA0045438016

Important informations on detailed and precise morphological studies of tissues，organella and cells of algae are supplied by scanning electron microscopes (SEM) and transmission electron microscopes (TEM) recently，as well as by optical light microscopes (OLM) which have been used for many years.In the present report Undaria pinnatifida was used as a specimen. A comparative study was done using the above three kinds of microscopes in order to know how much degree the surface structure of the organism and solid localization and fine structure of mucilage glands，hair and hair conceptacles，tipical for the alage can be elucidated. As a result，the three-dimensional image obtained with SEM was not so different from that which had been expected，basing on OLM-and TEM-micrographs of cross-section of the algae. However，observation with SEM has advantages of being able to obtain clear image of even ultrastructure and of giving strong impression to eyes on the three-dimensional difference of surface structure， which is usual1y difficult to detect by OLM or TEM. It is worthy to mention here that analysis of the image obtained with SEM should be compared throughly with the TEM-micrographs of cross-section，refferring to the OLM-micrographs. Morphology of tissues，organella and cells can be observed finely and precisely by using SEM together with OLM and TEM. Such studies may lead to a discussion not only on the structure but also on the morphology in relation to the function，i. e., on the functional ultrastructure region.

Taxonomical and ecological studies on the mosquitoes of Anopheles sinensis group , which consists of four species including important vectors of malaria parasites in Japan, and some other anophelines in Hokkaido, Tohoku and Okinawa were carried out. Comparative observations of external morphology of every stage by light- and scanning electron-microscopy revealed close similarities among each species of An. sinensis group, being steadily distinguishable from other anophelines. Some morphological features, i.e. presence or absence of small scales on the humeral cross vein and coxae, shape of the leaflets of phallosome in adult, structure of the trumpet rim of pupa, shape of the outer clypeal hairs of larva and patterns of the plastron networks on egg, were first demonstrated to be useful as distinguishing characteristics from other anophelines. The closer relationship among An. sinensis group was also confirmed by electrophoretic analyses of isozymes of leucine aminopeptidase and non-specific esterases. These findings indicate the validity of taxonomical grouping of species of An. sinensis group. Ecological surveys in Hokkaido and Tohoku showed geographical coincidence between the distribution of An. lesteri and the former endemic areas of vivax malaria, suggesting that this species was the main vector of the malaria in those areas, at least in southern part of Hokkaido.

Investigations have been conducted by several workers into interspecific hybrids among Pinus densiflora SIEB. et Zucc. (Japanese red pine) and Pinus Thunbergii PARL. (Japanese black pine), but there seems to be many basic problems in morphology yet to be settled. In the present paper, the author attempted to tentatively clasify into five types pure Pinus densiflora, pure Pinus Thunbergii and their hybrids by major external features; (1) Akamatsu (Red pin-e): distinguished as pure red pine by observation of it's needles, winter buds and bark. (2) Ai-akamatsu (Hybrid red pine): recognized as partaking of black pine characteristics by observation of above three external features. (3) Ai-matsu (Hybrid pine): judged as an intermediate type between red pine and black pine. (4) Ai-guromatsu (Hybrid black pine): recognized as the contrary type of (2). (5) Kuromatsu (Black pine): distinguished as pure black pine by the same means. Above distinctions were standardized by macroscopic observation and three characteristics were respectively determined by following points; that is, each of the characteristics of pure red pine is +2, of pure back pine -2, and of intermediate type +1.0, and -1 according to their grades. Then pure races and hybrids are graded by these total points which are figured out by above mentioned methods of marking, as following: (1) +6・・・Red pine (2) (+5)～(+3)・・・Hybrid red pine (3) (+2) ～(-2)・・・Hybrid pine (4) (-3) ～(-5)・・・Hybrid black pine (5) - 6・・・Black pine Sample trees used in this experiment are fifteen in number and they are shown in Table 1. These sample trees grow in the experimental forest (about 0.16 ha.) of Handayama University Forest (the northern part of Okayama city). In the present paper, the relationship between the external characteristics (especially; needle, winterbud and bark) of pure and hybrid pine and the internal structure of their needles are discussed. The microscopic observation on the internal structure of their needles was undertaken to analyze distinctions of tissue, as described in Fig. 1, 2. Considered from the experimental results, it seems most reasonable to conclude that individuals judged as hybrid of Pinus densiflora SIEB. et ZUCC. and P. Thumbergii PARL. by observation of external features may also have the microscopic characteristics in the internal structure of their needles as hybrid of those two species.

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