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目前越来越多的研究强调健康的社会因素 (SDH) 在医学教育中的重要性。为数不多的有关 SDH 的研究表明,由 于缺乏公认的工具和措施,限制了研究者的进一步学习和相关程序的发展,使该课程传播有限。医学教育中,未来的研究应该集 中在识别和评估有效的教学评估体系,从而缩小这方面的差距,并探索其他创新的教学框架,检测特定的教学内容及其边缘化特 征,完善医学教育的综合性培养体系。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Progress in Modern Biomedicine is the property of Publishing House of Progress in Modern Biomedicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology (1008-0864) is the property of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To investigate the possible role of osteoprotegerin, visfatin and ghrelin in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome(Met S) among type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM). Methods: Blood was taken from 116 cases(39 T2 DM with less serious Met S,48 T2 DM with more serious Met S, 29 normal controls). Blood glucose and lipid level were detected by enzymatic method.Osteoprotegerin, visfatin, ghrelin and insulin levels were assessed by ELISA method. Results: Compared with the control group,osteoprotegerin and visfatin levels were significantly higher in patients with T2 DM with less serious Met S, ghrelin levels were significantly lower(P<0.05). In addition, osteoprotegerin and visfatin levels were significantly higher in type 2 diabetes with more serious Met S than those with less serious metabolic syndrome(P<0.05). The optimal dose values of the investigated markers were assessed by ROC curve. In type 2 diabetes patients with more serious metabolic syndrome, osteoprotegerin(1.06 ng/m L), visfatin(32.27 ng/m L) and ghrelin(33.65 pg/m L) exhibited sensitivity of 76 %, 92 % and 39.1 %; specificity of 41 %, 69.2 % and 62.9 %. Among the studied parameters, visfatin is an effective indicator for the prediction of diabetes with metabolic syndrome(P<0.05). Conclusions:Osteoprotegerin, visfatin and ghrelin might act on the pathogenesis of diabetes. Visfatin is a valid predictor of diabetes with metabolic syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate whether the rats given glucose in the intermittent access model(IAM) can cause hedonic feeding including bingeing, and the influence of nucleus accumbens and lateral hypothalamic(LHA) orexin(ORX)neurons on fructose eating behavior. Methods: The IAM rats were given 4 %, 8 % or 12 % fructose or Saline(NS). And the fructose intake and fructose eating behavior were observed and recorded in the rats. The receptors number(Bmax) and receptor affinity(Kd) of dopamine D1R and D2R were analyzed in the nucleus accumbens shell, nucleus accumbens core and dorsal striatum. The C-Fos neurons immunoreactivity(Fos-IR)were recorded in paraventricular nucleus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens of related nucleus of the long-term and short-term IAM rat. Food intake was observed while administration of OX1 R antagonist SB334867 in the long term IAM rats. Results: The rats given fructose solutions displayed fructose bingeing but unaltered DA D1R or D2R number following long-term exposure to the IAM. Fructose bingeing rats, as compared to chow bingeing controls, exhibited reduced nucleus accumbens neuron activation, as determined by c-Fos-immunoreactivity. Following short-term access to the IAM, rats exhibited bingeing but unchanged Fos-IR. Fructose bingeing and food intake were significantly reduced while OX1 R antagonist SB-334867(30 mg/kg) were administrated for 21 days in the IAM rats.Conclusion: Long-term fructose bingeing can increase the release of Orexin, reduce the nucleus accumbens Orexin neuron activation,enhance the lateral nucleus Orexin neurons activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the orexin-A(OXA) receptor mediated somatostatin agonists ODT8-SST on the regulation of food intake and water intake of rats and OXA promoting feeding mechanism. Methods: In the light period, 40 rats were randomly divided into 8 groups, the lateral ventricle(icv) were injected with different doses of ODT8-SST or normal saline(NS); 56 rats were randomly divided into 8 groups, icv were injected with different doses of OXA receptor(OX1R) antagonist SB-334867 or NS; the food intake and water intake of rat were recorded for 2 hours after the injection. Results: Compared with NS control group, after injecting ODT8-SST(1μg / rat, icv) into ICV, the food intake and water intake of experimental group were significantly increased(P <0.05). Lateral ventricle injection of OXA receptor(OX1R) antagonist SB-334867(16 μg / rat) completely inhibited the increase in food intake and water intake caused by lateral ventricle injection of ODT8-SST; with in contrast, rats were given SST2 antagonist S-406-028 after pretreatment, can prevent the promotion of the role of appetite caused by intracerebroventricular injection of ODT8-SST, but does not affect the lateral ventricle injection OXA(10.7 μg/rat) induced food intake and water intake increased. Conclusions: Intracerebroventricular injection of ODT8-SST can promote feeding and drinking, OX1 R signaling pathway is a part of the neural circuits; orexin-A promotes the ingestion does not depend on the activation of the brain SST2 pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]