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Copyright of Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Medical Sciences) is the property of Xian Jiaotong University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Guihaia is the property of Guihaia Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Rubber Industry is the property of Editorial Office of China Rubber Industry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The calculation of aerodynamic force and aerodynamic heating for flight vehicles round trip to Earth􀆳s atmosphere （over different flow regimes） is one of the challenges and hotspots in computational fluid dynamics. Since the flow scenarios faced by such vehicles are no longer purely continuous flow or rarefied flow， neither the Navier-Stokes equations’ solver nor the direct simulation Monte Carlo （DSMC） method can obtain accurate results. In recent years ，based on the Boltzmann model equation， which is independent of the continuity hypothesis， various numerical approaches have been developed to simulate fluid flow problems in all flow regimes by discretizing this equation in both physical space and velocity space. This paper reviews and analyzes the research progress of this kind of algorithm， including the gas kinetic unified algorithm （GKUA），the unified gas kinetic scheme （UGKS） and the improved discrete velocity method （IDVM）. It focuses on the basic ideas and the implementation of these methods and pays attention to their current progress and applications. At the same time， the IDVM is further extended to simulate the unsteady flows in all flow regimes. Finally， some problems existing in this kind of algorithm are discussed and the prospect for work in the future is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Guihaia is the property of Guihaia Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering is the property of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Materials Engineering / Cailiao Gongcheng is the property of Journal of Materials Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Materials Engineering / Cailiao Gongcheng is the property of Journal of Materials Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Guihaia is the property of Guihaia Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Forest Research is the property of Forest Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Guihaia is the property of Guihaia Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Forest Research is the property of Forest Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica is the property of Acta Materiea Compositae Sinica Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Materials Engineering / Cailiao Gongcheng is the property of Journal of Materials Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method is performed to simulate the thermochemical non-equilibrium flow from 130 km to 70 km across outer space free molecular, rarefied transitional and near-continuum regime during the reentry module entering the atmosphere. The developed hybrid spatial Cartesian and unstructured triangular surface meshes and adaptive refinements are used in the computation. The variable time step simulation strategy for the coexistence of high rarefied flow to near-continuum flow and domain decomposition parallel DSMC algorithm are established to investigate the evolution of shock wave layer and boundary layer across different flow regimes. The effects of rarefied gas and high temperature real gas on module aerodynamic and trim characteristics are simulated and analyzed. The impacts of different surface reflection model and mass center location offsets on the trim property are also computed and analyzed. The calculated trim angles of attack have good agreement with the flight data for lunar explanation test reentry module. The computation results show that the rarefied gas effects and surface reflection model have significantly impact on aerodynamic and trim characteristics above altitude of 90 km. The real gas effects have great impact on aerodynamics helow altitude of 90 km. The lateral offset of centroid has a larger impact on the trim angle of attack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Osteoporosis is the property of Chinese Journal of Osteoporosis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nankai Journal: Philosophy, Literature & Social Science Edition / Nankai Xuebao: Zhexue Shehui Kezue Ban is the property of Nankai Xuebao Bianjibu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The combat teaching training is an important way to improve the college talent training quality, and enhance battle effectiveness. In carrying out the practice teaching, the colleges and universities exist some practical problems in organization and examination. Combining with the exploration of practical teaching reform, the paper puts forward the basic measures of the combat training of teaching reform, and summarizes teaching achievements of the combat teaching in Naval University of Engineering. These can provide some reference for the army colleges and universities to carry out the combat distributions and examination mode reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Guihaia is the property of Guihaia Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Department of Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Southern Agriculture is the property of Journal of Southern Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology / Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this study is to investigate the photosynthetic response of E. dunnii to different P concentrations. E. dwinii cuttings and seedlings were grown hydroponically with 5 P levels, (0 , 0. 01 , 0.1, 1, and 2 mmol/L). The results showed that no P, extremely low P level (0.01 mmol/L) and high P (2 mmol/L) inhibited the net photosynthetic rate, while in low P level (0. 1 mmol/L) and regular P level (1 mmol/L) , the optimum photosynthesis was observed without significant difference. The response trend of the stomatal conductance and water use efficiency to P concentrations showed similar with net photosynthesis rate. The P concentrations did not affect the incellular C02 concentration and transpiration rate of E. dimnii. Cuttings showed longer P deficiency-resistant than no-P-cultured seedlings. The photosynthetic difference between new established leaves and old leaves of E. dwinii increased with the decreasing of the P concentrations. The P concentrations did not affect light compensation point (LCP) , while light saturation point ( LSP) increased with the increase of P levels (0-1 mmol/L) , followed by reduction if P level was higher than 1 mmol/L. These results indicated that the P deficiency adaptability of E. dunnii highly related to the photosynthetic response to P concentrations. Practically, low P concentration (0.1 mmol/L) is sufficient to grow E. dunnii, which is both economical and environmental. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to simulate gas flows with complex shapes or several bodies covering various regimes, coordinate space should be divided into dinky cells, and numerical method based on the complex mesh system should also be developed. In this paper, two-dimensional flows around complex objects are described by multi-block patched meshes, and then body-fitted mesh systems are given. Boltzmann-Rykov model equation involving rotational non-equilibrium effect is numerically computed based on this mesh system. Discrete velocity ordinate method is used to disperse velocity space, while finite-difference NND scheme for coordinate space. Transfer of distribution function on the interface, information and velocity information on the grid included, should be treated especially. Then flow characters from rarefied transition to continuum around complex bodies are obtained by numerical computing. Some examples show that macro-parameters glossily translate between different blocks in the whole mesh system. Results from GKUA are compared with those from reference and DSMC method. It is showed that the Gas-kinetic Unified Algorithm based on multi-block patched mesh is credible to numerically simulate complex flows in various regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]