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长期服役的光伏发电系统直流配电故障概率高、火灾风险及危害大，严重影响光伏电站的运行安全、发电与出力能力，并对电站运维提出故障与火灾精准检测的技术挑战。为此，从生产现场直流配电柜故障分析入手，揭示接触不良、绝缘劣化、故障电弧、电气火灾的演变机理；分析国内外故障电弧诊断与火灾检测技术的理论成果应对在运电站电弧火灾的有效性，提出故障电弧预诊断与火灾检测技术的应用解决方案。研究结果表明，提出的故障电弧诊断与火灾检测技术应用方案，弥补直流继电保护对串联电弧故障无法保护的不足，能够有效诊断故障电弧并检测烟雾和高温，避免火灾及其扩大事故的发生。

目的探讨心肌声学造影（MCE）在优选冠状动脉慢性闭塞病变患者的临床应用价值。方法连续性地选取从2019年2月至2020年3月共50例冠状动脉慢性闭塞病变患者为研究对象，于介入治疗前及术后12月完善MCE及二维斑点追踪技术（2D-STI）。术后通过电话及门诊进行随访，主要终点事件为主要不良心血管事件（MACE）。根据术前心肌声学造影的心肌灌注水平对患者进行分组，通过二维超声心动图及左室整体纵向应变（GLS）对左心功能改善情况进行评估。结果相较于灌注异常组，灌注正常组GLS改善幅度更大（P=0.028）； PCI术前灌注异常组室壁运动评分（WMSI）相较于灌注正常组更高（P=0.002）。在成功PCI术后一年灌注异常组WMSI相比于灌注正常组术后更高（PP=0.008）、WMSI（P=0.016）及左室舒张末（LVEDV）容积（P=0.032）较术前改善；灌注异常组患者术后的灌注评分有明显改善（P=0.032）。结论MCE优选CTO-PCI患者具有临床应用价值。不同心肌灌注分型的CTO患者在PCI术后获益不同。

针对中国第一个海上风电柔性直流送出工程—江苏如东工程，从系统拓扑方案构建、过电压与绝缘配合、系统功率盈余问题与交流故障穿越技术以及控制保护技术等方面开展了深入研究，构建了轻型紧凑化的海上风电柔性直流系统拓扑方案，取消了海上换流站的启动回路与接地回路等；提出了海陆换流站的避雷器配置方案与参考电压的选取原则，形成了海陆换流站的绝缘配合方案的典型范式；提出了集中式、分布式、混合式直流侧有功功率动态平衡装置的典型拓扑方式，解决了陆上换流站交流侧故障穿越难题；提出了工程的整体控制保护方案，并研究了一种基于电压前馈环节比例谐振控制的有源谐振抑制方法，显著降低了工程的振荡风险。通过工程实际运行，全面验证了所提技术的有效性。

基于车路协同的发展现状，总结车路协同场景中隐私计算、人工智能等技术的研究进展。设计并实现YITATFL平台，为数据管理、模型训练、模型管理及协同推理提供完备的隐私保护方案，为人工智能结合隐私计算在交通行业的应用提供参考。

在国内贯彻落实“双碳”目标和大规模推广可再生能源的背景下，电化学储能作为提高新能源利用率的重要技术手段，近年来快速发展。但目前尚缺乏完备的大容量电化学储能电站储能效果评价平台。首先剖析了储能电池组和储能变流器模型的运行特性，采用k-means聚类算法提取电化学储能电站的等值参数并建立等值模型。其次，基于现有储能并网运行架构，以四象限变流器为核心，开发了测试大容量储能电站故障电压穿越能力和电网适应性的评价平台，以实现对大容量电化学储能电站的并网检测及运行评价。测试结果显示，提出的储能电站等值模型和大容量电化学储能电站评价平台能够在较短的仿真时间内对电化学储能电站做出较准确的评价。

目的探讨肺癌脊柱转移瘤患者的手术疗效及影响患者生存期的预后因素。方法随访2013年3月至2020年5月于中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院接受诊治的156例肺癌脊柱转移瘤患者，根据纳入与排除标准，36例患者的病例资料入选本研究进行后续分析。根据治疗方式将患者分为手术治疗组（n=26）和保守治疗组（n=10），分别采用视觉疼痛评分（VAS评分）、卡氏日常功能状态评分（KPS评分）及Frankel分级对患者治疗前后的疼痛程度、功能状态和脊髓神经功能进行评估，采用 Kaplan-Meier 法绘制生存曲线，对影响疾病预后的多种因素采用Cox比例风险模型进行分析。结果两组患者治疗前基线特征齐，具有可比性。手术组患者治疗后VAS评分从术前的8.00 （3.00~9.00）分下降至术后的2.00 （0.75~2.00）分，KPS评分从术前的50.00 （40.00~60.00）分上升至术后的60.00 （50.00~70.00）分，Frankel分级较术前改善，差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。而保守组患者治疗前后的VAS评分、KPS评分及Frankel等级的差异均无统计学意义。36例患者中位生存时间为22.0个月， 95%CI为（6.3， 37.7）个月，1年生存率68.7%，2年生存率48.0%，3年生存率33.6%。单变量生存分析结果显示性别、吸烟史、病理类型、放化疗和靶向治疗对患者生存期有显著影响。多因素COX比例风险模型生存分析结果显示靶向治疗和放化疗是影响肺癌脊柱转移瘤患者预后的独立因素。结论外科手段治疗肺癌脊柱转移瘤能有效缓解患者的疼痛程度、提高生活质量和改善神经功能，靶向治疗和放化疗是影响肺癌脊柱转移瘤患者生存期的重要因素。

电负荷和热负荷具有较强的耦合性，热负荷需求的准确预测对于预测电负荷进而让供热机组更好地进行深度调峰辅助服务报价工作具有重要作用。经多种算法对比研究表明，基于最邻近结点和随机森林的集成预测算法（KNN-RFAverage）具有很好的回归性能和较低的计算复杂度。特别是在面对热负荷存在极端波动的情况下，采用该算法进行热负荷预测可以保持鲁棒性，为有效解决连续多点热负荷预测、机组供热面积及用热习惯发生变化的问题提供了新的思路和方法。

电动汽车等新基建的持续高速发展为电力系统带来新的机遇和挑战，也为传统电力系统负荷预测带来新命题，研究电动汽车负荷建模具有重要的现实意义。文章在分析电动汽车历史数据的基础上，提出一种基于充电功率场景模型的电动汽车负荷建模方法，基于充电关键变量，建模考虑充放电各关键变量随机性和相关性的联合分布模型，并通过吉布斯采样生成电动汽车功率场景，聚合得到电动汽车负荷曲线。最后，采用电动汽车实际充电功率数据验证了文章所提方法的有效性。

随着风电和光伏等新能源发电系统渗透率的不断提高，电网呈现出弱电网甚至极弱电网特性，给新能源并网发电系统稳定和高效运行带来了严峻挑战。通过回顾现有典型的新能源并网逆变稳定控制策略等方面的成果，总结了电流源模式、电压源模式以及双模式控制的基本原理和研究现状，并指出基于锁相环控制的电流源模式并网虽然能够保证强电网下的系统稳定性和功率控制快速性等，但是此类控制方式在稳定性、系统电压和频率调整等方面有诸多局限，难以适应新能源发电单元高比例接入的场景。基于功率自同步控制的电压源模式控制能够为电压和频率提供支撑，更加适用于高渗透率新能源发电并网的弱电网场合；基于电网阻抗自适应的双模式控制策略则同时结合了电流源模式和电压源模式在稳定性上的优势，更加适用于高渗透率下电网阻抗大幅波动的场合。最后，对上述几种典型控制策略进行总结，并探讨了未来的研究方向。

As a kind of bionic robot fish,bionic killer whale played an important role in ocean development and scientific investigation.Based on the theory of flapping wing movement,the biomimetic killer whale was designed in the way of fish propulsion,the load was nonlinear,time-varying and strongly coupled.The bionic killer whale‘s force model was established through the analysis of the bionic killer whale’s straight line and turning movement.The instantaneous load’s text file of bionic killer whale was generated by MATLAB,the instantaneous load was successfully introduced into the rigid-flexible coupling model by ADAMS spline function,which provided a method and condition for qualitative and quantitative analysis of bionic killer whale’rigid-flexible coupling reliability analysis.The results show that MATLAB can accurately simulate the periodic change of the bionic killer whale’s instantaneous load,providing a clear quantitative data for the bionic killer whale’s reliability research.

实现低碳战略目标需要大规模应用若干关键减缓技术，可能会带来经济、社会、环境等方面的潜在影响，反过来不利于实现低碳目标。提出了技术成熟度、经济影响、局地环境影响、生态影响、人群健康影响和公众接受度6个维度的综合成本效益分析框架，筛选影响减缓气候变化的供给侧技术，识别出风电和光伏发电、碳捕集与封存、生物质能、氢能、核能5种关键技术，重点讨论了其综合成本效益分析维度，得出以下结论：一、传统仅考虑技术成本和减排潜力的成本效益分析难以支撑制定中长期减缓技术战略和部署方案；综合考虑技术的就业、局地环境、生态、健康影响及公众接受度等因素，可以改进技术的潜力、成本有效性和空间布局等评估维度的系统性和可操作性，有利于促进实现碳减排目标与可持续发展目标过程中的协同增效。二、相对于需求侧减缓技术及基于土地的减缓行为，供给侧减缓技术的综合成本效益分析不确定性更大且更为复杂。三、目前对供给侧减缓技术的技术成熟度和经济影响的研究较多且结论较为确定，对局地环境影响和人群健康影响的研究逐渐增加且方法趋于成熟，但对技术的生态影响和社会公众接受度的影响研究仍然较少且较难得出确定的结论。

全钒液流电池是具有良好应用前景的大规模储能技术之一，是解决电网调峰调频、间歇性可再生能源消纳等问题的有效手段。使用MATLAB基于自放电效应建立了全钒液流电池的电化学模型，研究了电池的充/放电形式和电解液流量对电池性能的影响规律，进而建立了微网负荷的优化调度模型，并提出了一种微网中逐时响应需求侧负荷波动的最优电解液流量计算流程和优化运行方法。研究结果表明：全钒液流电池的过电势损耗与电流正相关；随着电池的电解液流量从0.024立方米/小时增加至0.288 立方米/小时，泵功相应由0.027 W增加至0.422 W，同时电池浓差极化损失的减小导致系统能量效率的提升；恒定负荷下，选取合适的电池电解液流量可获得较高的系统效率；采用提出的全钒液流电池优化运行方法，可实现微网变负荷工况下电池电解液流量的实时优化控制，相较于恒定流量的运行方法，电池的系统效率可提升至87.03%。

【目的】探讨 2 型糖尿病（T2DM）患者合并肾脏疾病的临床病理特点及预后。【方法】回顾性分析120 例尿检异常和（或）Scr 升高并接受肾活检的2 型糖尿病患者的临床病理资料，并进行了随访。肾脏结局的定义是接受肾脏替代治疗或进入到终末期肾病（ESRD）。Kaplan-Meier 分析用于比较肾存活率，Cox 比例风险分析用于进行糖尿病肾病（DN）和非糖尿病肾脏疾病（NDRD）进入 ESRD 的风险比较。【结果】120 例 2 型糖尿病患者中，肾穿刺确诊DN57 例，占47.5%；NDRD63 例，占52.5%。最常见的NDRD 亚类是膜性肾病（MN），其次为IgA 肾病（IgAN）。与 NDRD 组比较，DN 组患者中糖尿病病病程较长，肾功能较差，合并糖尿病视网膜病变比例更高。 Kaplan-Meier 分析显示DN 组肾存活率较NDRD 组显著降低，DN 组1 年，5 年肾脏生存率仅为81%，41% Vs NDRD组 95%，84%，进一步cox 比例风险模型校正后显示，与NDRD 组患者比较，DN 患者进入ESRD 的HR=3.81，95%CI 1.61～9.01，P=0.002。【结论】糖尿病病程长，肾功能较差，尤其是合并糖尿病视网膜病变有助于DN 的临床诊断，但有误诊的风险，对糖尿病合并肾脏疾病的精确诊断需依赖肾活检。与 NDRD 患者相比，DN 患者预后显著较差，区分糖尿病合并肾脏疾病患者的病理类型有重要临床意义。

光纤中的随机散射现象凭借其在不同应用场景中的重要影响成为了一个非常热门的研究主题,但到目前为止,还没有理论方法能够准确描述光纤中散射现象的随机性及其影响。文章提出一种能够分析光纤散射现象随时间和散射点位置随机变化的较为准确的数值模型,并用该数值模型分析了分布式拉曼放大系统中的瑞利散射和自发拉曼散射噪声的频谱。之后,将仿真分析结果与现有模型的仿真分析结果和实验测量的结果进行了对比分析。文中模型计算得到的功率密度谱与实验结果误差在5dBc/Hz以内,而现有模型在高频区的误差往往>10dBc/Hz,说明文中结果与实际测量结果相比误差更小,证明了模型的准确性。文中模型可作为一种分析优化分布式光纤系统,特别是分析具有分布式光放大的系统的工具,例如具有双向拉曼放大的超长跨距光纤电力通信系统、光纤传感器系统以及光纤随机反馈激光器等。

设计了一种数字视频广播+互联网电视+家庭网关的多业务融合终端方案,解决了家庭中多个业务终端独立并存且交互困难的问题。通过硬件设计集成和软件业务功能的整合,有效节省了生产成本,并对最终用户提供一体化的业务体验。实践证明,该方案对解决目前三网在家庭终端的整合方面有一定的参考价值和现实意义。

Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) is occasionally found in patients with carcinoma (lung or gastrointestinal) or debilitating diseases. Definite diagnosis of NBTE should be performed by autopsy. It is difficult to diagnose NBTE if patients have no clinical signs of thromboembolism. Here, we present a case of primary hepatic neuroendocrine carcinoma with NBTE as proven by autopsy.

文章提出一种"虚"ODBC（开放式数据库连接）函数的实现方式,即利用ODBC与Oracle OCI（Oracle调用接口）访问数据库模式的相似之处,在保持ODBC接口函数不变的情况下,使用Oracle数据库的OCI函数来改写已有的ODBC函数。实践证明,此种数据库移植方式改动小,且数据的访问速度更快。

光子晶体光纤（PCF）是一种新型光纤,其结构和导光机理都与普通光纤不同,呈现出许多在传统光纤中难以实现的特性,并因此受到广泛关注。PCF具有的特殊的性质扩大了光纤的应用领域。利用PCF的某些特性,可以制作性能优良的传感器。文章首先介绍了PCF的基本概念和主要特性,然后介绍了PCF在传感方面的几种应用。

针对目前广泛建设的波分复用（WDM）系统,提出了一种基于信号流的告警分析方法。通过结合相关联的同步数字体系（SDH）设备的告警进行相关性分析,从而达到对网络故障定位的目的。

【目的】 降低成本，增大产出，提高K5突变体（mK5）在原核系统的单位表达量。 【方法】 调整可能影响表达的参数：抗生素浓度、pH、A600值、IPTG终浓度、诱导时间、诱导温度，同时固定其它参数。通过电泳分析，获得mK5在原核系统pET22b-BL21的最优表达条件；组氨酸结合柱亲和层析、纯化获得mK5蛋白，SDS-PAGE和Western-blot方法鉴定mK5蛋白；MTT法分析mK5对人视网膜毛细血管内皮细胞（HRCEC）增殖的影响。【结果】 优化后的表达条件为：最适细菌培养温度为37℃，最佳抗生素浓度为50μg/mL羧苄青霉素，最适pH值为7.0，在A600为0.9～1.0时加入终浓度为1.0 mmol/L的IPTG为最佳诱导条件，37℃诱导10 h为最佳诱导时间；优化条件后mK5纯化蛋白得率为21 mg/L，产量较优化前(15 mg/L)提高近30％；mK5特异性地抑制HRCEC的增殖，IC50=40 nmol/L。【结论】 本研究确定了mK5蛋白诱导表达的最适参数，并获得具有生物活性的高纯度、高表达量的重组蛋白，为工业化大规模发酵生产提供了基本参数。

【目的】基因芯片技术建立颅内动脉瘤患者血液单核细胞基因表达谱,筛选与信号传导相关的基因表达情况。【方法】50例颅内动脉瘤患者外周血,10例正常成人作为对照组,分离血液单核细胞,提取总RNA,与含22215个人类基因的Affymetrix寡核苷酸基因芯片杂交、洗脱、染色和扫描,分析检测的数据。荧光定量RT-PCR验证芯片结果。【结果】检测的22215个基因中,颅内动脉瘤共差异表达的基因有325个,差异水平均达2倍以上的基因有35个,生物信息学分析发现信号传导相关基因有7个,其中上调基因5个,下调基因2个。【结论】血液单核细胞基因表达谱是研究颅内动脉瘤发病机制的新策略,多个信号传导相关基因参与颅内动脉瘤的形成和发展。

【目的】采用液相芯片技术同时定量测定人血清中癌胚抗原(CEA)、甲胎蛋白(AFP)和乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg),并对该方法进行评价。【方法】制备抗体交联微球及生物素标记抗体,用双抗体夹心法对临床血清标本进行测定。【结果】同时检测CEA、AFP和HBsAg时的线性范围分别为0.032～200ng/mL、0.022～55U/mL、0.26～1000ng/mL,最低检测限分别为8.90pg/mL、0.013U/mL、0.24ng/mL,批内变异系数(CV)

[目的]利用时间分辨荧光免疫分析（time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay,TRFIA）技术,建立人生长激素（human growth hormone,hGH）的快速检测方法并研制其诊断试剂.[方法]采用双抗体夹心法（一株抗GH的单抗用于包被微孔板,另一株抗GH的单抗用于Eu^3＋标记）建立hGH-TRFIA.[结果]hGH-TRFIA的线性测量范围为0.1×10^-3 100×10^-3U/L,灵敏度为0.036×10^-3U/L,批内和批间的变异系数分别为5.3%～8.6%和7.6%～12.8%.与促甲状腺激素（TSH）、卵泡生成素（FSH）、人胎盘催乳素（LH）和黄体生成素（HPL）均无交叉反应.将43份血清标本用本法与Wallac试剂盒同时检测相关系数（r）为0.957.[结论]hGH-TRFIA可作为一种具有灵敏度高、特异性强和测量范围宽的新方法,用于临床GH水平的测定.

介绍影响 InGaAsP/InP 双异质结激光器可靠性的一个主要因素——热阻。通过分析表明,焊料的选择是决定器件实际寿命的关键因素。实验中采用不同的锡（Su）焊料,结果表明,对于高可靠的 InGaAaP/InP 双异质结激光器,金锡焊料（AuSn）是理想的选择。

长波长量子阱ＬＤ的实用化研究李同宁，刘涛，金锦炎，丁国庆，郭建委，胡常炎，吴桐，李明娟，赵俊英，魏泽民（武汉电信器件公司）近十年来，ＭＢＥ、ＭＯＣＶＤ、ＣＢＥ工艺研究在半导体超薄层材料制备行业中非常活跃。国际上长波长多量子阱激光器件多采用ＭＯＣＶＤ工...

BACKGROUND: Dendritic cells exhibit extremely strong antigen phagocytic function in the immature stage, and they can demonstrate great advantages in immune tolerance, cancer immunotherapy, and other aspects. However, due to the extremely low content of immature dendritic cells in living organisms, its clinical and scientific applications are severely limited. OBJECTIVE: To study the extraction and identification of mature and immature dendritic cells from Lewis rat bone marrow. METHODS: Bone marrow precursor cells were isolated from the bone marrow of Lewis rats, and immature dendritic cells were induced by 20 ng/mL of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and 10 ng/mL of interleukin-4 for 7 days, and then mature dendritic cells were induced by adding 1 μg/mL of lipopolysaccharide to immature dendritic cells for 2 days. The morphology of dendritic cells was observed using inverted fluorescence microscopy. The surface-specific molecules of mature and immature dendritic cells were identified by flow cytometry, and the secretion levels of supernatant interleukin-10, interleukin-12, and interleukin-17A in mature and immature dendritic cells were detected by ELISA. The response of mature and immature dendritic cells to T lymphocyte stimulation was measured by mixed lymphocyte reaction. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The dendritic cells showed an obvious protrusion structure under an ordinary inverted fluorescence microscope. (2) Flow cytometry showed low expression of CD40, CD86, and other co-stimulatory molecules in immature dendritic cells. On the contrary, mature dendritic cells highly expressed the above co-stimulatory molecules. (3) The secretion of interleukin-10 and interleukin-17A in immature dendritic cells was much higher than that in mature dendritic cells (P < 0.01). Interleukin-12 secretion in immature dendritic cells was much lower than that in mature dendritic cells (P < 0.05). (4) Mature dendritic cells stimulated T cells significantly better than immature dendritic cells, and the stimulation ability was stronger when the ratio of mature dendritic cells to T lymphocytes reached 1:10. (5) The results indicate that Lewis rat bone marrow precursor cells can differentiate into dendritic cells and distinguish between mature and immature dendritic cells by flow cytometry identification, related factor detection, and mixed lymphocyte reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, nanobubbles have become a focal point of academic research. Unlike macroscopic bubbles, nanobubbles possess unique properties that have led to their widespread application in various fields such as medicine, aquaculture, and mineral flotation. Particularly, the ultra-high stability of nanobubbles, which can persist for hours or even months, has become a hot topic. However, a systematic summary of the development history of nanobubbles is still lacking. Addressing this gap, this paper outlines the development history of nanobubbles and discusses the research progress on their stability. The paper also highlights the applicability and limitations of existing theories and summarizes the impact of nanobubble stability on flotation processes. This study aims to expand the potential research value of nanobubbles and provide new directions for further studies on their stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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With the development of economy and society, various types of infrastructures have produced many high and steep slopes in Loess Plateau areas. In order to provide references for the restoration of loess steep slopes and soil erosion control, based on the results of field insitu plot observation and artificial simulated rainfall tests, the erosion control effects and mechanisms of the new organic material crosslinked polystyrene (CLPs) is the plant joint slope protection technology on the loess steep slopes were analyzed. The results show that a) the runoff depth of the loess slope treated with CLPs is larger than that of the bare slope under the same rainfall condition, and the sand production was comparable with that of the bare slope under the same rainfall conditions, there is basically no erosion-control effect of treating loess slopes only with CLPs; b) The CLPs-grass and shrub slopes and CLPs-turf slopes using CLPs-vegetation co-remediation technology, the runoff depth and soil erosion modulus were much smaller than that of traditional grass-shrub slopes and fish-scale pits planted shrub slopes, and the annual average soil erosion modulus is only 0.9%-3.2% of that of traditional grass-shrub slopes and fish-scale pits planted shrub slopes, this means that the erosion control effect of CLPs and plants on loess slopes is remarkable; e) Compared with the CLPs protection slopes without vegetation cover, the CLPs-grass and shrub joint restoration slopes with 100% vegetation coverage show a significant decrease in runoff flow rate, Reynolds number, Rroude number, shear force, and power, and a significant increase in slope resistance coefficient and roughness coefficient, which is the hydrodynamic mechanism of the CLPs-grass and shrub joint slope restoration technology for erosion control; d) Using CLPs-vegetation slope protection technology, an effective soil reinforcement system, erosion control system and water retention system can be formed on the loess steep slopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of the active heat storage system utilizing multiple heat storage and release media for prefabricated solar greenhouses with flexible material wall (PGFMW) can solve the problem of "good thermal insulation and weak heat storage" in PGFMW. However, it is still unclear on the heat storage and exothermic properties of the multiple media in the combined heat storage system. This study aims to perform on a PGFMW that equipped with a combined "air source ground heat exchange-back wall water circulation (AGHE-WWC)" heat storage system. A systematic investigation was also made on the individual and combined heat storage and release properties. A series of experimental tests were conducted to calculate the energy transfer. The results indicated that the minimum temperature of indoor air at night time was maintained above 10℃, and the maximum difference in temperature between indoors and outdoors was 26.5 °C in winter. The primary heat storage medium was identified as the 0-50 cm soil layer of the cultivation area in the PGFMW. Furthermore, the heat storage capacity of the soil layer reached 706.30 MJ on sunny days, accounting for 63.5% of the total heat storage. The difference in temperature between the inlet and outlet of the underground heat exchange was up to 10.8 °C, which increased by 54.4% in the heat storage capacity of the soil layer. The water circulation was used to store the heat energy of 424.04 MJ on the day, which accounted for up to 45.1% of the total heat storage. Specifically, after cloudy days, the temperature of 8 m3 of water in the storage tank increased from 11 to 35℃ by water circulation over two sunny days. In order to evaluate the rate of heat storage and release for the system in combination and individually, an evaluation index called the heat storage and release efficiency ratio (HRE) was inducted to assess system performance. It was found that the maximum absolute value of the HRE for water circulation system was 1.62, which was 1.8 times than the soil HRE on the same day. It proved that the water circulation system releases heat more rapidly compared to the soil on cloudy days. In terms of the total heat, the soil was remained the primary source of indoor heat release on the consecutive cloudy days. In addition, the "AGHE-WWC" heat storage system was realized to sustain the heat demand for a total of three consecutive cloudy days. Meanwhile, the average heating coefficient of performance (COP) and the uderground heat exchange COP were 9.16 and 6.82, respectively. The combined COP of the "AGHE-WWC" heat storage system was 8.85, while the energy saving rate was as high as 60.26%, compared with the heat pump. The finding can provide a strong reference for heat storage and release in combined heat storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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