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人乳替代脂是一类模拟母乳脂组成的结构脂质，为促进人乳替代脂的绿色高效生产，介绍了母乳脂的甘油三酯组成，对人乳替代脂的酶法制备工艺以及实际应用的研究现状进行了分析、总结和探讨，并展望了未来的研究方向。我国母乳脂中1-油酸-2-棕榈酸-3-亚油酸甘油三酯(OPL)含量最高，其次为1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯(OPO)。人乳替代脂的酶法制备工艺包括酯-酯交换法、一步酸解法、醇解-酯化两步法、两步酸解法、酯交换-酸解两步法等。提高酶的催化活性与位置选择性、抑制酰基迁移等是未来酶法制备人乳替代脂的研究方向。Human milk fat substitutes are a kind of structural lipids that simulate the composition of breast milk fat. In order to promote green and efficient production of human milk fat substitutes, the triglyceride composition of breast milk fat was introduced, and the enzymatic preparation technology and practical application of human milk fat substitutes were analyzed, summarized and discussed, and the future research direction was prospected. The content of 1-oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-3-linoleoyl glycerol (OPL) was the highest in Chinese breast milk fat, followed by 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoyl glycerol (OPO). The enzymatic preparation of human milk fat substitutes includes ester-esterification, one-step acid hydrolysis, alcohololysis-esterification two-step, two-step acid hydrolysis, transesterification-acid hydrolysis two-step, etc. Improving the catalytic activity and location selectivity of enzymes and inhibiting acyl transfer are the future research directions of enzymatic preparation of human milk fat substitutes.

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Objective To investigate the clinical and MRI features of mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion (MERS) in children. Methods The clinical data and MRI findings of 14 children (6 boys, 8 girls; age range: 7 months-11 years and 8 months; median age: 2.5 years) with MERS type I (12) and type I (2) were retrospectively analyzed. The initial MRI was performed 1-7 days (average: 4.3 days) from the onset of illness and follow-up MRI was 7-45 days (average: 14.2 days) later. Results MERS type I lesions involved only the splenium of corpus callosum whereas MERS type I lesions extended from the splenium to the genu of corpus callosum (1) and centrum semiovale (1). All 14 splenium lesions were round or oval with welldefined boundary, T1 isointense or slightly hypointense, slightly T2 hyperintense with reduced diffusion and no edema or mass effect. The lesions completely resolved in all patients on follow-up MRI. Conclusion MRI of MERS is characterized by the reversible splenial lesion and follow-up MRI is valuable in its diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the expressions of inflammatory factors including NF-κB, COX-2 and MCP-1 as well as the changes of neurons in the hippocampus of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) so as to explore the protective effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonists on hypertension-induced brain injury and the related mechanisms. Methods Male SHR and WKY rats aged 56 weeks were divided evenly into two groups at random: control group (2mL/d saline by lavage) and Ros group [5mg/(kg·d) rosiglitazone dissolved in 2mL saline by lavage]. The animals were killed at week 64 before SBP test and their brains were taken out for detection. Then Nissl’s staining was performed in CA1 area; COX-2 and MCP-1 mRNA expressions were detected by Real time PCR, while NF-κB and PPARγ protein expressions were detected by Western blot. Results We found in the SHRs a decreased expression of PPARγ; upregulated expressions of NF-κB, MCP-1 and COX-2 (P<0.05); and decreased number of neurons in CA1 subfield of the hippocampus (P<0.05). Rosiglitazone reversed these pathological changes and exerted neuroprotective effects through PPARγ pathway. Conclusion In SHRs there is obvious loss of neurons in CA1 subfield of the hippocampus. The expressions of inflammatory factors like NF-κB, MCP-1 and COX-2 are upregulated, which may be involved in the pathologic process of hypertension-induced neuronal injury. Rosiglitazone can have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects by activating PPAR-γ pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the inflammatory mechanisms underlying brain injury induced by hypertension by observing the expressions of inflammatory factors such as COX-2，MCP-1 and NF-kB as well as changes of neurons in the hippocampus of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) aged 16，32 and 64 weeks. Methods Male SHR (n=15) and WKY rats (n=15) were divided randomly into three subgroups，respectively：16 w，32 w and 64 w，with 5 in each. The animals were killed at the corresponding ages before SBP test and their brains were taken out for detection. Nissl's staining was performed in CA1 area of the hippocampus. COX-2 and MCP-1 mRNA expressions were detected by Real time PCR；NF-kB protein was detected by Western blot. Results With aging，SHR group showed progressively elevated SBP level，activated NF-kB protein，upregulated MCP-1 and COX-2 mRNA expressions，and decreased number of neurons in CA1 subfield of the hippocampus(P<0.01，P〈 0.05). Conclusion With aging and blood pressure increase，SHR group showed progressively enhanced inflammatory state and damaged neurons in CA1 subfield of the hippocampus. Inflammatory factors such as NF-kB activation，MCP-1 and COX-2 may be involved in the pathology of SHR-related cognitive decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]