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The rule of law is the fundamental approach to governance in modern states. The ethical issues arising from deceased organ donation activities have attracted high social attention. In order to ensure that deceased organ donation is in line with the interests and moral standards of the public, it is not enough to provide ethical guidance for the development of the organ donation cause through reflection alone. It is necessary to apply the concept of the rule of law, legal rules and procedural norms to the ethical governance of deceased organ donation. The newly revised "Regulations on Human Organ Donation and Transplantation" have established ethical guidelines that organ donation must follow, such as "benefit, do no harm, respect for life, fairness and justice, and compliance with laws and public order", as well as five major principles that must be adhered to in conducting ethical reviews of organ procurement, such as "voluntary and unpaid, informed consent, risk control, fairness and justice, and privacy protection". Faced with the increasing number of deceased organ donation cases and the ethical challenges they pose, it is recommended to establish a "National Human Organ Donation Ethics Committee," clarify the definition and judgment criteria of death from a legal perspective as soon as possible, and create an effective ethical risk monitoring and supervision mechanism. Continuously promote the progress of the organ donation within the legal framework, and effectively safeguard the public interest and basic rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological protection and restoration of territorial space is a national strategy aimed at safeguarding China's ecological security and enhancing people's well-being in the new era of ecological civilization. Establishing a legal framework for ecological protection and restoration of territorial space is a key strategic requirement for China to build the "multiple pillars" of ecological civilization. However, the legal provisions related to ecological protection and restoration are currently dispersed across various environmental laws and basic environmental legislation, making it difficult to provide robust support for the construction of a comprehensive legal system for ecological protection and restoration of territorial space. This study employs a textual analysis to systematically review the history of China's ecological protection and restoration legislation since 1978, tracing the evolution of relevant environmental laws, revealing the legislative foundations for the protection and restoration of national land space, and offering critical insights and references for building a legal framework that promotes integrated protection and systematic governance of mountains, waters, forests, fields, lakes, grasses, and sands in the new era. The evolution of legal themes related to ecological protection and restoration of territorial space in China has undergone three stages: natural resource management and utilization (1978‒2011), single-element protection (2012‒2017), and barrier zone ecological protection and restoration (2018 ‒ 2023), marking three levels of transformation. From the perspective of legislative objectives, the focus has shifted from legislation concerning individual natural resources elements, such as mountains, water, forests, grasses, and seas, to comprehensive legislation targeting key regional ecosystems. In terms of legislative goals, the shift has been from single-element governance aimed at singular objectives to multi-objective, synergistic protection and restoration of mountains, water, forests, fields, lakes, grasses, sands, and more, through an integrated approach. Additionally, the legislative framework has transitioned from managing natural resources to managing integrated ecosystems. These changes and innovations have laid a foundation for China to establish a legal system for ecological protection and restoration of territorial space, focused on integrated protection and systematic governance of mountains, water, forests, fields, lakes, grasses, and sands in the new era. However, challenges remain, such as the absence of legal norms to implement the new concepts and approaches, unclear departmental responsibilities, and insufficient public participation mechanisms. Moving forward, it is essential to fully implement the ecosystem approach, develop a management system with centralized jurisdiction, joint coordination, and step-by-step refinement centered on the "two unified" responsibilities of the natural resources departments, and deepen legislation to enhance public participation. Additionally, leveraging the combined expertise of multiple disciplines and fields will support legislative research and practical exploration, leading to the comprehensive establishment of a legal system for the ecological protection and restoration of territorial space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic review, promotion, and tenure processes place a premium on frequent publication in high‐impact factor (IF) journals. However, conservation often relies on species‐specific information that is unlikely to have the broad appeal needed for high‐IF journals. Instead, this information is often distributed in low‐IF, taxa‐ and region‐specific journals. This suggests a potential mismatch between the incentives for academic researchers and the scientific needs of conservation implementation. To explore this mismatch, we looked at federal implementation of the United States Endangered Species Act (ESA), which requires the use of the “best available science” to list a species as endangered or threatened and thus receive powerful legal protections. In assessing the relationship between academic sources of this “best available science” and ESA implementation, we looked at the 13,292 sources (e.g., academic journals, books, reports, regulations, personal communications, etc.) cited by the second Obama administration (2012–2016) across all ESA listings. We compared the IFs of all 4836 journals that published peer‐reviewed papers cited in these listings against their citation frequency in ESA listings to determine whether a journal's IF varied in proportion with its contribution to federal conservation. Most of the peer‐reviewed academic articles referenced in ESA listings came from low‐IF or no‐IF journals that tended to focus on specific taxa or regions. Although we support continued attention to cutting‐edge, multidisciplinary science for its ability to chart new pathways and paradigms, our findings stress the need to value and fund the taxa‐ and region‐specific science that underpins actionable conservation laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

目的: 通过对现有关于残疾儿童康复救助定点服务机构的服务类型、所属类别等进行分析, 探讨各类型残疾儿童康 复需求, 总结其获得康复救助服务现状, 分析需求与服务现状的差距, 促进残疾儿童康复服务发展。 方法: 回顾我国保障残疾儿童的法律法规、康复服务政策, 通过文献研究, 分析我国残疾儿童康复需求; 通过对2023 年及2021年中国残疾人联合会向社会公开的残疾儿童康复救助定点服务机构现况进行分析研究。 结果: 我国基本实现了残疾儿童康复“应救尽救”, 初步实现残疾儿童“人人享有康复服务”的目标, 残疾儿童康复救 助定点服务机构数量逐年增加, 有部分地区已提高救助标准及拓宽救助范围, 随着孤独症谱系障碍患病率的增高, 该类型康复救助定点机构也增加至5199所, 以满足其需求。但现有康复服务仍不能满足残疾儿童的康复需求: 大 部分省、直辖市、自治区仅能提供康复救助的基本标准; 偏远、经济落后地区定点机构数量少, 农村尚没有定点服务 机构; 定点机构中医疗机构仅有1700所, 能够在获得康复服务的同时享受医疗保障服务; 各定点机构康复服务及技 术水平参差不齐, 无法保障康复疗效的均衡性。 结论: 为达到2025年残疾儿童接受基本康复服务的比例达85%以上, 并享有效的康复干预, 需进一步扩大救助范 围, 增加县级市及农村定点机构数量; 扩大及优化康复服务内容, 健全康复服务质量控制体系; 需增加医疗康复服务 定点机构数量, 加强残疾儿童康复医疗保障服务; 加强儿童康复专业技术人才培养力度, 开展毕业后儿童康复相关 继续教育; 积极引导全社会参与, 满足残疾儿童的生活、教育、娱乐等多层级需要。全面促进医疗-康复-教育协同发 展, 全面促进残疾儿童功能最大化、提升活动参与度, 实现最大限度的发展。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural wetland areas in China have experienced a continuous decline over the past two decades, which is partly due to the lack of comprehensive wetland protection laws and regulations. Despite investing over 4.24 billion USD in wetland conservation and restoration since 2000, the deterioration of wetlands persists. This study reviews the development of global wetland protection laws and regulations, analyzes the progress of wetland legislation in China and explores the impact of economic development levels on wetland protection legislation, while also providing an in-depth interpretation of the core elements of the 'Wetland Protection Law of the People's Republic of China'. The results indicate that since the late 1940s, wetland protection laws and regulations have begun to emerge, with most developed countries gradually implementing related policies between the 1980s and 1990s; about 71% of wetland protection laws are concentrated in 29 countries, while 69 countries still lack specific wetland protection laws. An analysis of 962 global documents reveals that wetland protection legislation mainly focuses on the protection of water resources, species and ecosystems. China's wetland legislation started late, with the 'Wetland Protection Law of the People's Republic of China' being officially implemented only in June 2022. Furthermore, the study points out that economic development plays a crucial role in wetland legislation worldwide. Lastly, the article summarizes the key features of the 'Wetland Protection Law of the People's Republic of China', including the improvement of the environmental protection legislative system, increased penalties for illegal occupation of wetlands, clearer protection goals and the assurance of the integrity and connectivity of wetland ecosystems through stringent policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This commentary calls for a more critical relationship with human rights NGOs, specifically, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch. I argue that their politics, positionality, and power are often obscured by their conflation as intrinsically imperfect organizations that yield power and influence with the moral principles of human rights and with international human rights law itself, which are popularly perceived as unimpeachable and sacred in a secular ethical way. I contend that this conflation—often a deliberate and strategic one espoused by the organizations themselves—undermines the integrity of their work and the capacity to hold them accountable for their human rights advocacy. I illustrate ways in which both organizations have neglected to respect human rights and, specifically, principles of equality and universality. I further argue that both organizations need to be humbler and more honest about the moral, legal, and practical limitations of their work and ways in which it can be compromised. This is due to the exigencies of donor dependency and the politics of fundraising, the social, cultural, and political contexts in which the organizations operate and the expectations and demands of their supporters, and the nature of human rights as a movement, body of law, and expression of moral idealism that can sometimes obscure its prejudices, assumptions, and pathologies of power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Taiwan Journal of East Asian Studies is the property of National Taiwan Normal University, College of International Studies & Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Regulatory inconsistencies at different jurisdictional levels have contributed to the global expansion of the exotic pet trade, with resultant increases in the spread of invasive species and pathogens. Researchers have enumerated multiple limitations and environmental risks posed by international and national rules that govern the exotic pet trade, yet little attention has focused on the regulation of the exotic pet trade within national borders. We reviewed state‐level regulations that apply to the trade of vertebrate animal taxa in the United States. Definitions and classifications for regulating different vertebrate taxa varied greatly across states, and the terms pet and companion animal were poorly defined and inconsistent across states. States implemented regulations that permit trade in exotic vertebrate pets that are banned from import into the United States owing to public health and conservation concerns. Once species have been imported into the United States, inconsistent internal regulations facilitate the movement of animals that pose substantial invasion and disease risks. Violations of state laws were typically listed as misdemeanors, and the median fine for violating state wildlife trade laws was $1000. Inconsistent and incomplete regulation of exotic vertebrate pets across state borders, in conjunction with limited penalties for violating regulations, has facilitated continued possession of exotic pets in states where these animals are banned. Based on our review of regulatory weaknesses, we conclude that a transition to a federally enforced list of vertebrate species that may be traded as pets is needed, with all other vertebrate species banned from the exotic pet trade unless their potential invasion and disease risks have been assessed and demonstrated to be low or nonexistent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Taiwan Jurist is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Angle Health Law Review is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Society: Chinese Journal of Sociology / Shehui is the property of Society: Chinese Journal of Sociology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Angle Health Law Review is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Corporate landlords have emerged as a new powerful actor of the housing crisis. Fuelled by financialised capital and operating simultaneously at a global and local scale, they have increased pressure on the housing markets. Urban social movements and tenants’ unions are reorganising through news strategies to adapt to new challenges. These include combining resistance on the streets with a strategic use of the law. This paper analyses the legal strategies employed by social movements in Barcelona/Catalonia and Berlin, which include promoting new legislation and creatively utilising existing legal frameworks to introduce forms of rent control and re-municipalisation of social and public housing and to force corporate landlords to offer social rents to vulnerable families instead of evicting them. In Catalonia, we focus on two laws developed by social movements and passed by the Catalan Parliament and Government: Law 24/2015, which introduced mechanisms to avoid evictions, deal with over-indebtedness problems and expand the public housing stock. Law 11/2020, which created a form of rent control, applied to several Catalan cities. In Berlin, we focus on the campaign Deutsche Wohnen & Co. enteignen, DWE, which proposed the use of Art. 15 of the German Constitution to ‘socialize’ (i.e. to expropriate and re-municipalise) housing owned by corporate landlords. Focusing on these case studies we intend to critically investigate the impact and results of these new laws and policies. Through this analysis, we aim to contribute to academic and activist debates on the effectiveness, potential and limits of legal strategies for progressive urban change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this interview, Arrington discusses her research for an upcoming book. This work examines the methods used by activists and legal professionals to advocate for rights in South Korea and Japan. During the discussion, Arrington details how social actors utilize legal mechanisms and strategies to influence government actions. She concludes by highlighting the emergence of governance approaches rooted in legalism within the two societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Forensic Medicine / Fayixue Zazhi is the property of Journal of Forensic Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Society: Chinese Journal of Sociology / Shehui is the property of Society: Chinese Journal of Sociology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article addresses the legal reconfigurations of refuge and its consequences for people displaced by war and state violence. Within Western countries signatory to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, refugee protection has traditionally served as a solution to conflict-induced displacement by offering a path to permanent residence and citizenship. Yet, in the wake of recent global "refugee crises," several countries have introduced new refugee protection statuses that only allow refugees to stay temporarily. In this article, I focus on one such intervention in Denmark introduced in the fall of 2014, which targets Syrian refugees. Through a feminist geo-legal analysis of this statute and surrounding policy documents, I illustrate how the Danish state has mobilized subtle legal interventions to transform the meaning and character of refugee protection. By differentially classifying groups of refugees according to new calculations of threat and risk, I show how these maneuverings work to deny refugees basic rights and make them subject to intimidation, surveillance, and deportation. I argue that this new statute functions as a legal mechanism of sociospatial b/ordering that produces a series of displacements and limits refugees' access to effective protection under the 1951 Convention. In doing so, I advance critical discussions on temporary protection status, displacement, and refuge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carbon peak and neutrality goals have brought a transformational opportunity for China' s social-economic development and the rule of law. It is a necessary and long-term task to achieve the goals by means of laws and policies. The integration of laws and policies constitutes the basis of the legal system. China has initially established a legal system that combines indirect and direct carbon emission management measures and has formed policy frameworks at various levels and in multiple fields. However, the legal system has the problem of insufficient coordination. The basic topics of legal policies include the synergy of the legal system, the effectiveness of governance tools, and the adaptability of judicial guarantee. Based on this review, the incoherence between laws and policies, insufficient macro-guidance and regional coordination in policies, the lack of market-oriented governance mechanisms, ineffective management methods, insufficient judicial regulation for government and policies, and the lack of special mechanisms in procedural law are the main problems of legal system of the goals. The synergy of laws and policies can be mainly classified into four forms: the coordinated implementation of laws and policies, the transformation of policy terms into laws, the overall transformation of policies into laws, and the politicization of laws. Therefore, the policy target should be determined based on the actual needs of social-economic development, and the transformation of policies into laws should follow the principle of moderation. To achieve the goals of carbon peak and neutrality, it is necessary to improve the policies and laws relevant to the goals, enact the special laws concerning climate change, and coordinate the implementation of relevant policies and laws. Then, the mechanisms for implementing the 'dual carbon' goals shall be integrated into the Environmental Code by stipulating the principles of sustainable development and relevant legal systems. Meanwhile, regulations shall be specified in the sections of pollution control, natural ecological protection, green and low-carbon development in the Environ- mental Code. Finally, it is necessary to establish a judicial response mechanism to ensure the legitimacy of the administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overt expressions of White nationalism and White supremacy are once again mainstream in U.S. politics. Social movements advancing racist and nativist policies often do so through the language of constitutional rights, appealing to the Founding Fathers to advance exclusionary politics. Studying the legal discourse of conservative activists reveals the ideological work of law in buttressing White proprietary claims to the nation. This article investigates the Constitution as a key text and symbol in the current struggle over the hegemony of White supremacy in the United States. Examining the interpretive work of constitutional educators and online commenters, this study performs a discursive analysis of the racial ideology embedded within a conservative constitutional discourse. Tracing this constitutional discourse across multiple platforms and political projects, I find that this constitutional discourse maintains a commitment to White supremacy while disavowing its explicit logic of racial superiority. To conclude, I suggest that rights claims function as territorial claims and can serve as vehicles for restricting, rather than expanding, state membership. As such, geographers interested in populism and nationalism should attend to the way in which rights claims are enrolled in nationalist politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Village cadres are important agents for the state yet disciplining them has been difficult. There are few disciplinary tools that can easily hold them to account. Prior to 2018, Party discipline did not apply to non-Party cadres. Legislation was ambiguous in relation to these grassroots agents and had to rely heavily on legal interpretation. The impact of the cadre evaluation system on village cadres, who are not considered to be public servants on the state payroll, was limited. This situation has changed since 2018. The party-state has consolidated and institutionalized ways in which grassroots cadres are checked and disciplined. Instead of relying on policy regulation, which had been the dominant disciplinary method since 1949, village cadres are now fully subject to Party rules and state laws. These changes have been accomplished through the application of three measures. First, village Party secretaries are to serve concurrently as village heads, and members of village and Party committees are to overlap, thereby making them subject to Party discipline. Second, village cadres are now considered to be "public agents" and are on an equal legal footing with other state agents. Finally, a campaign waged by the criminal justice apparatus cleaned up village administration and prepared it for upcoming village elections in a new era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the promulgation of law in Qin and Western Han China (221 b.c.e.–9 c.e.) based primarily on excavated legal and administrative texts. It shows that a new law was handed down from the emperor to the relevant offices on the day of enactment. The article argues that, to an extent, the subject matter and function of a law determined for whom it was passed and promulgated. Depending upon the location, rank, and official duties of the offices, the laws known and used could be quite different. Although it was required that documents of imperial decisions be forwarded swiftly and safely by courier at the prescribed speed, delays in forwarding such documents to distant local offices were probably common in Qin and Western Han China. Evidence indicates that district- and prefecture-level officials publicized laws that needed to be made known by the common people, by reading them aloud in local gatherings, for example, or posting them in conspicuous places. The article further argues that a law came into effect in offices on the day it arrived at local courts or on the day it was enacted in the central court, depending on the existence of related extant laws. It concludes that a new law in Qin and Western Han China was ex post facto, as it reached backwards to a past action and retroactively attached liabilities to the action at the point when it was performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Taiwan Jurist is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Human rights violations such as torture are associated with a high risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The judgements of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) include a normative perspective on PTSD and address central ethical questions. Objective: To help bridge the gap between the psycho-medical and the legal discourse on human rights violations and to illustrate their medico-ethical implications by systematically assessing and categorizing all judgements by the ECtHR dealing with PTSD. Method: The ECtHR database was searched for 'post-traumatic stress disorder'. A descriptive statistic was performed on the Articles of the European Convention on Human Rights involved and violations to these articles. In a qualitative analysis, the judgements were thematically grouped. Results: The search yielded n = 103 judgements, of which n = 90 were included. There were mostly violations of Article 3 (prohibition of torture), Article 8 (Right to respect for private and family life) and Article 6 (Right to a fair trial). PTSD in these judgements is normatively discussed with regards to ethical, social and political themes such as inadequate access to healthcare, especially in prison, matters of asylum, expulsion and extradition, protection of minorities and minors, as well as rights and duties of traumatized witnesses. Conclusion: PTSD plays a central role in a large number of ECtHR judgements. Our results show that PTSD as a medical diagnosis also encompasses legal, ethical, social, and political dimensions. This knowledge is essential for healthcare professionals working with traumatized persons, but can also be relevant for political decision-makers. This research bridges the gap between a psycho-medical, medico-ethical and legal discourse on human rights violations with regard to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Judgments by the European Court of Human Rights show social, ethical and legal implications of PTSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Wildlife corridors aim to promote species' persistence by connecting habitat patches across fragmented landscapes. Their implementation is limited by patterns of land ownership and complicated by differences in the jurisdictional and regulatory authorities under which lands are managed. Terrestrial corridor conservation requires coordination across jurisdictions and sectors subject to site‐specific overlapping sources of legal authority. Mapping spatial patterns of legal authority concurrent with habitat condition can illustrate opportunities to build or leverage capacity for connectivity conservation. Streamside areas provide pragmatic opportunities to leverage existing policy mechanisms for riverine and terrestrial habitat connectivity across boundaries. Conservation planners and practitioners can make use of these opportunities by harmonizing actions for multiple conservation outcomes. We formulated an integrative, data‐driven method for mapping multiple sources of legal authority weighted by capacity for coordinating terrestrial habitat conservation along streams. We generated a map of capacity to coordinate streamside corridor protections across a wildlife habitat gap to demonstrate this approach. We combined values representing coordination capacity and naturalness to generate an integrated legal‐ecological resistance map for connectivity modeling. We then computed least‐cost corridors across the integrated map, masking the terrestrial landscape to focus on streamside areas. Streamside least‐cost corridors in the integrated, local‐scale model diverged (∼25 km) from national‐scale least‐cost corridors based on naturalness. Spatial categories comparing legal‐ and naturalness‐based resistance values by stream reach highlighted potential locations for building or leveraging existing capacity through spatial coordination of policy mechanisms or restoration actions. Agencies or nongovernmental organizations intending to restore or maintain habitat connectivity across fragmented landscapes can use this approach to inform spatial prioritization and build coordination capacity. Article impact statement: Combined mapping of legal authority and habitat condition reveals capacity to coordinate actions along streams for clean water and wildlife. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article investigates how the state and the Buddhist establishment negotiated their respective jurisdictions in China between the fourth and early twentieth centuries, focusing particularly on the legal procedures for adjudicating ordained Buddhist offenders. Scholars have proposed three theories on how ordained Buddhist offenders' cases were assigned to different trial venues: the internal vs. external offences distinction, the grave vs. light offences distinction, and the civil vs. criminal offences distinction. Most scholars concur that state lay courts have jurisdiction over grave external criminal cases, while Buddhist monastic courts oversee light internal civil offences. However, their theories only reveal some aspects of the battle over the jurisdictional boundaries of the Buddhist establishment and the state. In this article, I demonstrate that the state and the Buddhist clergy reformed the existing legal infrastructure collaboratively by creating hybrid laws and courts in a tripartite legal system to replace existing dichotomous lay and monastic courts and laws. By creating this tripartite legal infrastructure, rulers in imperial China gradually tightened the state's jurisdictional control over the Buddhist establishment, compromising somewhat, but never completely giving up jurisdictional control over the Buddhist establishment in their negotiation with eminent monks who demanded more jurisdictional autonomy for the Buddhist clergy. 本文研究國家和佛教僧團在四世紀到二十世紀的中國是如何協商界定他們各自的司法管轄權的，重點關注處理犯罪僧尼的司法程序。此前的學者提出了三種理論來解釋審理犯罪僧尼的地點是如何決定的：內部犯罪和外部犯罪的區別，重罪和輕罪的區別，以及民事和刑事犯罪的區別。大部分的學者認同這樣一種觀點，認為國家的世俗法庭對嚴重的外部犯罪有司法管轄權，但佛教寺院的法庭則負責處理內部的輕罪。然而，這些理論僅僅揭示了佛教僧團和國家之間爭奪司法管轄權的鬥爭的一些方面。在本文中，我將展示國家和佛教僧團是如何通過引入一套混合法律和一個混合法庭來合作改革現有的法律體系，從而將一個世俗和佛教寺院二元對立的法律體系和法庭改革為一個三足鼎立的系統。通過建立這個三足鼎立的法律結構，古代中國的統治者逐步加強了國家對佛教僧團的控制，偶爾妥協，但在跟佛教僧團的高僧們就給予僧團更多司法自治權的談判中從未放棄對佛教僧團的司法控制。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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The following article aims to study the political, institutional, and legal organization of the Portuguese Empire, taking the studies of António Manuel Hespanha as its theoretical framework. It aims to analyze the Ancien Régime in Portugal, characterized as it was by the corporate system, the pulverization of powers, and by the moral economy of privileges. It analyzes the application of ius commune - written common law - which consists in the union of Roman, Canon, and customary law, always employed in a subsidiary fashion to local customs. Finally, it concludes by touching on the organization of the spaces of the Portuguese Empire in municipal chambers, taking into account the specific nature of the period's law and institutions. The inductive method will be used, by means of bibliographic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The following article sets out to criticize the legal removal of the residents of Imbuhy, a traditional coastal community on the Rio de Janeiro coast, under the pretext of military easement around the former fort of Pedro II built on Imbuhy Point, within which no fisherman is allegedly allowed to reside or work. The basis of the argument hinges on the Federal Government's obtaining of a legal order for the repossession of the homes of 32 families living in the village. With methodological misgivings on the official version of events, we sought to shape a possible genealogy of the consequent socio-legal conflict, providing fresh sources of research and other items of analysis able to provide a new interpretation of the traditional community's case as debated in the courts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article addresses the recent legal and property changes, and their socio-spatial consequences in Christiania, Copenhagen. During recent years the community that has always been against private ownership has lost its special legal status, and has become a property owner of a vast area in the middle of Copenhagen. We analyse the situation in relation to Christiania’s current housing condition, individual residents’ privatisation efforts, and decades-long normalisation efforts by the state. We argue that the processes of normalisation, legalisation, criminalisation and privatisation are expressions of the carceral in more-than-institutional context, and that questions of property are strongly involved in these carceral practices in Christiania. Not only in the relations between Christiania and the state, but also in socio-spatial relations inside of the community, defining who is included or excluded, or how people behave towards each other. Moreover, a part of the community is cultivating a carceral culture towards those in favour of privatisation, using the rights of the property owner and the community’s ideologies as justifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following article discusses the historical process shaping penal selectivity in Brazil, with a specific focus on the legal and social circumstances of the population of African descent, represented by hegemonic political and legal thought in a framework of moral and racial disqualification. We restrict our observations to the penal system within urban spaces, analyzing the penal legislations of the Imperial period and those of the early decades of the Republican regime, in light of the transition from the political regime (monarchy to republic) and the abolition of slavery. We locate the emergence of demands for greater penal repression to this period, in the light of an exploitation of a feeling of uncertainty and political fragility. The analysis is guided by a reading of Gaston Bachelard and research into the clash with hegemonic thought, by means of openings, cracks, and breaks in the absolutist and authoritarian thought that characterizes and governs the workings of punitive systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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