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隨著行動網路普及，人與人之間的通訊變得更加便利，也造成人們高度依賴手機。然而，手機使用失去控制已對健康造成嚴重危害，如成癮等。孩子的行為控制經常依賴於父母教養方式，尤其是華人父母在教養孩子方面與歐美國家的父母相比，會更加關注地自己的子女。這代表華人父母更關注於孩子的學業和生活，並形成更多按照父母親意志且欠缺獨立思考的媽寶，這將可能激起或停止孩子的手機成癮問題。本研究針對技術型高中學生進行問卷調查，有效問卷共290份，並對數據進行結構方程模式的驗證性因素分析。本研究採用生態系統理論，由AMOS 20建模，並從數據分析的結果進行分析。本研究發現：一、生活媽寶行為覺知與課業媽寶行為覺知對學業成就動機呈現負向影響；二、學業成就動機對手機成癮呈現負向影響；三、生活媽寶行為覺知與課業媽寶行為覺知對手機成癮呈現正向影響；四、生活媽寶行為覺知與課業媽寶行為覺知經由學業成就動機對手機成癮有正向的間接影響。研究結果證明，過分依賴父母的技術型高中學生有較低的學業成就動機，並無法控制手機的使用，因此造成手機成癮。換言之，父母應避免過多的日常生活與學業控制，以減少孩子手機使用的需求性。 Background and Purpose of Research Adolescents use their smartphones for various purposes, for example, following distance/online learning, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, staying in touch with friends, having fun using social media tools. According to the social ecological model, risk behaviors, like substance consumption, are regarded as behavior problems. Relatively, etiology is derived of youths’ embeddedness surrounded by their social networks, mainly throughout sensitive development periods (Bishop et al., 2020). Given the prevalence of smartphone addiction among young students, previous studies have explored the relationships between smartphone addiction and students’ learning and indicated there is negative outcomes of smartphone resulting from overuse of mobile phones, including poor sleep quality. However, there some antecedents of smartphone addiction which has not extendedly studied, for example, parenting style, thus, the present study aimed to explore the correlates between parenting styles, academic achievement and smartphone addiction. Parenting that reflects a combination of support and behavioral control has been linked to numerous indices of academic well-being and live functioning from early childhood through adolescence. In regarding the term helicopter parenting indicated that parents involve hovering behaviors and are potentially over-involved in the lives of their child or in their academic work (Padilla-Walker & Nelson, 2012). But empirical research has not adequately used these two construct from other controlling parenting practices to predict children’s smartphone addiction, thus, the present study applied two types of helicopter parenting: live hovering and academic hovering of parenting for of emerging adults, to explain the prediction of children’s smartphone addiction. According to Bronfenbrenner (1979) micro ecological system that discusses the association between person-process-content (PPC), who described “person-process-context model” (PPCM) that occurs variability in development procedure as considered in this paper as a functional context (mobile phone usage), person (parenting styles) and process (academic achievement). Not only has cultural ecology be likely to pursue its complications in issues originating from social and cultural topics, but intricate schools of understanding of culture-nature relationship have developed for certain risk behavior. For example, helicopter parenting is more obvious in Chinese families than Western ones, even though the parents want their children to grow up to be independent and think for themselves. Particularly, Chinese parents are more concerned about their children’s schoolwork when they are teenagers, which leads to increased helicopter parenting problems, exacerbating issues such as lack of independence, lack of control, and not knowing how to self-manage smartphone use, which can in turn lead to smartphone addiction. If parents are in constant hovering of their children’s lives or schoolwork, children develop dependent behaviors. Some studies have indicated that a child’s dependent behaviors result in lower motivation to learn and reduced academic achievement. In line with this, drawn on PPCM to understanding the role of academic hovering and live hovering affect participants’ smartphone addiction mediated by academic achievement, hypotheses are proposed as follows. Hypotheses • (1) Live hovering has a negative effect on academic achievement. • (2) Academic hovering has a negative effect on academic achievement. • (3) Academic achievement has a negative effect on smartphone addiction. • (4) Live hovering has a positive effect on smartphone addiction. • (5) Academic hovering has a positive effect on smartphone addiction. Methodology Questionnaire was designed by adapting and translated from previous researched and gave to domain experts to ensure the content validity. Afterward, a purposive sampling was adapted in this study, a total of 400 questionnaires were distributed to 4 vocational senior high schools located in Taipei City. 354 of which were collected, resulting in a questionnaire collection rate of 88.5%. After 64 invalid questionnaires were excluded, 290 valid questionnaires remained, resulting in a valid questionnaire collection rate of 81.92%. Factor analysis was conducted on the valid questionnaires. Results First, helicopter parenting, live and academic hovering had a negative association with academic achievement, with an explanatory power of 20.8%. Second, academic achievement had a negative association with smartphone addiction, with an explanatory power of 38.6%. Third, helicopter parenting had a negative association with smartphone addiction. Fourth, academic hovering had a negative association with smartphone addiction mediated by academic achievement, with an explanatory power of 20.8%. The results of the study thus indicate that young people who are not independent in life or schoolwork tend to rely on their parents, are less able to control their smartphone use, and are more likely to develop smartphone addiction. By contrast, young people who are independent in life and schoolwork and do not need to rely on their parents have control over their smartphone use and are less likely to develop smartphone addiction. Conclusions and Recommendations The results of this study demonstrate that if vocational senior high school students are overly dependent on their parents in life or schoolwork, they may have lower academic achievement and therefore, they are not motivated to achieve strong academic results and will not restrain their desire to spend time on using smartphone, resulting in a tendency toward smartphone addiction. However, when vocational senior high school students do not have to rely on their parents to a great extent in life or schoolwork, they are able to act independently, attain high academic achievement, determine what they want to achieve, and arrange how they will accomplish their goals. Therefore, they have the ability to control the time they spend using their phones and will not develop smartphone addiction. This study suggests that parents should let their children learn to be independent and autonomous, which should help to effectively reduce the problem of smartphone addiction. Finally, conducting this study highlighted possibilities for future research. Some studies suggest that fathers and mothers do not necessarily share the same parenting style, and hence, it is suggested that in a questionnaire survey, the hovering styles of fathers and mothers could be differentiated and then analyzed through a differential analysis. In addition, some smartphone use can be designed with time of use to control using time (e.g., Chinese government limited the hours for children to use smartphone). However, how is the effect of the regulation to students’ smartphone addiction should be further studied.

研究所學生延遲畢業，不僅有教育、經濟、社會發展等問題，也會影響個人身心發展。目前從個人層面探討影響延遲畢業的因素尚未有太多研究關注，因而本研究將就人格特質、過度自信預測學術拖延行為、尋求指導頻率與修業學期數之關係進行分析。本研究邀請碩士畢業生填寫問卷，共蒐集236份有效數據，經由信度與效度檢驗後，再進行驗證性因素分析及結構方程模式做假設驗證。研究結果顯示：一、外向型人格特質與過度自信及學術拖延行為具正相關；二、神經質型人格特質與過度自信及學術拖延行為具負相關；三、過度自信及學術拖延行為與尋求指導頻率具負相關；四、尋求指導頻率與修業學期數具負相關。依據本研究結果建議指導教授在進行論文指導時，應考慮到不同人格特質學生之特性，給予適度的輔導，以降低學術拖延的情形。同時亦應提升論文指導會議或面談的頻率，以幫助學習者可以在較短的修業時間內取得學位。 Delayed graduation among graduate students constitutes an educational issue that influences individual career development; however, the severity of this issue has increased over time. To understand the effect of delayed graduation from the student perspective, this study adopted the theory of belief–action–outcome to examine the correlations among personalities, overconfidence, academic procrastination, and frequency of seeking advice—all of which influence graduate students’ study duration. Therefore, this study adopted convenience sampling to administer questionnaires, to which 236 valid responses were collected. After the reliability and validity test, confirmatory factor analysis with structural equation modeling was performed. The results suggested that extraversion is positively related to overconfidence and academic procrastination, neuroticism is negatively related to overconfidence and academic procrastination, overconfidence and procrastination are negatively related to the frequency of seeking research advice, and the frequency of advice seeking was negatively related to study duration. According to this study, professors guiding graduate students with their thesis should consider their different personalities and offer more frequent seminars for counseling.

本研究目的是探討透過使用本研究所設計的地理桌遊牌卡遊戲融入世界地理課程時，遊戲中學生的遊戲自我效能、遊戲興趣、認知負荷與地理桌遊的遊玩自信心提升之相關性為何。為達本研究目的，本研究從新北市國中蒐集 149 份有效資料，經由信度及效度檢驗後，使用VirtualPLS 統計軟體進行研究模型驗證。研究結果顯示：在地理桌遊活動的情境中，遊戲自我效能對於遊戲興趣呈現正影響，遊戲自我效能與認知負荷呈現負影響；最後，遊戲興趣能有 效地幫助地理桌遊的遊玩自信心提升，而認知負荷則會負向影響地理桌遊的遊玩自信心提升。由此可見，牌卡桌遊活動是可以融入地理課程的一種良好教學方式，如果學習內容設計得宜，透過玩中學的過程中，讓學習者獲得知識並進行複習。 This study explored the integration of geography board games into a world geography curriculum. Through this game, students’ gameplay self-efficacy, gameplay interest, cognitive load, and self-confidence were evaluated. This study collected 149 valid data to test the reliability and validity, and VirtualPLS statistical software was employed. The study results demonstrated that in the context of geography board games, gameplay self-efficacy were positively correlated with gameplay interest and negatively correlated with cognitive load. Additionally, gameplay interest in geography board games was found to effectively improve self-confidence. The study results indicate that well-designed learning content enables learners’ knowledge gains and gives them the chance to review the content during the process of playing.

Copyright of Journal of Research in Education Sciences is the property of National Taiwan Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Research in Education Sciences is the property of National Taiwan Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Research in Education Sciences is the property of National Taiwan Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of International Obstetrics & Gynecology is the property of TianJin Medical Information Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of International Obstetrics & Gynecology is the property of TianJin Medical Information Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)